Target level of study
BAC +3
ECTS
180 credits
Duration
3 years
Training structure
Faculty of Science, Faculty of Pharmacy
Language(s) of instruction
French
Presentation
The Life Sciences bachelor's degree is a generalist course, covering all the disciplines involved in the study of living organisms: animal and plant biology, cellular and molecular biology, developmental biology, genetics, plant and animal physiology, infectiology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, etc...
Theory is supplemented by laboratory work (biochemistry, bacteriology, animal and plant physiology, in vitro cultures, dissections, etc.) and/or field work (sampling, etc.).
The curriculum also includes a methodology component: scientific method and reasoning, data analysis, scientific report writing, observation drawings, acquisition of techniques and tools (microscopes, for example).
Complementary disciplines necessary to the training of any scientist are also taught: mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer science as tools for the biologist, earth sciences, and general and scientific English.
The program begins in L1 with a single Life Sciences - Health and Environment (LSHE) portal, with options that enable students to personalize their path. Specialization courses are then offered in L2 or L3.
The 3-year Bachelor's program includes lectures, tutorials, practical work and, depending on the course, an internship organized as a teaching unit (UE). Each UE is assessed by continuous assessment and/or a final exam at the end of the semester. A Bachelor's degree entitles the holder to 180 credits.
Graduates will be able to work in a variety of fields: agri-food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnologies, environment, research, teaching, etc.
Objectives
A generalist, multi-disciplinary degree, the Life Sciences bachelor's degree is designed to provide comprehensive training in the life sciences. The curriculum combines fundamental and theoretical teachings, with an apprenticeship in methodological tools.
The SV bachelor's degree provides an integrated vision of biology. It focuses on the environment, biodiversity, biomedical research, plant improvement and health, and understanding the fundamental mechanisms of living organisms.
The specialization of courses enables students to move into different areas of biology.
Know-how and skills
- Disciplinary skills :
- Mobilize the fundamental concepts and technologies of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, physiology, immunology, classification of living organisms, developmental biology and evolution to address a problem in the field or analyze a research or presentation document.
- Mobilize the fundamental concepts of ecology and ecosystems to situate biological and physiological issues.
- Understand, identify and independently carry out the various stages of an experimental approach.
- Identify, select and apply a combination of analytical tools (current techniques, instrumentation) adapted to characterize organisms (from the biomolecule to the individual in all its complexity) and their functioning at different levels of analysis (intracellular metabolism, biology and physiology of complex organisms, interactions between individuals and groups, interactions with the environment).
- Interpreting and analyzing experimental data for modeling purposes.
- Validate a model by comparing its predictions with experimental results, and assess its limits of validity.
- Identify sources of error to calculate the uncertainty of an experimental result.
- Manipulate fundamental mechanisms at the microscopic scale, model macroscopic phenomena, link macroscopic phenomena to microscopic processes.
- Use data acquisition and analysis software with a critical eye.
- Mobilize the concepts and tools of mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer science in the context of life science issues.
- Identify specific regulations and implement the main preventive health and safety measures.
- Pre-professional skills :
- Situate your role and mission within an organization to adapt and take initiatives.
- Identify the process of producing, disseminating and promoting knowledge.
- Respect the principles of ethics, professional conduct and environmental responsibility.
- Work as part of a team as well as independently and responsibly on a project.
- Identify and situate the professional fields potentially related to the skills acquired in this field, as well as the possible pathways to access them.
- Characterize and promote your identity, skills and professional project in a given context.
- Step back from a situation, assess yourself and challenge yourself to learn.
- Cross-disciplinary and linguistic skills :
- Use digital reference tools and IT security rules to acquire, process, produce and distribute information, and to collaborate internally and externally.
- Identify and select various specialized resources to document a subject.
- Analyze and synthesize data for further processing.
- Develop arguments with a critical mind.
- Use the different registers of written and oral expression of the French language with ease.
- Fluency in written and spoken comprehension and expression in at least one modern foreign language (scientific English is strongly recommended).
International training
Training with formalized international partnershipsInternational dimension
It is possible to spend part of your studies abroad under the ERASMUS program and various other programs (e.g. ERASMUS-MUNDUS, BCI (Quebec), etc.). However, you need to plan ahead and prepare your application carefully.
Organization
Knowledge control
Full or final continuous assessment, depending on the UE.
Success rate :
40-50% in L1, 60-80% in L2, depending on the course, 80-90% in L3, depending on the course.
Special features
Accommodations are available for top-level sports students, students with disabilities or students who work outside the classroom; see the FDS website for details.
Program
The 1st year, L1 Life Science, Health and Environment (LSHE), is a core year, during which the fundamental subjects for learning biology are taught (basic concepts in biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics), as well as scientific method and reasoning. It is possible to choose options (1 in the first semester, 2 in the second) to personalize your course. It is also possible to enter preparatory courses for health studies (medicine, pharmacy, physiotherapy, odontology, etc., L1 LAS), or for competitive entrance exams to agronomy or veterinary schools (PCAV course).
In the2nd year (L2), it is possible to retain a generalist approach to biology, with options to begin specialization, or to enter a specialized pathway in scientific ecology and evolutionary biology (BE pathway).
In the3rd year, you can specialize by joining one of the 8 courses offered by the Biology-Mechanisms of Life (Bio-MV) department: animal physiology and neuroscience (PAN pathway), biochemistry (Bioch pathway), molecular biology and cell biology (BMC pathway), microbiology (Mic pathway), plant biology and agri-environment (BiPAgro pathway), biotechnologies, biotraceability and bioresources (BBB pathway), or teaching professions (BioME pathway, but also SVT-CME pathway within the ST license).
The list of Teaching Units for each year and portal is available on the Faculty of Science website.
NB: there are constraints on places in the courses and for certain optional UEs, linked to our capacity to accommodate students (staff and premises).
It is also possible to take additional courses (with a maximum of 36 ECTS per semester) or, in certain cases, to have an associative commitment validated as an additional course.
Select a program
Licence 2
Licence 3
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Plant Biomolecules: Diversity and Applications
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Learn about the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules resulting from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized cell structures or groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as are their properties for industrial use as colorants, aromas, perfumes, medicines and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) is discussed, and production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefining in Europe.
Key words: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, valorization of biomolecules, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.
Additional information :
Visits to 2 analytical platforms are planned at the Montpellier site (duration 1h30 each).
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Biological investigations
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is dedicated to biological markers. It is a pre-introduction to detection and diagnostic techniques. It covers various aspects of biomarkers:
Molecular markers / genomic identification techniques in medicine and agronomy.
1) Notion of polymorphism and detection technique: RFLP / ER nucleic probes
2) RFLP markers and other genetic markers: SNP, STR.
3) Search for new molecular markers: differential screening of cDNA libraries / subtractive libraries / Transcriptomics
4) Other genomic polymorphism analyses: AFLP / DNA fingerprinting.
Identification techniques in the food industry using immunological techniques
1) Basics of immunological techniques
2) Agglutination reactions
3) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
Studies of examples of applications in the food industry:
- study of a diagnostic kit for rhizominia in beet (sandwich ELISA)
- determination of ochratoxin A in cereals (competitive ELISA)
- evaluation of fish freshness by histamine determination (competitive ELISA)
Biochemical identification of protein and other markers (metabolites)
1) Basics of chromatography and the physical characterization of a spectrum (the interactions involved in each case and the solvents used to implement them).
2) Affinity chromatography
2.1) Principle of this type of analysis
2.2) Search for the best Tag (label) for the preparation of a specific gel.
2.3) Their usefulness for different fields of research.
3) Study of protein-protein, protein-DNA and other interactions...
4) HPLC and FPLC and gas chromatography.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Description*: This second general chemistry teaching unit aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
CHOICE HAV401V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Biochemistry Techniques
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. The emphasis is on practical aspects. The principles of standard biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, spectrophotometric protein assay techniques, Western Blot/Elisa, etc.) will be covered in class, followed by hands-on experiments. The aim is to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed in the practical exercises.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Advanced cellular and molecular biology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to take a more in-depth look at the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in BMC2 and BMC3, using more concrete concepts in small groups. Lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms, and to learn how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and GST-pull down interaction studies.) Practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, expression vector construction, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
CHOICE HAV418V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Biochemistry Techniques
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. The emphasis is on practical aspects. The principles of standard biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, spectrophotometric protein assay techniques, Western Blot/Elisa, etc.) will be covered in class, followed by hands-on experiments. The aim is to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed in the practical exercises.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Description*: This second general chemistry teaching unit aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Food-Nutrition-Health
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
CHOICE HAV415V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Plant Biomolecules: Diversity and Applications
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Learn about the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules resulting from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized cell structures or groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as are their properties for industrial use as colorants, aromas, perfumes, medicines and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) is discussed, and production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefining in Europe.
Key words: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, valorization of biomolecules, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.
Additional information :
Visits to 2 analytical platforms are planned at the Montpellier site (duration 1h30 each).
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Symbiotic and Plant Pathogen Interactions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Plants interact with a multitude of microorganisms in their environment. These microorganisms act alone or in community. They can have negative or positive effects on plants, their growth, nutrition and health. In this module, we will present the different forms that these biotic interactions can take (symbioses, parasitism-pathogenicity), using popular biological models (mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing symbioses, diseases caused by different microorganisms). This will also be an opportunity to present emerging concepts in the field, such as the microbiome or the holobiont.
CHOICE HAV418V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Plant Biomolecules: Diversity and Applications
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Learn about the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules resulting from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized cell structures or groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as are their properties for industrial use as colorants, aromas, perfumes, medicines and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) is discussed, and production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefining in Europe.
Key words: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, valorization of biomolecules, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.
Additional information :
Visits to 2 analytical platforms are planned at the Montpellier site (duration 1h30 each).
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Experimental ecology and the scientific approach
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a practical course in the construction of a scientific ecology experiment: protocol design, setting up and monitoring the experiment, data analysis, oral and written reports.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Description of variability 2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is the complementary concrete application of the UE Description of variability 1 (HAV312B).
The construction and analysis of data sets is carried out with the help of practical exercises in R software, in parallel with the practical exercises, as well as obtaining graphs and numerical parameters to characterize the samples and their variability.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Fundamental ecology: concepts and methods
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors in the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the value of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of experiments, etc.
Mushroom ecology, diversity and evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course explores the biological, ecological and evolutionary dimensions of the fungal kingdom. Through a series of lectures, supported by group work sessions (Td and TP), students will familiarize themselves with these organisms, their biological specificities (particularly with regard to their reproduction) and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the role of fungi in human societies (food and medicine in particular) will be explored as part of this course, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.
Basic plant biology
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course covers the theoretical concepts of plant biology, using the spermatophyte group as a model. It aims to define the notions and specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.
Diversity and evolution of past and present metazoans N1
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Hourly volume
0h
The EU aims to describe the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, and to explain their origin and the dynamics of their appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will focus on the origin of metazoans and the main divisions, diploblastic and triploblastic, as well as basic notions of phylogenetic positioning and relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence, etc.). The course is classically divided into lectures, tutorials aimed primarily at illustrating and supporting aspects of taxon biodiversity, and practical work in sessions aimed at acquiring skills, particularly and necessarily in dissection.
Comparative animal physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Objectives : Comparative study of major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. Study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.
Models covered: mammals compared with other vertebrate models (teleosts....) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.).
Description : This course covers some of the major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion and hydro-mineral regulation), as well as basic immunology and regulatory systems (nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the teaching staff. They will present the topics in the form of lectures and synthesize the key points to be retained in the form of a written summary. Practical and practical work will also be offered to illustrate the lectures.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Sedimentary geology, tectonics and cartography
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines in the earth sciences: sedimentology, tectonics and cartography. The different types of sedimentary rock will be taught in detail in order to interpret their formation context and associated processes. Ductile and brittle tectonic objects will also be covered at different scales, in order to establish their formation context, particularly in terms of stress regimes. Practical work on samples will be carried out in parallel to enable students to develop their observation and drawing skills, and to make the most of the rich collections available in the department. Finally, an introduction to reading and working with geological maps (diagrams, cross-sections) will be provided, applying the notions of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. The aim of this course is to enable students to outline the geological history of a given region.
Hourly volumes:
- CM : 12
- TD : 3
- TP: 21
Description of variability 2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is the complementary concrete application of the UE Description of variability 1 (HAV312B).
The construction and analysis of data sets is carried out with the help of practical exercises in R software, in parallel with the practical exercises, as well as obtaining graphs and numerical parameters to characterize the samples and their variability.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Fundamental ecology: concepts and methods
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors in the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the value of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of experiments, etc.
Mushroom ecology, diversity and evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course explores the biological, ecological and evolutionary dimensions of the fungal kingdom. Through a series of lectures, supported by group work sessions (Td and TP), students will familiarize themselves with these organisms, their biological specificities (particularly with regard to their reproduction) and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the role of fungi in human societies (food and medicine in particular) will be explored as part of this course, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.
Basic plant biology
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course covers the theoretical concepts of plant biology, using the spermatophyte group as a model. It aims to define the notions and specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.
Diversity and evolution of past and present metazoans N1
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Hourly volume
0h
The EU aims to describe the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, and to explain their origin and the dynamics of their appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will focus on the origin of metazoans and the main divisions, diploblastic and triploblastic, as well as basic notions of phylogenetic positioning and relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence, etc.). The course is classically divided into lectures, tutorials aimed primarily at illustrating and supporting aspects of taxon biodiversity, and practical work in sessions aimed at acquiring skills, particularly and necessarily in dissection.
Comparative animal physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Objectives : Comparative study of major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. Study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.
Models covered: mammals compared with other vertebrate models (teleosts....) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.).
Description : This course covers some of the major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion and hydro-mineral regulation), as well as basic immunology and regulatory systems (nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the teaching staff. They will present the topics in the form of lectures and synthesize the key points to be retained in the form of a written summary. Practical and practical work will also be offered to illustrate the lectures.
Diversity and evolution of past and present metazoans N2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the L2 S3 course, which focuses on describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, and on explaining their origin and the dynamics of their appearance, through the acquisition of skills in paleontology and zoology. In S4, the main focus will be on the major subdivisions within protostomian organisms such as lophotrochozoa (annelids, mollusks, brachiopods, etc.) and ecdysozoa (arthropods, nematodes, etc.), with emphasis on their phylogenetic relationships and their socio-economic importance and impact. The course is classically divided into lectures and tutorials, mainly aimed at illustrating and supporting aspects of taxon biodiversity, and practical work in sessions aimed at acquiring skills, in particular and necessarily through the performance of certain dissections.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
From genotype to phenotype
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn about the links between an individual's genetic heritage and the development of its morphology, physiology and lifestyle. The focus will be on understanding the links between the information carried by the genome and the life cycle of the organism in question, via the cellular characteristics corresponding to the expression of genetic information. These data will be placed in an evolutionary framework and will shed light on some major evolutionary transitions, particularly in metazoans.
Functional ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Functional Ecology UE aims to provide a solid grounding in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and in particular the role played by living organisms in the flow of matter within them. The main processes covered are primary production, consumption and, in particular, herbivory, and the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter. For each of these processes, particular attention is paid to (1) the link between organisms' strategies and their function in the ecosystem, and (2) basing the presentation of concepts on field findings, highlighting characteristics of organisms or the ecosystem that students may encounter on field trips.
This course fits in with the broader presentation of ecology in S1 (HLBE304) and provides the concepts required for the L3 course on community ecology.
Emphasis is placed on practical aspects, in particular through a series of group assignments, where a simple but scientifically relevant hypothesis is experimentally tested using an appropriate protocol.
Hazard quantification
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a natural continuation of the "Description of variability" course presented in S3. Its aim is to provide the concepts and methods underpinning modern biostatistics, i.e. the quantification of randomness, which is an omnipresent issue in the life sciences. This course provides an introduction to inferential statistics: parametric and non-parametric tests, linear regression, analysis of variance. Particular attention will be paid to the conditions of application of these methods, as well as to the notions of type I and II errors, power, replication and confidence intervals. Each notion will be illustrated by analysis of real, diversified biological data, contributing to the biostatistical culture useful for training critical thinking with regard to scientific results. In addition to training in this reference language and the statistical tools it implements, practical work in R will enable students to understand what they have learned in class and apply the methods presented.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Earth materials
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools needed to observe and describe minerals and magmatic and metamorphic rocks, and to understand their genesis. The course begins with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools needed to identify the constituent minerals of magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle, as well as the processes involved from magma formation to the eruption of magmatic rocks: partial melting processes, crystallization, crustal assimilation, magmatic mixing. You'll learn to distinguish the different magmatic series by their chemical composition and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, volcanic hazards and risks will also be discussed. The third part introduces the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the different geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We'll look at the different metamorphic facies, structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you'll learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.
The coupled study of magmatic and metamorphic rocks will provide the basis for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the inner Earth, geochemical cycles, mineral resources...
History of plants and natural environments
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course approaches the history of plants diachronically, by studying each of the major geological periods (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic), and transversally, by examining in greater depth certain methods for studying paleoenvironments (macroflora, palynology, climate, geochemistry, biomechanics, etc.).
After an introductory CM, the CMs present the history of plants by major geological period (CM2-3: Paleozoic; CM4-5: Mesozoic; CM6-8: Cenozoic) and cross-cutting approaches (CM9-10: Isotope geochemistry; CM11-12: Biomechanics).
TP1, Paleozoic Macroflora (Graissessac); TP2-3, Early Pleistocene Macroflora (Bernasso); TP4, Late Pleistocene Pollen (La Gourre); TP5, Holocene Geochemistry.
Ecophysiology of Aquatic Organisms
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand the mechanisms used by organisms to cope with the constraints of the aquatic environment. Using animal models (mollusks, crustaceans, fish) and plant models (macro- and microalgae, aquatic angiosperms), this course will cover the various dimensions of the adaptive biology of organisms, from their capacity to acclimatize and adapt to change, to their physiological limits and the optimization of phenotypic traits in response to environmental constraints. This UE aims to study :
- major concepts and approaches in ecophysiology ;
- ecophysiological responses (from gene expression to organism performance and behavior), using various aquatic ecosystems (intertidal, estuarine, polar, cavernicolous and abyssal) as examples;
- the integration of structure-function relationships in a given environmental context.
On a practical level, this course will enable students to study the functioning of organisms by means of simple physiological measurements, and to learn how to set up experiments. Presentations of scientific articles chosen by the teaching staff will complement the knowledge acquired in class.
Eukaryotes Parasites
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course presents the biology of eukaryotic parasitic organisms, taking into account their diversity. Both unicellular and vertebrate organisms will be covered.
In addition to physiological, anatomical and morphological aspects, a great deal of attention will be devoted to describing their life cycles, which necessarily include a phase of transmission to an obligate host.
Naturalist Specialization 1
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim is to provide students with knowledge of the biology, ecology and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. In addition to species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course will cover the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation and study and identification methods.
After a general introductory course, 2 parallel courses will be offered. One will focus on Mediterranean flora, the other on fauna (amphibians, reptiles and birds).
Flore
The French Mediterranean rim is home to more than 2/3 of the rich diversity of flora in mainland France. This course is an introduction to this exceptional diversity and its underlying mechanisms. It is designed to enable students 1. to describe a plant in such a way as to highlight the characteristics useful for identification, and 2. to use different determination tools and understand their strengths and limitations. Teaching will incorporate innovative teaching approaches, combining the use of traditional (paper flora) and digital (FloreNum, PlantNet) tools, to enable learning adapted to the student's knowledge (from beginner to enlightened amateur). Species identification will form the basis for studying their biology and ecology, as well as evolution and phylogeny. To this end, workshops will be held in parallel with the practical sessions: 1. construction of a morphological classification to be compared with classical classifications (morphological and phylogenetic), 2. introduction to species ecology through a habitat-based approach, and 3. diachronic study of developmental biology by monitoring the growth of wild species planted under controlled conditions.
Animals
The aim is for students to acquire/deepen a body of knowledge on the biology of birds, amphibians and reptiles, which are models of choice in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. In addition to species identification, this line of work will address the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, and their ecological and behavioral particularities.
Each group (Fauna - Flora) will have at its disposal 12 hours of fieldwork (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 outings of 1/2 day, or 2 long outings of one day). Practical work can be carried out on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at CEFE - Botanical Garden) that are suitable for studying different organisms.
Cross-cutting notion
The UE is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work, which, through a reversed class, will enable us to use observed species as a starting point for identifying concepts central to conservation biology. In S4, the focus will be on distribution (chorology) and the notion of rarity at different spatial scales. These concepts will support methodological questions, notably concerning the estimation of organism abundance. To this end, at the end of the sequence, students will present a taxon of their choice, from among those proposed in the EU, which illustrates the notion of distribution.
Basic conservation biology and physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to link knowledge of biology and physiology with demography and population evolution. This approach aims to lay the foundations for conservation biology, by providing elements for predicting how animal and plant organisms and populations respond to ecosystem changes and sources of stress.
Teaching methods :
Tutorials in the form of presentation and discussion of scientific data or in a "reversed" form with contributions from small groups, independent group projects, analysis of concrete restoration cases;
TD1: presentation of the UE: concepts, activities, teaching methods. Establishment of the reverse TD program
TD2: Ecophysiology and environmental physiology (definitions); case studies (invasive species, reintroductions, ecological developments)
TD3: Analyses of the consequences of major pollutions (marine and terrestrial), ecological engineering, passive and active biomonitoring tools.
TD4 to 16: In "inverted" form (students in an "active" position, supplemented by the teacher), a series of interventions designed to set up
- the links between biology and life strategy on the one hand, and life-history traits on the other, taking several characteristic examples (animal and plant species, generalist/specialist species, rare species - types of rarity - or widespread or even invasive species);
- building a population's demographics
- changes in the demography of a population as a result of various disturbances, particularly long-term disturbances affecting the population's ability to evolve.
Two tutorial sessions (3h in total): analysis of different conservation and biomonitoring strategies, taking into account knowledge of organism physiology as well as ecological and behavioral particularities. Research & analysis of documents, synthesis and oral presentation of studies / debate.
Practical work: plant ecophysiological analyses, animal ecophysiological analyses using non-invasive approaches (behavior, physiological and bioenergetic analyses).
Modelling life: theory
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
History of plants and natural environments
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course approaches the history of plants diachronically, by studying each of the major geological periods (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic), and transversally, by examining in greater depth certain methods for studying paleoenvironments (macroflora, palynology, climate, geochemistry, biomechanics, etc.).
After an introductory CM, the CMs present the history of plants by major geological period (CM2-3: Paleozoic; CM4-5: Mesozoic; CM6-8: Cenozoic) and cross-cutting approaches (CM9-10: Isotope geochemistry; CM11-12: Biomechanics).
TP1, Paleozoic Macroflora (Graissessac); TP2-3, Early Pleistocene Macroflora (Bernasso); TP4, Late Pleistocene Pollen (La Gourre); TP5, Holocene Geochemistry.
Earth materials
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools needed to observe and describe minerals and magmatic and metamorphic rocks, and to understand their genesis. The course begins with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools needed to identify the constituent minerals of magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle, as well as the processes involved from magma formation to the eruption of magmatic rocks: partial melting processes, crystallization, crustal assimilation, magmatic mixing. You'll learn to distinguish the different magmatic series by their chemical composition and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, volcanic hazards and risks will also be discussed. The third part introduces the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the different geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We'll look at the different metamorphic facies, structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you'll learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.
The coupled study of magmatic and metamorphic rocks will provide the basis for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the inner Earth, geochemical cycles, mineral resources...
Ecophysiology of Aquatic Organisms
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand the mechanisms used by organisms to cope with the constraints of the aquatic environment. Using animal models (mollusks, crustaceans, fish) and plant models (macro- and microalgae, aquatic angiosperms), this course will cover the various dimensions of the adaptive biology of organisms, from their capacity to acclimatize and adapt to change, to their physiological limits and the optimization of phenotypic traits in response to environmental constraints. This UE aims to study :
- major concepts and approaches in ecophysiology ;
- ecophysiological responses (from gene expression to organism performance and behavior), using various aquatic ecosystems (intertidal, estuarine, polar, cavernicolous and abyssal) as examples;
- the integration of structure-function relationships in a given environmental context.
On a practical level, this course will enable students to study the functioning of organisms by means of simple physiological measurements, and to learn how to set up experiments. Presentations of scientific articles chosen by the teaching staff will complement the knowledge acquired in class.
Eukaryotes Parasites
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course presents the biology of eukaryotic parasitic organisms, taking into account their diversity. Both unicellular and vertebrate organisms will be covered.
In addition to physiological, anatomical and morphological aspects, a great deal of attention will be devoted to describing their life cycles, which necessarily include a phase of transmission to an obligate host.
Naturalist Specialization 1
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim is to provide students with knowledge of the biology, ecology and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. In addition to species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course will cover the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation and study and identification methods.
After a general introductory course, 2 parallel courses will be offered. One will focus on Mediterranean flora, the other on fauna (amphibians, reptiles and birds).
Flore
The French Mediterranean rim is home to more than 2/3 of the rich diversity of flora in mainland France. This course is an introduction to this exceptional diversity and its underlying mechanisms. It is designed to enable students 1. to describe a plant in such a way as to highlight the characteristics useful for identification, and 2. to use different determination tools and understand their strengths and limitations. Teaching will incorporate innovative teaching approaches, combining the use of traditional (paper flora) and digital (FloreNum, PlantNet) tools, to enable learning adapted to the student's knowledge (from beginner to enlightened amateur). Species identification will form the basis for studying their biology and ecology, as well as evolution and phylogeny. To this end, workshops will be held in parallel with the practical sessions: 1. construction of a morphological classification to be compared with classical classifications (morphological and phylogenetic), 2. introduction to species ecology through a habitat-based approach, and 3. diachronic study of developmental biology by monitoring the growth of wild species planted under controlled conditions.
Animals
The aim is for students to acquire/deepen a body of knowledge on the biology of birds, amphibians and reptiles, which are models of choice in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. In addition to species identification, this line of work will address the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, and their ecological and behavioral particularities.
Each group (Fauna - Flora) will have at its disposal 12 hours of fieldwork (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 outings of 1/2 day, or 2 long outings of one day). Practical work can be carried out on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at CEFE - Botanical Garden) that are suitable for studying different organisms.
Cross-cutting notion
The UE is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work, which, through a reversed class, will enable us to use observed species as a starting point for identifying concepts central to conservation biology. In S4, the focus will be on distribution (chorology) and the notion of rarity at different spatial scales. These concepts will support methodological questions, notably concerning the estimation of organism abundance. To this end, at the end of the sequence, students will present a taxon of their choice, from among those proposed in the EU, which illustrates the notion of distribution.
Plant diversity
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The EU covers the different groups of plants ("algae", "cryptogams", spermatophytes), specifying for each of them their position and phylogenetic nature (mono- or paraphyletic group), their origin and their morpho-anatomical, reproductive and ecological specificities.
4 CM present different plant groups: CM1, diversity of "algae"; CM2, life cycles of "algae"; CM3, "cryptogams"; CM4, Spermatophytes.
6 TDs cover cross-disciplinary concepts based on oral or written exercises: TD1, Biological cycles; TD2, Endosymbiosis; TD3, Interactions; TD4, Adaptation; TD5, Polyploidy; TD6, Phylogeny.
6 practical sessions illustrate the concepts covered in the lectures and practical sessions using living material: TP1, "algae "1 ; TP2, "algae "2 ; TP3, "bryophytes" ; TP4, "pteridophytes" ; TP5, Gymnosperms, vegetative apparatus ; TP6, Gymnosperms, reproduction.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Biochemistry Techniques
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. The emphasis is on practical aspects. The principles of standard biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, spectrophotometric protein assay techniques, Western Blot/Elisa, etc.) will be covered in class, followed by hands-on experiments. The aim is to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed in the practical exercises.
Health: Major issues
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a general culture course covering a wide range of topical issues relating to human health. In the form of 1.5-hour mini-seminars, it will cover a wide range of topics, with a pragmatic yet critical approach. The many speakers in this course will bring their expertise to bear on subjects such as immunity, molecular biology, cancer, nutrition, diagnosis, vaccination, bioethics, ecology, neuroscience, emerging diseases and the therapeutic treatments of today and tomorrow. Each talk will not only provide cutting-edge knowledge and critical analysis of their subjects, but will also guide students in researching and filtering scientific information to combat misinformation. On the major human health issues of the 21st century, we'll address the real questions, the false polemics, and the solutions we can provide.
Biological investigations
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is dedicated to biological markers. It is a pre-introduction to detection and diagnostic techniques. It covers various aspects of biomarkers:
Molecular markers / genomic identification techniques in medicine and agronomy.
1) Notion of polymorphism and detection technique: RFLP / ER nucleic probes
2) RFLP markers and other genetic markers: SNP, STR.
3) Search for new molecular markers: differential screening of cDNA libraries / subtractive libraries / Transcriptomics
4) Other genomic polymorphism analyses: AFLP / DNA fingerprinting.
Identification techniques in the food industry using immunological techniques
1) Basics of immunological techniques
2) Agglutination reactions
3) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
Studies of examples of applications in the food industry:
- study of a diagnostic kit for rhizominia in beet (sandwich ELISA)
- determination of ochratoxin A in cereals (competitive ELISA)
- evaluation of fish freshness by histamine determination (competitive ELISA)
Biochemical identification of protein and other markers (metabolites)
1) Basics of chromatography and the physical characterization of a spectrum (the interactions involved in each case and the solvents used to implement them).
2) Affinity chromatography
2.1) Principle of this type of analysis
2.2) Search for the best Tag (label) for the preparation of a specific gel.
2.3) Their usefulness for different fields of research.
3) Study of protein-protein, protein-DNA and other interactions...
4) HPLC and FPLC and gas chromatography.
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
CHOICE HAV425V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Health: Major issues
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a general culture course covering a wide range of topical issues relating to human health. In the form of 1.5-hour mini-seminars, it will cover a wide range of topics, with a pragmatic yet critical approach. The many speakers in this course will bring their expertise to bear on subjects such as immunity, molecular biology, cancer, nutrition, diagnosis, vaccination, bioethics, ecology, neuroscience, emerging diseases and the therapeutic treatments of today and tomorrow. Each talk will not only provide cutting-edge knowledge and critical analysis of their subjects, but will also guide students in researching and filtering scientific information to combat misinformation. On the major human health issues of the 21st century, we'll address the real questions, the false polemics, and the solutions we can provide.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Advanced cellular and molecular biology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to take a more in-depth look at the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in BMC2 and BMC3, using more concrete concepts in small groups. Lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms, and to learn how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and GST-pull down interaction studies.) Practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, expression vector construction, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
CHOICE HAV427V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Biochemistry Techniques
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. The emphasis is on practical aspects. The principles of standard biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, spectrophotometric protein assay techniques, Western Blot/Elisa, etc.) will be covered in class, followed by hands-on experiments. The aim is to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed in the practical exercises.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Advanced cellular and molecular biology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to take a more in-depth look at the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in BMC2 and BMC3, using more concrete concepts in small groups. Lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms, and to learn how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and GST-pull down interaction studies.) Practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, expression vector construction, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
Basic computer concepts and tools: PIX
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Data base :
1- Information and data
Research and monitor information (search engines, social networks, etc.)
Data management (file manager, databases, etc.)
Data processing (spreadsheet)
2- Communication and collaboration
Interact (e-mail, videoconferencing, etc.)
Share and publish (sharing platforms, forum and comment space...)
Collaborate in a group (collaborative work platform and document sharing...)
Enter the digital world (develop a public presence on the web...)
3- Content creation
Developing text documents (word processing, presentation, etc.)
Develop multimedia documents (image/sound/video/animation capture and editing, etc.)
Adapt documents to their purpose (format conversion tools, etc.)
Programming (simple computer development, solving a logical problem...)
4- Protection and safety
Securing the digital environment (protective software, encryption, etc.)
Protecting personal data and privacy (privacy settings...)
Protecting health, well-being and the environment
5- Environment and digital
Solve technical problems (software configuration and maintenance, etc.)
Building a digital environment (operating system, installing new software, etc.)
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
Basic computer concepts and tools: PIX
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Data base :
1- Information and data
Research and monitor information (search engines, social networks, etc.)
Data management (file manager, databases, etc.)
Data processing (spreadsheet)
2- Communication and collaboration
Interact (e-mail, videoconferencing, etc.)
Share and publish (sharing platforms, forum and comment space...)
Collaborate in a group (collaborative work platform and document sharing...)
Enter the digital world (develop a public presence on the web...)
3- Content creation
Developing text documents (word processing, presentation, etc.)
Develop multimedia documents (image/sound/video/animation capture and editing, etc.)
Adapt documents to their purpose (format conversion tools, etc.)
Programming (simple computer development, solving a logical problem...)
4- Protection and safety
Securing the digital environment (protective software, encryption, etc.)
Protecting personal data and privacy (privacy settings...)
Protecting health, well-being and the environment
5- Environment and digital
Solve technical problems (software configuration and maintenance, etc.)
Building a digital environment (operating system, installing new software, etc.)
CHOICE HAV401V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Advanced cellular and molecular biology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to take a more in-depth look at the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in BMC2 and BMC3, using more concrete concepts in small groups. Lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms, and to learn how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and GST-pull down interaction studies.) Practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, expression vector construction, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
CHOICE HAV415V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Symbiotic and Plant Pathogen Interactions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Plants interact with a multitude of microorganisms in their environment. These microorganisms act alone or in community. They can have negative or positive effects on plants, their growth, nutrition and health. In this module, we will present the different forms that these biotic interactions can take (symbioses, parasitism-pathogenicity), using popular biological models (mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing symbioses, diseases caused by different microorganisms). This will also be an opportunity to present emerging concepts in the field, such as the microbiome or the holobiont.
CHOICE HAV417V
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Microbiology 2
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.
She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.
This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.
Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.
Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Biological investigations
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is dedicated to biological markers. It is a pre-introduction to detection and diagnostic techniques. It covers various aspects of biomarkers:
Molecular markers / genomic identification techniques in medicine and agronomy.
1) Notion of polymorphism and detection technique: RFLP / ER nucleic probes
2) RFLP markers and other genetic markers: SNP, STR.
3) Search for new molecular markers: differential screening of cDNA libraries / subtractive libraries / Transcriptomics
4) Other genomic polymorphism analyses: AFLP / DNA fingerprinting.
Identification techniques in the food industry using immunological techniques
1) Basics of immunological techniques
2) Agglutination reactions
3) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
Studies of examples of applications in the food industry:
- study of a diagnostic kit for rhizominia in beet (sandwich ELISA)
- determination of ochratoxin A in cereals (competitive ELISA)
- evaluation of fish freshness by histamine determination (competitive ELISA)
Biochemical identification of protein and other markers (metabolites)
1) Basics of chromatography and the physical characterization of a spectrum (the interactions involved in each case and the solvents used to implement them).
2) Affinity chromatography
2.1) Principle of this type of analysis
2.2) Search for the best Tag (label) for the preparation of a specific gel.
2.3) Their usefulness for different fields of research.
3) Study of protein-protein, protein-DNA and other interactions...
4) HPLC and FPLC and gas chromatography.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Membrane transfer
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Membrane Transfer course (semester 4) aims to describe the role and different types of membrane transfer. The course covers membrane permeability (i) to water (osmosis; water transfer mechanisms; aquaporins); (ii) to ions and solutes (factors affecting ion exchange: electroneutrality and osmotic equilibrium). Transporters; ionic and non-ionic channels. Genetic diseases linked to transfers: channelopathies and co-transportopathies.
Neurobiology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The "Neurobiology" course covers basic knowledge of how the nervous system functions and is organized. The course covers the anatomy of the central nervous system and the main functions of the various structures. It also includes a CM on cellular neurobiology, covering the fundamentals of neuronal physiology. The practical sessions go into greater detail on certain important points, and include exercises based on the lectures.
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Basics of plant physiology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.
The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied:
essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics
basics of autotrophy
mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.
auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment
Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry).
Description of variability 1
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
EU description (max 10 lines):
The aim of this course is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology, and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples drawn from various disciplines in biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.
Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):
- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Fundamentals of Animal Physiology and Immunology
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This module will enable students to acquire :
Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Immunology basics :
General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Fluid biophysics
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The first part (around 1/3) of the module deals with (biological) processes whose time evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decay).
Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications in the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, etc.).
The second part (around 2/3) of the module introduces the concepts of fluid and pressure, and presents the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).
Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.
List of Chapters :
- Exponential variations
- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)
- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure
- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.
- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem
- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation
Chemistry Agro Vet
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit is specific to the preparation for the B agro-Véto competitive entrance exams. It supplements and completes the chemistry courses in L1 and S3.
The teaching will be dedicated to the correction of competitive exam annals and to training through regular quizzes.
The following courses will be taught in parallel:
In Organic Chemistry
Functional organic chemistry: the way ahead for HAV310C
Carbonyl derivatives, aldehydes and ketones Part 2
Acids and acid derivatives
Some biomolecules (sugars, amino acids) and multi-step syntheses
Regular training on competition subjects
Physical and General Chemistry
Chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry as advanced by the HAV310C program
Training on competition-type subjects
- Chemical kinetics
- Reaction mechanisms
Solution chemistry
- Electron transfer in aqueous phase
- Complexes in aqueous solution
Food-Nutrition-Health
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In a context where nutrition has become the focus of interest for an increasingly broad public, the aim of this EU course is to establish food consumption benchmarks using a scientific approach.
This course covers the basics of food and nutrition, describing nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. A number of food processes and technologies are also covered.
Biotechnologies and the challenge of sustainable agronomy
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is aimed at L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can help meet current and future challenges in the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.
Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and process a wide range of resources and services: food products for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions, and its impact on the environment is likely to be reciprocal, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). For resource production to be sustainable, it is therefore important that its organization (the concept of agronomy) incorporates knowledge of these impacts, and relies on an understanding of the properties of plants and micro-organisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants all play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.
Life chemistry
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Animal behavior - Ethology
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys": from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to grasp the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning. Using a variety of examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neuroscience, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology, and will provide students with the information they need to continue their studies in the appropriate fields: Animal Physiology and Neuroscience/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....
BioInfo
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
1- Linux basics (1.5h CM + 3hTD) : Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small information extraction exercises in bash/shell. Element used to analyze alignment files.
2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Relevant and efficient queries, exploitation, sorting, description of different formats.
3- Sequence analysis (1.5hCM + 4.5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a short introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...).
Cellular and Molecular Biology 3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S4 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
- Cell biology: 4 major themes will be covered: 1) Cell cytoskeleton function, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to monitor cell distribution dynamics, assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).
- Molecular biology : After acquiring knowledge of transcription and translation mechanisms in Semester 3, we'll move on to the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.
Interview preparation
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is designed for L2 Life Sciences students preparing for the B competitive entrance exam to national agronomy and veterinary schools (Parcours Prépa Concours Agro Véto). This competitive entrance exam includes a 30-minute oral interview with the jury, half of which counts towards the admission mark. This test corresponds to a recruitment interview, during which the student must convince the jury of the maturity of his or her professional project and the coherence of his or her training path to achieve this project.
The aim of this course is to prepare students for this type of recruitment interview (in terms of content and form) by guiding them in the following areas
- the arguments relating to their professional project on the one hand, and their training, aptitudes and aspirations on the other, and the coherence between these two aspects
- convey this argument in writing by means of an appropriate CV
- a clear, concise and organized presentation of this argument during the oral presentation (first part of the interview)
- answers to the jury's questions
Sciences et Sociétés oral preparation
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
More than ever, science and technology are at the heart of our societies. Many of them are sources of ethical, societal and economic challenges. Some of them represent major societal challenges in terms of both health (GMOs, pesticides, stem cells, etc.) and the environment (loss of biodiversity, climate change).
We will use articles published in daily and weekly newspapers on scientific issues of societal concern. The aim is firstly to present the article, the theme at stake and the author's position. Secondly, by opening up a debate, the aim is to develop the ability to argue, listen and respect different points of view. This course also prepares students for the Science & Société test in the PCAV B competitive examination.
Introduction to evolution
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.
Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.
Physiology of major functions
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body's various systems in maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.
Personal and Professional Project
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Chemistry written test practice
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit is specific to the preparation for the B agro-Véto competitive entrance exams. It supplements and completes the chemistry courses in L1 and S3.
The teaching will be dedicated to the correction of competitive exam annals and to training through regular quizzes.
The following courses will be taught in parallel:
In Organic Chemistry
Functional organic chemistry: the way ahead for HAV310C
Carbonyl derivatives, aldehydes and ketones Part 2
Acids and acid derivatives
Some biomolecules (sugars, amino acids) and multi-step syntheses
Regular training on competition subjects
Physical and General Chemistry
Chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry as advanced by the HAV310C program
Training on competition-type subjects
- Chemical kinetics
- Reaction mechanisms
Solution chemistry
- Electron transfer in aqueous phase
- Complexes in aqueous solution
Genetics 1
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.
Classification and diversity in APP
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
General ecology in APP
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Functional Biology of Animals in APP
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Metabolic biochemistry in APP
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
English S3 in APP
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Functional biology of plants in APP
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Statistics and variability in APP
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
APP development
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
English S4 in APP
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Interactions in APP Biology
ECTS
14 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Pre-professionalization 2 in Biology
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Statistics and modeling in APP
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Coherent grouping 1 UE Scientifiques Semestre 3
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cellular and Molecular Biology 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE in S3 enables students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.
Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps in Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNA and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence deduced from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.
Cell Biology section: This section covers the major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques for demonstrating the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.
Modeling physicochemical systems
ECTS
2.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modeling physicochemical systems EC/CC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Physicochemical systems modeling Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
VBA programming
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Microbiology 1
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides a basic understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.
For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfer between bacteria will also be covered.
A number of eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyle, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be covered. The principles of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principles of antiviral vaccination and treatment will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
Practical work will introduce students to techniques for sterile handling of microorganisms, bacterial counting and conjugation.
Biochemistry S3
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course enables students to consolidate the foundations of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michael enzymology, description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, purifying, quantifying and detecting proteins.
Chemistry for biologists 2
Study level
BAC +2
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This second unit of general chemistry is designed to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.
In advance of certain courses and tutorials, students will work on written and audio course documents, to ensure that classroom teaching and tutorials enable them to play a full part in the training, understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.
Immunology-Hematology
ECTS
3.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Hematology CR TP on moodle
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Basics of Pharmacology
ECTS
1.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Basics of Pharmacology Oral/Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Basics of Pharmacology Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Fundamentals of Human Physiology
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Fundamentals of Human Physiology Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Fundamentals of Human Physiology TP
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Coherent grouping of 3 UE Transversales, lingui. Semester 3
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Coherent grouping of 3 UE Transversales, lingui. Semester 4
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Communication and general culture in English
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Generalities in Pharmaceutical Industry and Quality
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
General information on the pharmaceutical industry
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
LV2 - Other language
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
LV2 - Spanish
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Consistent grouping of 2 Scientific UE Semester 4
ECTS
24 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Clinical biology practices
ECTS
3.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical biophysics
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical biophysics EC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical biophysics TP Reports
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biocellular and Biomol and Health Engineering
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biocellular/Biomol Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biocellulaire/ Biomol Projet/CC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Physicochemical approaches to pharmaceutical substances
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Physicochemical approaches to pharmaceutical substances. Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Physico-chemical approach to pharmaceutical substances TP
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Metabolic biochemistry
Study level
BAC +2
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:
-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.
- description of metabolic pathologies.
Statistics and Health Engineering
ECTS
2.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Statistics and Health Engineering Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Statistics and Health Engineering Practical or Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Structural Biochemistry
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course offers an in-depth look at the structural biochemistry of biomolecules, with a particular focus on proteins and nucleic acids.
The basic concepts and nomenclature used to analyze 3D protein structures are briefly reviewed (Ramachandran diagram, structural motif and domain, folding, family, superfamily, etc......). These notions are complemented by a study of the stability and dynamics of biomolecules.
The structural classification of proteins is detailed according to the 4 main types of folding. Structure-function relationships are illustrated using examples of proteins. Specificities of membrane protein structures (integral proteins, membrane-bound proteins) are discussed.
The main tools for modeling and predicting secondary and tertiary structures are presented.
The different structures and functions of nucleic acids are studied. Protein-nucleic acid complexes are described from a structural point of view (main recognition motifs, ...) and the notions of recognition specificity are detailed.
This course is illustrated by tutorials. These involve familiarizing students with the main databases used in structural biology, as well as with PyMol software for 3D structure analysis.
Regulations / Legislation
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to help students understand the tripartite relationship between safety - legislation - detection tools. Human activity to meet the needs of growth, well-being and health of populations requires the monitoring of industrial practices. Rules governing limit levels for pollutants and other substances imply acceptable limits that must be quantified.
This course covers European food safety legislation, which requires a pragmatic approach to compliance with industry standards. Biology students working in a wide range of sectors, from agronomy to healthcare, need to be familiar with the fundamentals of quality management.
Immunology (from response to infect° to autoim diseases)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.
Key words
Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity
Innovative approaches to metabolic engineering
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students work in groups to carry out bibliographical research on a selection of medicinal plants during tutorials, in order to identify plant biomolecules with potential biological or pharmacological properties. Using the documents provided, each group identifies, proposes and implements an extraction protocol and a simple biological activity test protocol to test the biostatic, antibiotic or antioxidant activity of the targeted molecules. The bibliographic monitoring approach and the results obtained during the practical work, together with their analysis and interpretation, will be discussed during a poster presentation session, which will lead to an assessment.
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Introduction to Nano-biotechnologies
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course introduces the basics of nano-biotechnologies for diagnostics and detection.
1- Introduction to biosensors and embedded systems
The different types of electrochemical sensors (conductimetry, potentiometry and amperometry): - Biosensors from the Clark electrode to the amperometric glucometer. - The potentiostat: a simple standardized measurement system
- Transistors: semiconductors
- nanotubes or wires made of carbon, silicon, graphene, etc.
- Impedance measurement
2- Introduction to biomimicry
- Self-assembly of spherical structures: viruses, ferritin, dendrimers
- Self-assembly of monolayers
3- Functional organic chemistry
- L1 organic chemistry reminder
- Biomolecules (functions involved, carbonyl, amines, alcohols, thiols)
- Structures
- Functionalization basics
- Redox reaction
Biotechnology S5
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:
- Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and encompass a range of technologies that use plant organisms and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, as well as recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes.
- Animal biotechnology covers the fields of health, drugs, diagnostics and tissue engineering, as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes for therapeutic purposes.
- Microbial biotechnologies involve the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation in the agri-food/pharmaceutical industry, as well as their use in environmental protection.
The teaching offered to students in the Licence 3 Life Sciences is designed to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies, and to master the associated tools/applications.
History of biology and bioethics
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The main aim of this module is to provide a better understanding of the major concepts of modern biology, through the history of their development. In other words, to analyze the intellectual path and the experimental and theoretical approaches that led to their construction. For example, we'll look at how the search for a "natural" classification led Jean-Baptiste Monet de Lamarck and Charles Darwin to lay the foundations of evolutionary biology, or how Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire's concept of "unity of organization plan" is at the origin of evolutionary paleontology, developmental biology and evolution/development (Evo/Devo).
In the context of bioethics, we'll look at the problems of conceptual drift (from craniology to eugenics), or the cases of "Georges Cuvier" and "Trophim Lyssenko" when religious or political ideology interferes with science.
Finally, biological philosophy will lead us to discuss the value of models in biology, and the "end of the all-genetic" (from Lamarck through epigenesis to epigenetics).
The entire module will be taught in lectures, during which some of the founding texts of modern biology will be analyzed and discussed.
Practical work in molecular biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.
Molecular Engineering
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:
- Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.
The TDs will consist of :
- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.
- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.
Molecular tools for detection and diagnosis
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of the course is to review molecular identification techniques, with particular emphasis on biomarkers, advances in the latest generations of biomarkers and selective membranes, and new instrumentation.
Molecular diagnostic techniques / mass approaches.
Ag receptor biosynthesis in B and T lymphocytes
Antigen-antibody reactions
Immunological techniques
FACS principle
Proteomics, 2D, LC-MS, MS-MS. Degradome...
Biosensors and instrumentation
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The course takes a more in-depth look at biosensor design. It begins with general notions of graft chemistry for the functionalization of supports. Finally, an introduction to microfluidics will enable students to design instrumentation. This course is essentially a hands-on experience, with a real bibliographical search designed to enable students to work on their own instrumental development projects.
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
Virology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.
The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).
Structural Biochemistry
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course offers an in-depth look at the structural biochemistry of biomolecules, with a particular focus on proteins and nucleic acids.
The basic concepts and nomenclature used to analyze 3D protein structures are briefly reviewed (Ramachandran diagram, structural motif and domain, folding, family, superfamily, etc......). These notions are complemented by a study of the stability and dynamics of biomolecules.
The structural classification of proteins is detailed according to the 4 main types of folding. Structure-function relationships are illustrated using examples of proteins. Specificities of membrane protein structures (integral proteins, membrane-bound proteins) are discussed.
The main tools for modeling and predicting secondary and tertiary structures are presented.
The different structures and functions of nucleic acids are studied. Protein-nucleic acid complexes are described from a structural point of view (main recognition motifs, ...) and the notions of recognition specificity are detailed.
This course is illustrated by tutorials. These involve familiarizing students with the main databases used in structural biology, as well as with PyMol software for 3D structure analysis.
Enzymology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides fundamental knowledge of formal and structural enzymology.
- The first part of this course deals with formal kinetics (study of reaction rates, determining the order of a reaction, equilibrium and kinetics, reversible and balanced reactions). Experimental aspects are presented in parallel (determination of kinetic constants by spectrophotometry, fluorescence, radioactivity, immunoassays, etc.).
- The second part of the course concerns the study of single-substrate enzyme kinetics.
Definition of an enzyme, catalyst. Enzyme nomenclature (E.C)
Michaelian kinetics. Michaelis-Menten equation. Definition of enzymatic parameters,KM, maximum speed, catalytic constant, turn-over. Various graphical representations (Lineweaer-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee).
The different types of inhibition (competitive, incompetent, non-competitive, mixed) and their graphical representation are also studied.
Determining inhibition constancy. Irreversible inhibitors.
Reaction speed. Arrhenius' law.
- The third section describes multi-substrate enzymatic kinetics from a formal point of view. With ternary complex. Random or ordered mechanism.
No ternary complex. Ping-Pong, Theorell-Chance mechanism. Cleland representation.
Graphical determination.
- The fourth part deals with equilibrium bonding and allostery.
Receptor-Ligand / Enzyme-Substrate binding. Determination of dissociation (or association) constant. Specific and non-specific binding.
Scatchard demonstration and graphical representation. Allosteric receptors (or enzymes). Non-Michaelian enzyme. Notion of cooperativity. Positive and negative cooperativity. Hill number, Hill graph.
Models of allosteric regulation are presented. Allostery. Cooperative models, concerted (Monod-Wyman-Changeux), sequential (Koshland-Nemethy-Filmer). Role of effectors: activator or inhibitor. Example of hemoglobin and oxygen uptake.
- The fifth part of the course relates enzyme structures to their function, using several examples. Description of the 3D structures and catalytic mechanisms of acetylcholine esterase, proteases and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Notion of catalytic triad, binding pocket, etc.
Communication techniques and scientific English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.
Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.
These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Functional genetics
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Functional genetics aims to better understand the relationships between genotype and phenotype. This course integrates various aspects of the analysis of gene and genome function at the whole-genome level using in vivo approaches, as well as transcriptional and expression regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The course is illustrated by concrete examples of developmental genetics in physiological and pathological contexts.
Integrated Cellular Metabolism
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course enables students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This course provides a global vision of human metabolism. It will emphasize the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how different tissues communicate to maintain overall energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this metabolism, at the origin of certain pathologies, will be presented.
Structural Biology and Interactions
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a continuation of the Structural Biochemistry course in S5. Students will learn the basic concepts of the different approaches used for multi-scale structural characterization and macromolecular interaction analysis. The advantages and limitations of all the tools will be highlighted, so that students can understand the complementarity of these tools and know how to use them in an integrative way to answer a given biological question.
TDs will be a mix of structural analysis applications using visualization tools (such as Pymol) and article analysis using a combination of the approaches studied in CM. Students will then be asked to conceptualize their own experimental project in response to a given problem.
Mathematics for biology
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The course provides an overview of the concepts required for mathematical modeling in biology. The focus is on linear and non-linear dynamical systems, in dimension one and two. The course begins with essential notions of linear algebra: matrices, systems of linear equations, geometric interpretation of the solutions of these systems as vectors and subspaces (line, plane, etc.). The theory of vectors and eigenvalues of matrices is introduced in relation to linear dynamical systems. For non-linear dynamical systems, the qualitative theory of differential equations (attractors, phase portraits, zero-level isoclines) is presented, as an alternative to the often complicated calculation of solutions. The TD covers a wide range of biological models used in ecology, epidemiology, oncology and systems biology.
Practical work in biochemistry
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course enables students to consolidate and deepen their practical management of numerous experimental data obtained over a week of practical work during a blocked period (5 consecutive days). These data are obtained following the elaboration of many different protocols, keeping in mind to ensure the best reproducibility of the preparations carried out and to have the best speed of execution in the preparation, realization and analysis of the different experiments. A high degree of autonomy in setting up protocols will be encouraged, leading ultimately to experimental mastery and autonomy. This practical work will also enable students to work in groups (in pairs or trios, depending on capacity and number of students), and to write a report recording the protocols carried out, all the experimental data obtained and their analysis, in order to determine a wide range of biochemical parameters. A significant part of the assessment will be based on the students' ability to generate, manage, exploit and analyze raw experimental data with the utmost rigor.
Molecular Engineering
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:
- Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.
The TDs will consist of :
- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.
- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.
Advanced Cell Biology 2: Key concepts
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is designed to complement the notions of cell biology covered in L2 in BCM2 and BCM3 through the study of physiological and pathological situations such as cancer.
These lessons will introduce students to the importance of finding a suitable study model (cell lines or organisms for in vivo study (Drosophila, C. elegans, Zebrafish) to answer a question and highlight a molecular mechanism.
TDs will allow the manipulation of advanced concepts of cell biology in connection with knowledge of the most commonly used methodologies in cell biology such as flow cytometry, advanced techniques of fluorescence and electron microscopy, proteomics as well as knowledge of experimental models such as cells in culture, genetically modified or non-genetically modified animal models (C. elegans, zebrafish, transgenic mice, KO, KI...).
Systems biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Systems biology offers the possibility of understanding how living organisms function at different scales of organization. This course will focus on the sub-cellular scale. At this scale, systems biology models integrate several levels of interaction from the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. The predictions of in silico models can be used in biomedical research to understand multi-factorial diseases and optimize drug treatments, in bioengineering to synthesize genomes with optimized properties and functions (synthetic biology), as well as to guide fundamental research into the principles of how living organisms function. The course comprises a theoretical component (lectures and practical sessions on modeling gene, signaling and metabolic networks) and a practical component (computer-based practical exercises using Matlab software).
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
BioInformatics applied to plant biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Bioinformatics is a discipline at the crossroads of computer science, mathematics and the life sciences. It is based in particular on the use and development of computer tools for the analysis of massive biological data. Eventually, these megadata can be organized into searchable online databases, enabling users to extract data relevant to a biological problem.
The aim of the "Bioinformatics applied to plant biology" teaching unit is to introduce students to the use of databases and to offer a first approach to data mining using R software.
Virtually all teaching will take the form of practical case studies in the computer room, in student sub-groups.
In the first part, students will learn the rudiments of the R computer language, enabling them to organize and clean up their raw data to make it fully exploitable for further analysis. They will then learn how to propose explicit graphical representations based on biological data. Particular attention will be paid to writing reusable scripts and choosing the graphics associated with the calculations according to the biological question at hand.
In the second part, students will use general databases such as NCBI, or databases devoted exclusively to the model plant Arabidopsis (TAIR), to carry out data mining.
Innovative approaches to metabolic engineering
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students work in groups to carry out bibliographical research on a selection of medicinal plants during tutorials, in order to identify plant biomolecules with potential biological or pharmacological properties. Using the documents provided, each group identifies, proposes and implements an extraction protocol and a simple biological activity test protocol to test the biostatic, antibiotic or antioxidant activity of the targeted molecules. The bibliographic monitoring approach and the results obtained during the practical work, together with their analysis and interpretation, will be discussed during a poster presentation session, which will lead to an assessment.
Plant development
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
7 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is a specialization module in Functional Plant Biology, covering the mechanisms underlying the major stages in plant development.
It is based on knowledge derived mainly from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and covers the following concepts from a molecular, cellular and physiological point of view:
- Roles and functions of the main phytohormones.
- Development of male and female gametes, fertilization.
- Embryo, seed and fruit development.
- Functioning of root and stem meristems (vegetative and floral).
- Flower architecture.
- Adaptive development mechanisms in response to abiotic factors: light, gravity, cold.
Certain aspects of development will also be analyzed from an evolutionary perspective, by studying the role of developmental genes in the diversification and evolution of developmental processes in land plants (evolution of the root system, floral architecture, etc.).
Communication techniques and scientific English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.
Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.
These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Biotechnology S5
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:
- Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and encompass a range of technologies that use plant organisms and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, as well as recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes.
- Animal biotechnology covers the fields of health, drugs, diagnostics and tissue engineering, as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes for therapeutic purposes.
- Microbial biotechnologies involve the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation in the agri-food/pharmaceutical industry, as well as their use in environmental protection.
The teaching offered to students in the Licence 3 Life Sciences is designed to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies, and to master the associated tools/applications.
Functional genetics
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Functional genetics aims to better understand the relationships between genotype and phenotype. This course integrates various aspects of the analysis of gene and genome function at the whole-genome level using in vivo approaches, as well as transcriptional and expression regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The course is illustrated by concrete examples of developmental genetics in physiological and pathological contexts.
Basics of agroecology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
After defining intensive agriculture and analyzing its risks/benefits, this module will enable students to reflect on the various possible ways of moving agriculture towards an agroecological approach. Examples include biopesticides, ecological intensification and soil management. A visit to a company involved in sustainable agriculture is also organized. The sites visited vary from year to year, depending on the wishes of the students and the availability of the companies. Examples of visits made as part of this module: Bayer, Vilmorin, Geves, CTIFL, sudExpé...
Licenciales.
Students will be asked to present a project or business start-up developing innovative proposals for changing cultivation practices, or any other use of plant products to reduce environmental impact.
Autotrophy
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
8 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course presents the major functions of carbon, mineral and water nutrition in plants, which ensure their autotrophy (the production of their own biomass). It will provide the basis for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of nutrient absorption, distribution and assimilation. The course will be divided into two main parts, one dedicated to mineral nutrition and the other to carbon nutrition.
After a review of the properties of plant membranes and walls and the concepts of transmembrane transport, the part of the course dedicated to mineral nutrition will teach the mechanisms of water absorption and circulation, root uptake, subcellular compartmentalization and mineral distribution, as well as nitrogen assimilative metabolism.
The chapter dedicated to carbon nutrition will present the functioning of the chloroplast in the plant cell, photosynthesis (capture of light energy and synthesis of the first carbon compounds), the production of organic compounds and their allocation in the plant.
Green course
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is a module designed to introduce students to scientific research in fundamental or applied plant agro-sciences. Students must complete an internship of 10 weeks or more (which may continue over the summer) in a research laboratory (CNRS, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD), in an applied research organization such as GEVES, CTIFL, SudExpe, Serfel, IFV or in a private company such as Staphyt, AgroXp, Vilmorin. Montpellier offers a wide range of internship opportunities in this field.
This is a module for integration into the professional world, enabling students to make contact with players in the world of plant-based Agro-Sciences:
- apply the techniques learned in the various courses of the BiPAgro Bachelor's degree.
- exposure to the professional world
- develop your own professional project and enhance your CV
Students write a dissertation which they defend in front of a jury made up of teacher-researchers, researchers and/or field technicians/engineers.
Plant genetic engineering
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students deepen their knowledge of the different methods of plant transgenesis using biological, chemical or physical vectors, their acceptability and their applications in fields as varied as plant improvement, the production of biomolecules or therapeutic recombinant proteins. In tutorials, students are encouraged to document, reflect, argue and debate on transgenesis and its alternatives through a plant improvement scenario. In practical work, students are involved in improving a protocol for obtaining root hairs, using the knowledge they have acquired in class.
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
Tutored projects S5
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Students will be asked to carry out a bibliographical analysis on a topic of their choice, validated by the UE supervisors. Under the tutelage of a teacher-researcher, students will have to answer the problem they have set themselves by analyzing the available bibliography. They will have to assess the state of the art in the field they are working on, identifying areas of uncertainty and controversy, and open questions that remain to be resolved. They will have to carry out a genuine critical scientific analysis of the available bibliography, and not simply report on it. They will have to follow the conventions of scientific article writing, involving citation of sources, synthesis of information through illustration, problematization and synthesis of scientific results.
Evolutionary ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is an extension of the "Fundamentals of Evolution" course, and introduces the main concepts of evolutionary ecology in order to understand and formalize in a simple way the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that shape biodiversity at different scales of integration.
This course is designed as a coherent whole, with lectures, tutorials and practical work complementing each other. Notions are approached by example, then formalized using mathematical models, which are compared with experience and real data.
It will deal with population dynamics (intra- and interspecific competition), ecological niches and will detail the mechanisms of evolution and their genetic consequences on a population scale: natural selection (including sexual selection), influence of reproductive regimes, genetic drift. The practical sessions will enable students to master the mathematical formalization of notions seen in class and their simple computer modeling, as well as the analysis of data sets. Practical work will enable students to carry out and analyze in small groups 2 experiments lasting 1 month each (with report writing and oral presentation), in order to develop methodology and scientific reasoning.
Genetic bases of evolution
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The EU is organized into five main themes:
Theme 1: Gene mapping and recombination. Notions of molecular biology related to gene expression, DNA repair and epigenetic processes.
Theme 2: Introduction to molecular evolution: Measuring the intensity of selection in genetic divergence. Molecular clock and variation in evolutionary rates created by the action of natural selection. Neutralist theory of evolution.
Theme 3: Introduction to genomics: composition and size of genomes. Importance of repeated elements. Notion of genetic linkage and local effect of selection. Influence of demography.
Theme 4: Molecular tools for biodiversity: Barcoding, eDNA, metabarcoding. Molecular taxonomy. Limitations of hybridization. Conservation applications.
Theme 5: Extranuclear heredity. Symbiosis, parasitism and co-evolution (intra-cellular: e.g. Wolbachia). Notion of extended phenotype.
Geology of sedimentary basins
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Genesis, nature and fate of deposits in sedimentary basins.
Cycle of 15 courses/lectures/debates and practical work/days
Content of integrated courses / practical / practical work, (sedimentary basins, alteration of continents,
sediment transport, detrital and carbonate environments, factors affecting sedimentation: sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis)
Organization, development and diversity of spermatophytes
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to provide students with an integrative approach to the morphology, anatomy and development of the vegetative and reproductive systems of Spermatophytes, from an ecological, functional and evolutionary perspective. This approach is implemented by students through a supervised project centered on the study of a model plant, taking into account inter-individual variability, different stages of development, site conditions and biological type.
Naturalist Specialization 2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The structure of this course is similar to that developed in S4. The aim is to provide students with knowledge of the biology, ecology and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. In addition to species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course will cover the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation and study and identification methods.
After a general introductory course, 2 parallel courses will be offered. One will focus on cryptogams (algae, lichens, mosses and fungi), the other on fauna (chiropterans & arthropods).
Cryptogams
The aim of this section is to familiarize students with the extremely diverse organisms that are bryophytes, phaeophytes and fungi. The principle is 1) to approach these little-known diversities through a naturalistic approach, 2) to place these observations in an evolutionary perspective (phylogenetic aspects), and 3) to link the observations to the role of these organisms in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Lastly, the module will cover aspects of daily life, economics and citizenship linked to species (toxicology, nutrition, medicine).
Fauna
The aim is for students to acquire/deepen a body of knowledge on the biology of arthropods and chiropterans, which are taxonomic groups of great interest, both from the point of view of studies in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. In addition to species identification, this line of work will cover the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, ecological and behavioral characteristics, and their roles in ecosystems. Teaching will incorporate innovative pedagogical approaches, combining the use of traditional tools (visual recognition) and modern ones (acoustic identification using software). Among Arthropods, the groups to be particularly addressed will be Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera, representing highly diversified orders that will best enable us to approach the notion of species, which is central in biology. Species identification will form the basis for studying their biology and ecology, and for tackling the notions of evolution and phylogeny.
Each group (Fauna - Cryptogams) will have at its disposal 12 hours of fieldwork (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 1/2-day outings, or 2 long one-day outings). Practical work can be carried out on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at CEFE - Botanical Garden) that are suitable for studying different organisms.
Cross-cutting notion
The EU is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work, which, through a reversed class, will enable us to use observed species as a starting point for identifying concepts central to conservation biology. In S5, the notion of species (and associated entities such as subspecies, hybrids, etc.) will be widely addressed, from both a theoretical and practical point of view. This notion will enable us to address 1. the foundations and limits of the various perspectives on species (morphological, genetic, ecological), 2. the methodological problems linked to the identification of taxa in the field and in the laboratory, and 3. the problems this generates from the point of view of species conservation. To this end, at the end of the sequence, students present a taxon, from among those proposed in the UE, whose identification proves to be complex.
Biology of animal behavior
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys", from ontogeny to evolution: from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to apprehend the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning.
Ecotoxicology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Ecotoxicology concerns the study of the effects of pollutants on living species and on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. This course aims to provide a better understanding of :
- the main types of organic and inorganic pollutants (historical or emerging), as well as their sources and the factors influencing their fate in the natural environment and in organisms,
- the effects of pollutants on micro- and macro-organisms at different levels of biological integration (molecule, individual, community),
- methods for assessing biological effects, environmental quality and ecotoxicological risk within the current European regulatory framework,
- bioremediation processes through several case studies.
Comparative animal physiology of integrated systems
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this L3S5 course is to acquire knowledge of the organization, development and functioning of various physiological systems in animals. More specifically, the functions of circulation, thermoregulation, hormone regulation and nerve integration will be approached from a comparative perspective (examples drawn from different taxonomic groups) and in an evolutionary context. Questions relating to the bioethical aspects of experimentation in animal physiology will also be addressed.
Biology of animal behavior
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys", from ontogeny to evolution: from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to apprehend the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning.
Ecotoxicology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Ecotoxicology concerns the study of the effects of pollutants on living species and on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. This course aims to provide a better understanding of :
- the main types of organic and inorganic pollutants (historical or emerging), as well as their sources and the factors influencing their fate in the natural environment and in organisms,
- the effects of pollutants on micro- and macro-organisms at different levels of biological integration (molecule, individual, community),
- methods for assessing biological effects, environmental quality and ecotoxicological risk within the current European regulatory framework,
- bioremediation processes through several case studies.
Naturalist Specialization 2
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The structure of this course is similar to that developed in S4. The aim is to provide students with knowledge of the biology, ecology and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. In addition to species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course will cover the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation and study and identification methods.
After a general introductory course, 2 parallel courses will be offered. One will focus on cryptogams (algae, lichens, mosses and fungi), the other on fauna (chiropterans & arthropods).
Cryptogams
The aim of this section is to familiarize students with the extremely diverse organisms that are bryophytes, phaeophytes and fungi. The principle is 1) to approach these little-known diversities through a naturalistic approach, 2) to place these observations in an evolutionary perspective (phylogenetic aspects), and 3) to link the observations to the role of these organisms in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Lastly, the module will cover aspects of daily life, economics and citizenship linked to species (toxicology, nutrition, medicine).
Fauna
The aim is for students to acquire/deepen a body of knowledge on the biology of arthropods and chiropterans, which are taxonomic groups of great interest, both from the point of view of studies in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. In addition to species identification, this line of work will cover the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, ecological and behavioral characteristics, and their roles in ecosystems. Teaching will incorporate innovative pedagogical approaches, combining the use of traditional tools (visual recognition) and modern ones (acoustic identification using software). Among Arthropods, the groups to be particularly addressed will be Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera, representing highly diversified orders that will best enable us to approach the notion of species, which is central in biology. Species identification will form the basis for studying their biology and ecology, and for tackling the notions of evolution and phylogeny.
Each group (Fauna - Cryptogams) will have at its disposal 12 hours of fieldwork (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 1/2-day outings, or 2 long one-day outings). Practical work can be carried out on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at CEFE - Botanical Garden) that are suitable for studying different organisms.
Cross-cutting notion
The EU is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work, which, through a reversed class, will enable us to use observed species as a starting point for identifying concepts central to conservation biology. In S5, the notion of species (and associated entities such as subspecies, hybrids, etc.) will be widely addressed, from both a theoretical and practical point of view. This notion will enable us to address 1. the foundations and limits of the various perspectives on species (morphological, genetic, ecological), 2. the methodological problems linked to the identification of taxa in the field and in the laboratory, and 3. the problems this generates from the point of view of species conservation. To this end, at the end of the sequence, students present a taxon, from among those proposed in the UE, whose identification proves to be complex.
Organization, development and diversity of spermatophytes
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to provide students with an integrative approach to the morphology, anatomy and development of the vegetative and reproductive systems of Spermatophytes, from an ecological, functional and evolutionary perspective. This approach is implemented by students through a supervised project centered on the study of a model plant, taking into account inter-individual variability, different stages of development, site conditions and biological type.
Geology of sedimentary basins
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Genesis, nature and fate of deposits in sedimentary basins.
Cycle of 15 courses/lectures/debates and practical work/days
Content of integrated courses / practical / practical work, (sedimentary basins, alteration of continents,
sediment transport, detrital and carbonate environments, factors affecting sedimentation: sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis)
Microorganisms
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit will cover the elements needed to understand the way of life of the major groups of unicellular organisms at the basis of ecosystem functioning (viruses, bacteria, archaea and unicellular eukaryotes....). The course covers the biological organization of each type of organism, its modes of reproduction and diversity, leading to notions of ecology. We will look at the role of these microorganisms in the functioning and dynamics of ecosystems, considering the interactions that these organisms maintain with other living beings (the notion of "symbiosis" in all its variations).
Practical work will :
- implementation of techniques for bacterial enumeration (CFU), identification of a particular strain from an environmental sample
- highlighting the diversity of phytoplankton (unicellular algae) in aquatic environments (freshwater)
- demonstrating the specificity of interactions between bacteria and bacteriophages
Diversity and evolution of past and present metazoans N3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The main objective is to learn the basics of comparative anatomy of chordates, so as to be able to compare and classify them, before tracing the key stages in their evolutionary history. Teaching is integrative in the sense that it draws on both present-day organisms and the fossil record, so as to document the evolutionary history of the clade in its entirety and in all its aspects. Anatomical, biomechanical, phylogenetic and ecomorphological approaches will be addressed in lectures to illustrate the diversity and major characteristics of chordates. Practical work (and practical sessions) will illustrate the evolution of the diversity of integuments, skeleton, musculature, digestive and respiratory systems over long time scales.
Modeling biological data
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is a natural continuation of the " Quantifying Hazards " course (HAV424B) presented in S4. It should provide the concepts for constructing experimental protocols that answer biological questions, and for associating appropriate models for analyzing variability. The first part will be devoted to the construction of experimental protocols that can answer a multitude of questions in the life sciences, i.e. taking into account the inevitable dependence of statistical individuals, such as pairing and the spatial or temporal structure of populations. This part of the course will also introduce the notion of fluctuation, replication and pseudo-replication, which will be taken into account in the models built in the second part of the course. The second part of the course will show the link between the experimental protocol and the modeling of the variability of a quantitative response variable, through the construction of models including several qualitative or quantitative variables. Particular attention will be paid to the conditions of application of these methods, to type I and type II errors, to methods for estimating the parameters of the models constructed (including likelihood) and to the interpretation of the estimated parameters. Each notion will be illustrated by the analysis of real biological data from a variety of themes, helping students to discover not only modern and current biological questions, but also the tools developed to answer them. Practical work in R will enable students to independently carry out analyses on published biological cases.
Evolutionary Ecology and its applications
ECTS
1 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Through 5 main themes, we will make the link between the principles of evolution and evolutionary ecology seen in the previous E.U. in a fundamental way and current societal applications.
The 5 main themes are: human evolution, biodiversity conservation, domestication of animal and plant species, evolutionary medicine, and major global crises and disruptions.
Two sessions on the comprehension and oral presentation of scientific articles are held in conjunction with the "Evolutionary ecology and its applications" UE.
Tutored projects S6
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
For semester 6, students will be able to choose between 2 types of student project: (1) setting up a "Partenaires Scientifiques pour la Classe" (ASTEP) scheme, or (2) setting up a Data Acquisition and Processing (ATD) protocol. For the ASTEP project, students will carry out a scientific outreach project with kindergarten or primary school classes in the Hérault region (scientific themes defined by the partner schools). The students will then develop one or more experiments to be carried out with the classes, acquire data with the pupils and disseminate the scientific concepts to the pupils concerned. For the ATD project, students will have to propose a data acquisition protocol to answer a scientific question of their choice. This protocol could be carried out in the field, in the classroom or consist of a meta-analysis.
Angiosperm diversity and phylogeny
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of the course is to provide an overview of Angiosperm diversity, approached through the prism of the most recent phylogenies proposed by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). This phylogenetic framework will be supported throughout the course of the course by concrete observation of the vegetative and floral characters of a selection of taxa spread across the entire phylogeny, so as to identify the synapomorphies of the main clades, any homoplasies, and adaptations (floral biology, pollination, trophic interactions, etc.).
Students also learn about the diversity of Angiosperms from a floristic point of view, by creating a herbarium of generally Mediterranean species. They also learn how to use a flora and digital identification tools (Pl@ntNet e-Flore from Tela Botanica, etc.).
Evolutionary ecology and its applications
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Through 5 main themes, we will make the link between the principles of evolution and evolutionary ecology seen in the previous E.U. in a fundamental way and current societal applications.
The 5 main themes are: human evolution, biodiversity conservation, domestication of animal and plant species, evolutionary medicine, and major global crises and disruptions.
Species assemblages from local to global
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Students in the University's general bachelor's program take a number of introductory ecology courses during their first two years of study. In L3, they are introduced to a number of fundamental concepts concerning the adaptation of individuals to the environment, and interactions between species (Concepts in Evolutionary Ecology HLBE503). In particular, they explore r/K evolutionary strategies, linking the adaptation of life cycles to disturbance regimes in natural environments. I propose to include the study of communities in the continuity of these foundations, in order to illustrate the role of species' evolutionary strategies in community formation. The teaching will be based on a sequence of lectures, tutorials and practical work in the form of field projects.
The lectures will present the basics of community ecology in three blocks. The first deals with the definition of a community, and the historical development of the discipline, through the perspectives of Gleason (1926) and Clements (1916). The second block will introduce the elements of community description, with the notions of diversities (alpha, beta, gamma) and their various indices. Finally, a third block will enable students to reflect on the rules of assemblages in communities, through the role of r/K evolutionary strategies in successions, the notions of environmental filter and functional similarity limitation.
These courses will run in parallel with a "data production-analysis-interpretation" sequence of tutorials. Initially,serious games will be used to generate data based on simplified ecological mechanisms. To this end, several serious games for simulating communities are currently under development. These data will be collected by the students in preparation for their analysis. This will take the form of a computer-based workshop to familiarize students with diversity index calculations. Finally, time will be set aside to go back to the bibliography to find out whether the patterns produced by the sequence have a biological reality, and whether they have been observed in nature (independent work and report).
Once they have completed the TD sequence, students will start setting up in situ community ecology experiments through an introduction to field ecology, in the form of autonomous projects. This includes a workshop to test Grime's (1988) competitive (C), stress-tolerant (S) and ruderal (R) strategies through the analysis of plant functional traits. Simple methods have recently been published that make it possible to place individuals(a fortiori communities) on Grime's triangle (Pierce et al., 2017). The sequence will begin with a field trip on campus: students will choose two contrasting environments (lawns, ruderal zone, woods, old wall) on which they will carry out a floristic inventory. Following this, they will take several individuals of each species back to the laboratory to measure various functional traits. Once the measurements have been made, they will be able to calculate the various indices linked to the CSR strategy. The sequence will conclude with a report and an oral presentation. Other workshops are currently under development.
Field methods in ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The UE will consist of a case study to which the students will have to respond. The teaching staff of the UE will represent the management of design offices responsible for carrying out impact studies following a development project.
The students will play the role of experts from the consultancy firms, and will have to carry out analyses of the project area. They will have to provide a report on their impact study, in which they will have identified the ecological issues and ranked them according to their importance. They will also have to give an oral presentation of their study.
The UE will be structured around 6 2-hour TD sessions at the beginning of the semester, during which the following points will be covered:
TD1: Introduction to the EU, presentation of what an impact study is and what is expected of such a study (this part will be carried out by a professional whose job it is to check impact studies), presentation of the status of the areas studied: ZNIEFF, Natura 2000.
TD2 to 6: Presentation of analysis methods for different groups of organisms (plants, arthropods, herpetofauna, avifauna and chiropterans, soil fauna, etc.).
For the remainder of the EU, students will be asked to propose study protocols for estimating the potential impacts of the planned project. The protocols set up will have to enable impacts to be assessed as closely as possible, and the studies will have to budget their interventions. They will then be given time in the field to set up their protocol, collect data and analyze it. The teaching team will tutor the groups to guide them in their work. They will write a dissertation based on specifications provided by the teaching team. This deliverable must be supported by field data and bibliographical data. They will defend their work in front of the teaching team during an oral presentation.
Several study areas were targeted in Montpellier: Triolet Campus, Mosson River, Parc de la Vallet, Montpellier Center, Parc Méric, Rives du Lez, Garrigues de la Lauze...
Biodiversity conservation: ethics, threats, restoration
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is a first approach of Conservation Sciences according to the points of view of the various actors:
- scientific approach: fundamental and practical approach to the conservation and restoration of populations and communities
- societal approach: the role of the scientist in the management of species and ecological environments, and interactions with other conservation stakeholders (managers, local players)
- ethical approach: reflection on biodiversity values (quantifiable, preferential, normative) and their application according to different models, placed in a historical context (mainly ecosystem services and sustainable development)
Modelling life: applications
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This introductory course will capitalize on the mathematical tools encountered throughout the bachelor's degree, and particularly in the "Modeling the living world: theory" course (S4 option), to provide an overview of the different approaches and techniques for modeling the living world. All the major families of mathematical models will be covered: both static (optimization problems, game theory) and dynamic (extensions of the systems seen in S4, introduction to stochastic processes). Examples of applications of these models will be diversified, covering a wide range of biological systems as well as different levels of organization (metabolic, epidemiological, meta-community models, etc.). Particular attention will be paid to epistemological aspects (contributions of modeling to the construction of theories in life sciences) and practical aspects (identifiability, calibration and parametric sensitivity on the one hand, digital implementation/simulations on the other). Last but not least, it will provide an opportunity for students to familiarize themselves with research themes involving modeling, developed in the Montpellier area.
Naturalist project
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is structured around a professional inventory approach, during which students will be put in real-life situations to showcase their naturalist skills. It will consist of a field study, mainly involving field supervision by SPS for project follow-up. In this respect, it is in line with the logic of the former CMI (Opus 4).
Eight groups of 5 students will work on the inventory of a specific taxon within the framework of a clearly identified scientific problem. The study area will vary from year to year, and will be chosen by the teaching team according to opportunities for collaboration with organizations interested in the proposed approach. The organizations approached are :
- Conservatoire des Espaces Naturels de Languedoc Roussillon
- Zoo du Lunaret, manager of the Lez reserve
- Montpellier metropolis
The feedback will consist of a common deliverable for the whole class, including a hierarchy of conservation issues. The organizations managing the areas studied will be invited to the presentations.
Paleoecology and biostratigraphy
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire, reinforce and synthesize notions and knowledge in evolutionary paleontology, sedimentology and paleoecology, and apply them to the fossil world. Taken together, these notions provide the keys to infer the stratigraphic context and past environments in which extinct organisms lived.
Naturalist project
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is structured around a professional inventory approach, during which students will be put in real-life situations to showcase their naturalist skills. It will consist of a field study, mainly involving field supervision by SPS for project follow-up. In this respect, it is in line with the logic of the former CMI (Opus 4).
Eight groups of 5 students will work on the inventory of a specific taxon within the framework of a clearly identified scientific problem. The study area will vary from year to year, and will be chosen by the teaching team according to opportunities for collaboration with organizations interested in the proposed approach. The organizations approached are :
- Conservatoire des Espaces Naturels de Languedoc Roussillon
- Zoo du Lunaret, manager of the Lez reserve
- Montpellier metropolis
The feedback will consist of a common deliverable for the whole class, including a hierarchy of conservation issues. The organizations managing the areas studied will be invited to the presentations.
Field methods in ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The UE will consist of a case study to which the students will have to respond. The teaching staff of the UE will represent the management of design offices responsible for carrying out impact studies following a development project.
The students will play the role of experts from the consultancy firms, and will have to carry out analyses of the project area. They will have to provide a report on their impact study, in which they will have identified the ecological issues and ranked them according to their importance. They will also have to give an oral presentation of their study.
The UE will be structured around 6 2-hour TD sessions at the beginning of the semester, during which the following points will be covered:
TD1: Introduction to the EU, presentation of what an impact study is and what is expected of such a study (this part will be carried out by a professional whose job it is to check impact studies), presentation of the status of the areas studied: ZNIEFF, Natura 2000.
TD2 to 6: Presentation of analysis methods for different groups of organisms (plants, arthropods, herpetofauna, avifauna and chiropterans, soil fauna, etc.).
For the remainder of the EU, students will be asked to propose study protocols for estimating the potential impacts of the planned project. The protocols set up will have to enable impacts to be assessed as closely as possible, and the studies will have to budget their interventions. They will then be given time in the field to set up their protocol, collect data and analyze it. The teaching team will tutor the groups to guide them in their work. They will write a dissertation based on specifications provided by the teaching team. This deliverable must be supported by field data and bibliographical data. They will defend their work in front of the teaching team during an oral presentation.
Several study areas were targeted in Montpellier: Triolet Campus, Mosson River, Parc de la Vallet, Montpellier Center, Parc Méric, Rives du Lez, Garrigues de la Lauze...
Biodiversity conservation: ethics, threats, restoration
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This UE is a first approach of Conservation Sciences according to the points of view of the various actors:
- scientific approach: fundamental and practical approach to the conservation and restoration of populations and communities
- societal approach: the role of the scientist in the management of species and ecological environments, and interactions with other conservation stakeholders (managers, local players)
- ethical approach: reflection on biodiversity values (quantifiable, preferential, normative) and their application according to different models, placed in a historical context (mainly ecosystem services and sustainable development)
Paleoecology and biostratigraphy
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Architecture and morphogenesis of the whole plant
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Introduce students to an integrated approach to plants by studying the morpho-anatomical characteristics of stems and roots. They will discover the spatio-temporal coordinated construction of root and stem architectures through adaptations of Mediterranean and tropical species. Reproductive structures and the diversity of biological types will also be taken into account. This course is designed to prepare students for a Master's degree in BioGET, and is based on the natural environment and local and regional infrastructures (Serre Amazonienne, Villa Thuret, Jardin Château La Pérouse).
Aquatic ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course provides an introduction to the ecology of continental freshwater and marine ecosystems, as well as to the interface between these two compartments, i.e. mangroves, estuaries and deltas. They will be approached both from the point of view of their structure and from the point of view of their functioning, emphasizing both their similarities and their differences, and the abiotic and biotic factors that govern the organization of the communities of organisms that inhabit them.
They should provide an overview of these ecosystems or hydrosystems and how they function at different scales.
The first part of the course is devoted entirely to theory, while the second includes introductory sessions for field trips, the field trips themselves and practical sessions for analyzing and pooling the data collected in the field.
Introduction to molecular ecology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular tools are an integral part of studies aimed at describing and characterizing biodiversity. The aim of the course is to present various molecular approaches (barcoding, metabarcoding and environmental DNA, etc.) for (1) describing, characterizing and quantifying this diversity at intra- or interspecific, population or ecosystem levels, and (2) presenting their fields of application at different scales of time and space. The course will include practical aspects aimed at familiarizing students with these techniques, implementing them, analyzing the resulting data and reporting on them. Priority will be given to group work in interaction with researchers and teacher-researchers.
Mammalian phylogeny
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
One of the aims of this course is to synthesize notions and knowledge acquired in animal biology (anatomy, systematics) and ecology to describe and understand the morphology and evolution of vertebrate morphologies. In addition to present-day groups, this course will focus on extinct fossil groups, in particular their contribution to understanding the various eco-morphological adaptations (e.g. acquisition or return to aquatic life, acquisition of flight) that have marked the evolutionary history of clades.
This course also aims to provide a theoretical and practical grounding in phylogeny (cladistics) for tracing the evolution of a clade (distance, parsimony and likelihood methods), both for molecular and phenotypic traits (present-day and fossil).
Adaptations to parasitism
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Adaptations to the "parasitic" lifestyle are studied on all parasitic organisms (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes), including different scales of analysis "from molecules to populations".
Thus, the coevolution between hosts and parasites will be considered from the point of view of host-parasite molecular and cellular dialogues (immunity-escapement-exploitation of host resources, etc.), but also from the point of view of morpho-anatomical structures involved in adaptation to the sub-host site or in survival in the external environment, and finally from the point of view of behavioral adaptations for encountering the host (promotion).
Tools and methods for reconstructing paleoenvironments
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
ORPAL is an APP ecology course (1/3 fieldwork and 2/3 laboratory work). Based on Ecology concepts and methods, this course aims to introduce students to historical ecology (the study of interactions between man and his environment over variable chronological periods) and its main applications in paleoecology, from problem definition, field sampling and data acquisition to interpretation and the writing of a scientific article (see https://biologie-e cologie.com/exemples-travaux/). This course is an interesting theoretical and experimental prerequisite for the ACCES, CEPAGE, PALEONTOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS or BIOGET courses.
Meteorology, climatology and the water cycle
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
- weather/climate differences
- atmospheric structure, radiation balance, greenhouse effect, wind circulation, depressions/anticyclones, tropical cyclones, tornadoes
- general ocean circulation (Munk, main currents, Conveyor Belt)
- geographical distribution and definition of climates
- current climate change
- global water cycle, hydrological balance, water balance, energy balance above a cultivated plot to estimate evapotranspiration
Meteorology/climatology/environment
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Hourly volume
16,5h
Understand the weather and know how to use climato for an ecologist / naturalist.
- climate measurement methods, bioclimate indices ;
- Practical work on computer: climatic data, modern archives (century), oscillations and trends;
- weather reminders, dominant parameters: from large biomes to topoclimate ;
- average climate vs. extreme events, their role and impact on biodiversity ;
- TP group work (restitution): regional themes, shared oral presentation ;
- past and future climate change, and their impact on biodiversity.
Science communication
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
At the end of this course, students will have acquired the basic knowledge needed to prepare and carry out a scientific communication operation adapted to a target audience, both orally and in writing. They will also be able to design educational material and awareness-raising workshops for the general public.
Setting up an educational project with UniverlaCité
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Universities are often perceived as inaccessible places for large sections of society. As part of the UniverlaCité program, which aims to bring the university to life in disadvantaged neighborhoods, the students will be setting up scientific workshops for schoolchildren in disadvantaged areas.
The EU will offer students the opportunity to :
1- share their own experiences and enhance the value of the knowledge they have acquired at the University, with a view to responding as effectively as possible to the needs of society.
2- Reveal and develop scientific communication skills through the design and production of teaching aids adapted to the target audience.
The course will take the form of tutorials and project follow-up (SPS) on pre-defined themes. The socio-cultural situation of sensitive urban areas will be addressed in the first class. This first TD will also serve to lay the foundations for the UE, present the UniverlaCité system in detail and give a broad overview of scientific mediation.
The following TDs will serve as sessions during which students, divided into groups, will have to propose activities to be set up. The constraints given to them by the teaching team will be: the target audience, the theme (which will be defined by the teaching team and renewed each year) and the need to propose activities "outside the classroom".
Health, environment and global change
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The major human and animal health issues linked to global change, i.e. :
- degradation of natural environments, leading to loss of quality of natural resources (various forms of pollution) and loss of biodiversity
- climate change
- the artificialization of living environments
- new therapeutic approaches
- the globalization of trade
- standardized lifestyles
Science and Society: history of science, ethics, critical thinking
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In today's society, science is at the heart of many ethical, economic and societal issues. The aim of this course is to get students to reflect on their knowledge and practices through a historical approach to the construction of knowledge, and through reflections on the bioethical aspects of science, the place of researchers in society, and the relationship between science and society. The aim is to make students more aware of how to use scientific arguments in society, and to develop their critical faculties. In other words, it's an open-minded UE, enabling students to take a broader view while maintaining a scientific approach, in other words, "taking their heads off the handlebars".
- 7CM = 10.5h for History of Science, pan-historical and pan-geographical approach
- 4 CM = 6h to introduce the concepts of bioethics and the critical approach that will be needed for debates (controversy methodology, complexity, issues, arguments of authority).
- 2CM= 3h on the role of scientists in society (historical approach and discussion of possible pitfalls)
- 2TD= 3h on cognitive biases, notions of epistemology, language traps, and notion of proof, major types of erroneous reasoning
- 4 sessions of 2TD= 4x3h= 12h of debates on themes at the heart of scientific and societal controversies: GMOs, Vaccination, Pharmacogenetics and genetic testing, Endocrine disruptors, Feeding the planet, Demographic challenge, Climate change, Transhumanism, Cloning and assisted reproduction, Animal experimentation, Neuroscience and marketing, Biological warfare, Nanotechnologies, ... Starting with a press article, students work in groups to produce a presentation (to be included in the assessment), the aim of which is to provide a historical context, present opposing points of view with arguments (ethical and scientific arguments), and then lead a debate. Each debate session (3h) will have a theme, and researchers or ECs will be invited to take part in the jury and propose a summary at the end.
Working in groups for the duration of the course, students will produce a bibliographical synthesis on a topic of their choice, with a well-constructed argument, illustrated with carefully chosen examples, placing the subject in the context of the history of science and bioethical considerations. The idea is not just to give the history of a subject, but on the contrary to insist on the links with the progression of scientific knowledge and the ethical questions raised.
Science communication
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
At the end of this course, students will have acquired the basic knowledge needed to prepare and carry out a scientific communication operation adapted to a target audience, both orally and in writing. They will also be able to design educational material and awareness-raising workshops for the general public.
Sciences and Society: history of science, ethics, spirit
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Setting up an educational project with UniverlaCité
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Universities are often perceived as inaccessible places for large sections of society. As part of the UniverlaCité program, which aims to bring the university to life in disadvantaged neighborhoods, the students will be setting up scientific workshops for schoolchildren in disadvantaged areas.
The EU will offer students the opportunity to :
1- share their own experiences and enhance the value of the knowledge they have acquired at the University, with a view to responding as effectively as possible to the needs of society.
2- Reveal and develop scientific communication skills through the design and production of teaching aids adapted to the target audience.
The course will take the form of tutorials and project follow-up (SPS) on pre-defined themes. The socio-cultural situation of sensitive urban areas will be addressed in the first class. This first TD will also serve to lay the foundations for the UE, present the UniverlaCité system in detail and give a broad overview of scientific mediation.
The following TDs will serve as sessions during which students, divided into groups, will have to propose activities to be set up. The constraints given to them by the teaching team will be: the target audience, the theme (which will be defined by the teaching team and renewed each year) and the need to propose activities "outside the classroom".
Health, environment and global change
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The major human and animal health issues linked to global change, i.e. :
- degradation of natural environments, leading to loss of quality of natural resources (various forms of pollution) and loss of biodiversity
- climate change
- the artificialization of living environments
- new therapeutic approaches
- the globalization of trade
- standardized lifestyles
Immunology (from response to infect° to autoim diseases)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.
Key words
Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Biotechnology S5
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:
- Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and encompass a range of technologies that use plant organisms and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, as well as recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes.
- Animal biotechnology covers the fields of health, drugs, diagnostics and tissue engineering, as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes for therapeutic purposes.
- Microbial biotechnologies involve the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation in the agri-food/pharmaceutical industry, as well as their use in environmental protection.
The teaching offered to students in the Licence 3 Life Sciences is designed to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies, and to master the associated tools/applications.
Microbiology 3
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is designed to deepen the knowledge of microbiology for students wishing to continue their studies in this discipline.
It will cover molecular genetics applied to prokaryotes (mobile genetic elements and resistance, CRISPR, 2-component systems, quorum sensing, horizontal transfers...) and the specificities of bacterial metabolism.
Bacteria with special morphology will be presented.
In virology, the pathophysiology of viral infections and the prevention and control of viral diseases will be presented. Mechanisms of escape from the immune system will be detailed. Viral evolution mechanisms will be described and related to viral emergence.
The parasitic lifestyle of certain eukaryotic microorganisms will be illustrated by describing their obligatory intracellular development and the host cell modifications induced by these parasites.
Lastly, the EU will look at the concept of the microbiota and present the latest data on the nature of the human microbiota and its role in health.
Integrated Cellular Metabolism
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course enables students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This course provides a global vision of human metabolism. It will emphasize the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how different tissues communicate to maintain overall energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this metabolism, at the origin of certain pathologies, will be presented.
Pedagogy and Didactics of Biotechnologies
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This is an introductory course to the teaching professions in biotechnologies, in preparation for the internship in a technological high school in semester 6. This course introduces students to the concepts that will be taught to Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies students preparing for the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochimie Génologie Biologique. This course, coupled with the high school internship in semester 6, will also help students choose their career path.
In the course of the course/DD sessions, a number of issues concerning the teaching and learning of science and biotechnology are addressed:
- What are the principles, tools and teaching methods used in the technological route?
- How to design teaching in STL-Biotechnologies and STS?
- How are programs and reference materials structured?
- What are the terms and conditions of certification assessment in the final cycle and in STS?
- How does a Lycée d'Enseignement Général et Technologique work?
Infection & Immunity
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Bacteriology :
Through various examples, students will gain a better understanding of the notion of pathogenicity in relation to bacterial virulence. The means and mechanisms used to manipulate the organism's cells at mucosal level in order to penetrate the internal environment, i.e. invasiveness, will be discussed, as well as the perception of environmental signals and the integration of these signals in order to coordinate the response of prokaryotes so that they adopt group behavior. The description of some examples of toxins and modulins in relation to colonization and/or invasion will provide a better understanding of the differences in strategies between prokaryotic pathogens. Finally, we'll look at the notion of the microbiota and its influence on the functioning of the organism, as well as its implication in the development of certain pathologies.
Immunology:
The Immunology section outlines the workings of the immune system during infection. From the establishment and development of the inflammatory reaction upon recognition of non-self signals by natural immunity (PRR-PAMP), to the mechanisms of cell activation and the cellular responses generated, we can appreciate the diversity of possibilities offered by the different players in the immune system. In addition, the sequence of events leading to the orientation of the immune response and the acquisition of lasting protection during the adaptive phase will provide a better understanding of vaccine strategy. Finally, immunity of the intestinal mucosa will be addressed in the context of the relationship between the host and the microbiota.
Practical work in molecular biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.
Molecular Engineering
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:
- Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.
The TDs will consist of :
- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.
- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.
Molecular tools for detection and diagnosis
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of the course is to review molecular identification techniques, with particular emphasis on biomarkers, advances in the latest generations of biomarkers and selective membranes, and new instrumentation.
Molecular diagnostic techniques / mass approaches.
Ag receptor biosynthesis in B and T lymphocytes
Antigen-antibody reactions
Immunological techniques
FACS principle
Proteomics, 2D, LC-MS, MS-MS. Degradome...
Genetics & Epigenetics
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
From the same genome, the different cells making up a multicellular organism will acquire diverse cell fates in order to acquire distinct cellular functions. In addition to the genome, epigenetic regulations governing the control of genome expression will be crucial in establishing phenotypes. The aim of this course is to convey the concepts and methodologies needed to study the transmission of hereditary information via so-called epigenetic mechanisms.
Observation internship in a technological high school
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Observation internship in an STL-Biotechnologies and/or STS applied biology high school, under the responsibility of a Biochemistry and Biological Engineering teacher-tutor. This UE follows on from the Pédagogie et didactique des biotechnologies UE, and provides a first contact with the realities of the teaching profession. This course is designed to introduce concepts that will be developed by Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies students preparing for the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochimie Génologique. This UE, coupled with the one in semester 5, is also designed to help students in their career orientation.
A written report is drawn up based on the information gathered during the internship, and presented orally at the end of the semester.
Virology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.
The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).
Structural Biochemistry
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course offers an in-depth look at the structural biochemistry of biomolecules, with a particular focus on proteins and nucleic acids.
The basic concepts and nomenclature used to analyze 3D protein structures are briefly reviewed (Ramachandran diagram, structural motif and domain, folding, family, superfamily, etc......). These notions are complemented by a study of the stability and dynamics of biomolecules.
The structural classification of proteins is detailed according to the 4 main types of folding. Structure-function relationships are illustrated using examples of proteins. Specificities of membrane protein structures (integral proteins, membrane-bound proteins) are discussed.
The main tools for modeling and predicting secondary and tertiary structures are presented.
The different structures and functions of nucleic acids are studied. Protein-nucleic acid complexes are described from a structural point of view (main recognition motifs, ...) and the notions of recognition specificity are detailed.
This course is illustrated by tutorials. These involve familiarizing students with the main databases used in structural biology, as well as with PyMol software for 3D structure analysis.
Communication techniques and scientific English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.
Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.
These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Functional genetics
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Functional genetics aims to better understand the relationships between genotype and phenotype. This course integrates various aspects of the analysis of gene and genome function at the whole-genome level using in vivo approaches, as well as transcriptional and expression regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The course is illustrated by concrete examples of developmental genetics in physiological and pathological contexts.
Integrated Cellular Metabolism
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course enables students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This course provides a global vision of human metabolism. It will emphasize the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how different tissues communicate to maintain overall energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this metabolism, at the origin of certain pathologies, will be presented.
Advanced cell biology 1: Experimental approaches
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory course for the "Molecular and Cellular Biology" pathway is designed to deepen and complement the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in the BCM2, BCM3 and Advanced Molecular and Cellular Biology courses, by taking a more in-depth look at them. These lessons will focus on the themes of intracellular trafficking, the cell cycle and apoptosis, following on from the BCM3 course.
Students will be asked to analyze a scientific article and produce a structured summary giving the context of the study, the precise scientific question posed by the authors, the strategies implemented and the techniques used to answer it. The aim of this assignment is to help prepare students for writing their TER reports and Master's internships.
TD and TP will be carried out in an integrated way on the same themes as those covered in CM. The practical sessions will be directly linked to the lab work. Students will be asked to pose a question related to a cellular mechanism and, in line with the scientific approach, propose an experimental strategy to answer it. Practical work will enable them to apply this strategy, integrating biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology techniques such as immunoblot, cell culture, immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy. The results obtained will be analyzed using image analysis techniques and bioinformatics.
Development biology
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This compulsory S6 course explores the fundamental processes of embryonic development.
All the major stages of embryogenesis will be covered, including axis establishment, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis, as well as the basic concepts of induction, determination, differentiation and morphogenesis.
The course will emphasize a molecular and cellular interpretation of developmental processes, as well as the importance of an evolutionary approach to embryogenesis.
The course will therefore systematically make links between its various disciplines, as well as with the material taught in the genetics courses.
The lectures will present the main principles, focusing on the two best-understood models of development in vertebrates (amphibians) and invertebrates (flies), and will also include a historical aspect, while the tutorials will be devoted to the evolutionary aspect (comparing different modes of development and understanding the logic of evolutionary constraints), as well as to the experimental approaches of modern molecular and cellular developmental biology.
Practical work in molecular biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.
Molecular Engineering
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:
- Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.
The TDs will consist of :
- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.
- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.
Advanced Cell Biology 2: Key concepts
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is designed to complement the notions of cell biology covered in L2 in BCM2 and BCM3 through the study of physiological and pathological situations such as cancer.
These lessons will introduce students to the importance of finding a suitable study model (cell lines or organisms for in vivo study (Drosophila, C. elegans, Zebrafish) to answer a question and highlight a molecular mechanism.
TDs will allow the manipulation of advanced concepts of cell biology in connection with knowledge of the most commonly used methodologies in cell biology such as flow cytometry, advanced techniques of fluorescence and electron microscopy, proteomics as well as knowledge of experimental models such as cells in culture, genetically modified or non-genetically modified animal models (C. elegans, zebrafish, transgenic mice, KO, KI...).
Genetics & Epigenetics
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
From the same genome, the different cells making up a multicellular organism will acquire diverse cell fates in order to acquire distinct cellular functions. In addition to the genome, epigenetic regulations governing the control of genome expression will be crucial in establishing phenotypes. The aim of this course is to convey the concepts and methodologies needed to study the transmission of hereditary information via so-called epigenetic mechanisms.
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
Virology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.
The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).
A practical approach to bacterial biodiversity
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This practical course aims to apply students' knowledge of microbiology and molecular biology to the identification of environmental bacteria.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the bacterial population present in a soil sample is classically done by identifying species using conventional bacteriological methods in successive stages: 1) isolation of bacterial flora; 2) diagnosis of family and genus using conventional media and tests; 3) diagnosis of species using API System galleries.
Molecular biology techniques now make it possible to identify the bacteria present in a sample without the need for cultivation. This approach requires access to a sequencing platform and will also be carried out as part of the practical work, enabling the two approaches to be compared. The sequencing results obtained will enable bioinformatic analysis of the rrsA gene specifying the RNA16S of isolated bacteria.
Communication techniques and scientific English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.
Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.
These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.
Immunology (from response to infect° to autoim diseases)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.
Key words
Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity
Molecular Biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.
The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.
In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.
At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.
TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.
Biotechnology S5
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:
- Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and encompass a range of technologies that use plant organisms and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, as well as recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes.
- Animal biotechnology covers the fields of health, drugs, diagnostics and tissue engineering, as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes for therapeutic purposes.
- Microbial biotechnologies involve the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation in the agri-food/pharmaceutical industry, as well as their use in environmental protection.
The teaching offered to students in the Licence 3 Life Sciences is designed to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies, and to master the associated tools/applications.
Microbiology 3
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course is designed to deepen the knowledge of microbiology for students wishing to continue their studies in this discipline.
It will cover molecular genetics applied to prokaryotes (mobile genetic elements and resistance, CRISPR, 2-component systems, quorum sensing, horizontal transfers...) and the specificities of bacterial metabolism.
Bacteria with special morphology will be presented.
In virology, the pathophysiology of viral infections and the prevention and control of viral diseases will be presented. Mechanisms of escape from the immune system will be detailed. Viral evolution mechanisms will be described and related to viral emergence.
The parasitic lifestyle of certain eukaryotic microorganisms will be illustrated by describing their obligatory intracellular development and the host cell modifications induced by these parasites.
Lastly, the EU will look at the concept of the microbiota and present the latest data on the nature of the human microbiota and its role in health.
Infection & Immunity
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Bacteriology :
Through various examples, students will gain a better understanding of the notion of pathogenicity in relation to bacterial virulence. The means and mechanisms used to manipulate the organism's cells at mucosal level in order to penetrate the internal environment, i.e. invasiveness, will be discussed, as well as the perception of environmental signals and the integration of these signals in order to coordinate the response of prokaryotes so that they adopt group behavior. The description of some examples of toxins and modulins in relation to colonization and/or invasion will provide a better understanding of the differences in strategies between prokaryotic pathogens. Finally, we'll look at the notion of the microbiota and its influence on the functioning of the organism, as well as its implication in the development of certain pathologies.
Immunology:
The Immunology section outlines the workings of the immune system during infection. From the establishment and development of the inflammatory reaction upon recognition of non-self signals by natural immunity (PRR-PAMP), to the mechanisms of cell activation and the cellular responses generated, we can appreciate the diversity of possibilities offered by the different players in the immune system. In addition, the sequence of events leading to the orientation of the immune response and the acquisition of lasting protection during the adaptive phase will provide a better understanding of vaccine strategy. Finally, immunity of the intestinal mucosa will be addressed in the context of the relationship between the host and the microbiota.
History of biology and bioethics
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The main aim of this module is to provide a better understanding of the major concepts of modern biology, through the history of their development. In other words, to analyze the intellectual path and the experimental and theoretical approaches that led to their construction. For example, we'll look at how the search for a "natural" classification led Jean-Baptiste Monet de Lamarck and Charles Darwin to lay the foundations of evolutionary biology, or how Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire's concept of "unity of organization plan" is at the origin of evolutionary paleontology, developmental biology and evolution/development (Evo/Devo).
In the context of bioethics, we'll look at the problems of conceptual drift (from craniology to eugenics), or the cases of "Georges Cuvier" and "Trophim Lyssenko" when religious or political ideology interferes with science.
Finally, biological philosophy will lead us to discuss the value of models in biology, and the "end of the all-genetic" (from Lamarck through epigenesis to epigenetics).
The entire module will be taught in lectures, during which some of the founding texts of modern biology will be analyzed and discussed.
Practical work in molecular biology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.
Microbial ecology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Lessons will cover the basics and application principles of microbial ecology (microbial biodiversity; cultivable/non-cultivable microorganisms; major microbial groups, main microbial functions and biogeochemical cycles, microbial metabolisms in the environment and environmental applications, basics of ecology applicable to microorganisms (microbial interactions, free life, competition, collaboration, symbiosis, parasitism and their applications). In particular, the following topics will be covered by way of illustration
- viruses: the notion of emergence and re-emergence
-vibrios, virulence factors, host adaptation and horizontal transfer
-streptococci, comparative genomics, genomic reduction, specialization
Applications of microbial ecology to biotechnologies will include: detection, inocula production, bioproductions, bioremediation, water treatment using concrete examples (development of mutation-aware multipathogen detection tools, production of a flavor enhancer by a soil corynebacterium, applications of microbial interaction studies to cheese flavor selection, quality index of a wine-growing soil, etc.).
Practical water analysis, principles, standards, applications: total 6h
TD/ personal work based on the results of the practical work: design of a water purification model in a real-life situation (cadastral data, topological survey, fecal streptococcal total coliform load from the practical work, student presentation on the different types of (micro)purification plants....) the aim is to propose a conceptual solution adapted to the field case.
Molecular Engineering
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:
- Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.
The TDs will consist of :
- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.
- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.
Microbiology of eukaryotes
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course aims to deepen our knowledge of eukaryotic microorganisms, and in particular to explore the diversity of eukaryotic unicellular organisms with free-living or parasitic lifestyles. This diversity will be studied not only from a theoretical point of view, but also from a practical one. Indeed, the specific developmental and lifestyle characteristics of four unicellular microorganisms (the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, the ciliate Tetrahymena, and the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum) will be studied in practical work, illustrating the concepts covered in lectures and practical sessions.
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
Virology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.
The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).
Communication techniques and scientific English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.
Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.
These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.
Practical work in animal physiology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Through practical work sessions, study of different physiological regulations on animals.
Acquisition of operating techniques in rats to determine blood volume, osmotic diuresis and renal permeability, the action of adrenaline and insulin on blood glucose levels, inulin clearance and the mechanisms of glucose transport through the intestinal wall.
Study of the mechanical and electrical functioning of the frog heart.
Learn all the elements needed to carry out the required laboratory protocol in order to obtain results and prepare a report.
Immunology (from response to infect° to autoim diseases)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.
Key words
Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity
Olfactory and Gustatory Physiology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Study of the primary and secondary olfactory systems :
The main olfactory system: stimuli, receptor structures, mechanism for transducing and encoding olfactory information and associated olfactory pathways.
The secondary olfactory system: stimuli, receptor structures, mechanisms for transducing and encoding olfactory information and associated olfactory pathways.
Study of the taste system :
The taste system: stimuli, receptor structures, transduction mechanism and associated taste pathways.
Olfaction and cognition :
Study of odors on behavior; factors influencing the quality of olfactory sensation; characteristic dimensions of odors; behavioral classification of odors. Olfaction and cognition: odor memory, mother/child olfactory attachment.
Gustation and eating behavior :
Gusto-facial reflex; food likes and dislikes.
Integrated Neurobiology and Cognition
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to provide an integrated approach to the functioning of the nervous system, drawing on several neuroscience disciplines (Neurodevelopment, Functional Neuroanatomy, Neuroimaging, Cognitive Neuroscience) and focusing on complex brain functions.
Neurobiology and Cellular Neurophysiology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course focuses on the morpho-functional study of cells in the nervous system (neurons, glial cells), mainly by describing the mechanisms involved in neuronal excitability (generation and propagation of action potentials) and neurotransmission (mechanisms of neurotransmitter release and synthesis, and the structure and function of neurotransmitter receptors). The concepts of synaptic plasticity are also developed.
Cardiac Physiology
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Cardiovascular Physiology UE aims to describe and acquire knowledge of the functioning of the cardiovascular system, from the whole animal to the molecular and cellular levels. Topics covered include cardiac contraction, regulation of cardiac electrical activity (electrocardiogram and ion channels), regulation of blood pressure and baroreflex, and regulation of cardiovascular functions by the autonomic nervous system.
Cellular Communication and Pharmacology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The mechanism of action of drugs is based on interaction with a target cell structure in the body, leading to modulation of its function. This course is divided into 2 main parts. The1st part will introduce students to the different modes of cellular communication, the different chemical messengers, their targets and their modes of action. The 2nd part will give students a basic understanding of pharmacology, i.e. how drugs work and what happens to them in the body. To this end, the concepts of pharmacodynamics (ligand-receptor interaction, effect-dose relationship) and pharmacokinetics (ADME: absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion) will be covered. Drug targets, intracellular signaling and therapeutic indications will also be covered.
Neuropathology
Study level
BAC +3
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The EU provides an introduction to the main diseases affecting the nervous system, both neurological and psychiatric. Pathologies are treated from a multidisciplinary angle, from the molecular to the symptomatic. This basic knowledge of neuropathology will serve as a foundation for the fields of research addressed later in the Master's program.
Muscular and cardiac pathologies
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of the Muscular and Cardiac Pathologies course is to build on the knowledge of cardiovascular physiology acquired in the previous semester to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies (various rhythm disorders including atrial fibrillation, heart failure, etc.) and muscular pathologies (myopathies, etc.).
Physiology and Pathology of Nutrition
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to acquire scientific knowledge and skills in the field of nutrition, and more specifically in relation to pathologies.
Nutrition is defined as the science that analyzes the relationship between food and health. The links between nutrition and health are increasingly well known, and the risk of developing many diseases - cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes - can be reduced by following national nutritional recommendations.
Based on numerous scientific studies, these recommendations evolve in line with new knowledge. It is still difficult to describe the biological mechanisms capable of explaining the complex effects of nutrition on health.
Numerous epidemiological studies have established that a sufficient, balanced and diversified diet is essential for growth, maintaining immunity, fertility and successful aging (cognitive performance, maintaining muscle mass, fighting infections).
Sensory and motor neurophysiology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The Sensory and Motor Neurophysiology course covers the anatomical and functional organization of the main sensory systems: vision, hearing and somesthesia. On the other hand, it deals with motricity and its central control at the spinal and supra-spinal levels: brain stem, motor cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia.
Endocrine physiology
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The aim of this course is to provide students with fundamental and in-depth knowledge and skills in the physiology of the endocrine system. By studying the morphological and functional organization of the endocrine system, the student will be able to grasp the multitude of hormonal systems (endocrine glands, hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, reproductive system) and their essential roles in the realization of major physiological functions and homeostasis.
Project or internship
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The modalities of this UE are specifically adapted to the different L3 courses. Nevertheless, the objectives are the same: to give students an insight into the professional world of life science research.
Students will be offered a short internship in a laboratory/company or a tutored project with a tutor working in a laboratory or company associated with biology.
APP General Culture
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Environmental Methodology
ECTS
10 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Methodology in Life Mechanism Biology
ECTS
10 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Specialization 1 in Environment
ECTS
14 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Specialization 1 in Mechanical Biology of Life
ECTS
14 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Professionalization SV APP
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
English S5 in APP
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
APP multidisciplinary project
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
English S6 in APP
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Specialization II in Environment
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Environmental internship/project
ECTS
16 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Internship/project in Mechanical Biology of Life
ECTS
16 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Specialization II in Mechanical Biology of Life
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Coherent Grouping 1 Semester 5
ECTS
20 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biomaterials and Polymers in Healthcare
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biomaterials and Polymers in Healthcare Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biomaterials and Polymers in Healthcare TP
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Instrumental techniques for analyzing pharmaceutical substances
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Instrumental techniques for analyzing pharmaceutical substances. EC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Instrumental analysis techniques substan. pharmaTP+Ecrits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Therapeutic Chemistry - TC peptide synthesis
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Therapeutic chemistry Written/CC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Therapeutic Chemistry Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmacology - Pharmacokinetics - Toxicology
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Coherent grouping 2 UE Transversale linguistique Sem.5
ECTS
10 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Communication techniques - PEC
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Communication techniques - PEC
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Envnmt technico-régle des industries de santé - La doc scien
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Technico-regulatory environment for industries
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages Semes. 5
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages Semester 5
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II Spanish
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II German
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II Other language
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Coherent Grouping of 3 Scientific UE Semester 6
ECTS
21.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Galenic pharmacy
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmacie Galénique Written (QCM+TP graded)
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Surface phenomena
ECTS
3 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Surface phenomena TP Report and Oral
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Environmental engineering - Radiobiology - Nutrition
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Health Nutrition Written/Oral
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Environmental engineering - Introduction Radiobiolo.-Nutri. Health
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Environmental engineering-Radiobiology Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Environmental engineering-Radiobiology-Nutri. Written/Oral
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biological & Cellular Engineering
ECTS
5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biological and cellular engineering TP, note involvement/accompanies
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Biological and Cellular Engineering Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Methods for statistical analysis of pharmaceutical data
ECTS
3.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Methods for statistical analysis of pharmaceutical data. Quizzes
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Methods for statistical analysis of pharmaceutical data. Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Coherent grouping 4 UE Transersales linguistiques Sem. 6
ECTS
6.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Quality management-Marketing-Statistical quality control
ECTS
2.5 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Marketing-Management Quality-Statistical control Written
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Quality Management-Statistical Quality Control TD
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Living languages Choice Semester 6
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II Other language
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II Spanish
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Modern languages II German
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Pharmacy
Recombinant protein expression systems
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In the field of healthcare biotechnology, recombinant proteins can be produced in different cell types, called expression systems, which can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. This is a mature and attractive technological field with high employability potential. The bioproduction of biomedicines (proteins, monoclonal antibodies) represents a major therapeutic challenge for human beings. Before designing any biological drug involving a biomanufacturing stage, it is essential to be familiar with the different eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems used in biotechnology.
This course combines interactive lectures, presentations by professionals and practical work in which the knowledge acquired in class is put into practice: cell culture, control of the producing clone, recombinant protein production in eukaryotic systems, production controls.
English
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
TD in English, for students in the "L3 Bioproduction and Biotechnologies for Health" program, aiming for professional autonomy in English.
Molecular engineering and construction of producer clones
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
The main aim of this course is to enable students to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in molecular engineering. This means being able to integrate a gene coding for a molecule of interest and express it in an adapted organism. This is the preparation stage of biomanufacturing.
In order to produce a molecule of interest, it is necessary to understand upstream the mechanisms and molecular tools at the origin of a modified organism (prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic). Knowledge of the enzymes involved in genetic modification and the verification/validation of this modification via vectorization will be covered. Extraction, purification and expression methods will be covered in practical exercises. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the benefits of molecular engineering in healthcare will be presented.
Quality management and data analysis
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
6 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This course covers a number of disciplinary fields and addresses the different methodological approaches used in the industrial biomanufacturing of biomedicines.
Biopharmaceuticals are healthcare products which have to comply with strictly regulated sanitary control standards for production areas and quality control of the final product. To optimize production times and costs, statistical and mathematical methods are used to model bioprocesses.
The objectives of this UE are to present :
- The development cycle of a biomedicine product and the good manufacturing practices required by regulations
- The good laboratory practices required to guarantee sanitary and safe control of production areas and to ensure the traceability and integrity of experimental data.
- Quality control for biomedicines
- Biostatistical methods and statistical analysis tools (software) for experimental data
- Bioinformatics (databases, OMICS, big data processing, etc.) for characterizing biomedicines
- Bioprocess modeling using experimental design to optimize biomedicine production
Knowledge of biomedicines
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Immunotechnologies
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
Immunotechnology is a field of biotechnology which uses knowledge of fundamental immunology to develop technological methods for therapeutic, diagnostic or analytical purposes. This course will show how immunotechnology can be used at different stages in the biomanufacturing of a biomedicine product, from research and development to quality control.
USP (up stream process)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
8 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit (UE) is part of block 2 of the skills targeted by the L3 Bio²S, i.e."Preparing, designing and running a bioproduction process".
USP or Upstream processing are the "upstream" processes in the biomedicine production chain. They correspond to the production of cells (cell therapy) and products (proteins, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, etc.) in bioreactors.
The program covers :
1/ Knowledge of equipment: bioreactors from laboratory to pilot or industrial scale, traditional and single-use systems and their direct environment (sensors, etc.).
2/ Managing bioproduction processes.
Students will have a theoretical and practical knowledge of the structure and function of a bioreactor and how to prepare it for cultivation. structure and function of a bioreactor and how to prepare it for cultivation..
After a presentation of a standard bioreactor (mechanically stirred and aerated tank), the different scales and the notion of scale-up will be discussed, as well as other types of bioreactor (bubble column, Airlift, etc.).
All the preparatory stages prior to culture will then be described and carried out, both in the form of tutorials and practical work on the Bioproduction teaching platform. This part will cover: preparation of culture media and adaptation of their composition, assembly, checking, calibration of probes and bioreactor, sterilization, setting up an aseptic sampling system, inoculum production (cell banks will be covered in UE 1.3- Recombinant protein expression systems).
The focus will then be on "How to run and implement a bioreactor culture".
In this section, we will develop :
- Biological reaction monitoring indicators and monitoring (off-line, near-line, on-line techniques) and crop management. The program includes: control loops, an introduction to the PAT (Process Analytical Technology) approach and its coupling with the quality approach (e.g.: setting up monitoring indicators, control charts, etc.).
- Management of industrial production constraints (in particular limitations due to transfer phenomena such as heat and gas (O2))
- The different operating modes (batch, fed-batch, continuous): after a general presentation of the different modes, a focus on each of them is proposed. The aim is for students to integrate an engineering approach to the development of viable technical solutions, and to be able to :
o Analyze experimental results
o Use a production planning tool (simulation) on an industrial scale (or experimentation on a pilot lab scale).
o Forecast the various possible feed management scenarios for fed-batch and continuous crops.
o Produce cultures during practical work on the Bioproduction teaching platform
This UE is based on 3 cross-disciplinary projects related to skills blocks 1(Mobilizing key theories and concepts for bioproduction), 2(Preparing, designing and running a bioproduction process) and 3(Communicating about one's work), i.e. :
Project A: Production and purification of a monoclonal antibody in hybridoma (laboratory scale -screening). Cell culture (preparation of media, counting and culturing of cells) will be carried out after testing of the producing clone (EU 1.3).
Project B: Production of a recombinant fluorescent fusion protein in prokaryotic hosts in bioreactors in batch mode (laboratory scale). Cultivation and monitoring will be carried out after the production strains have been constructed and characterized on a small scale (UE 1.2). In addition to carrying out the culture and analyzing the results obtained, the aim of this practical course is to master the preparation of a bioreactor (assembly, calibration, sterilization, etc.). This lab is also linked to UE 2.1 for experimental design, and to UE 3.1 for reporting documents.
Project C: Production and purification of a fusion protein used as a veterinary vaccine in prokaryotic hosts in fed-batch bioreactors (pilot scale). Preparation of the fermenter and fed-batch culture of anE. coli strain from a cell bank. Culture monitoring (on-line and off-line parameters) and biomass recovery, yield calculation. The complete PSD will be carried out in UE 2.3, while batch records/production reports will be produced in conjunction with UE 2.1 and 3.1.
The bioproduction teaching platform :
USP :
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell culture (type II SHP, incubators)
- 4 instrumented benchtop bioreactors (2 to 5 L)
- 1 pilot-scale instrumented bioreactor (useful 20 L)
DSP :
- Centrifuge
- High-pressure homogenizer (Emulsiflex, Avestin)
- AKTAPure + GSTPrep preparative affinity column
- Instrumented pilot freeze-dryer
Choice of work-study or long-term internship
ECTS
20 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
DSP (down stream process)
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
4 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
This teaching unit (UE) is part of block 2 of the skills targeted by the L3 Bio²S, i.e."Preparing, designing and running a bioproduction process".
DSP or DownStream Processing are the downstream processes in the biomedicine production chain. They correspond to the extraction and purification of the molecule of interest (recombinant protein or monoclonal antibody derived from a hybridoma). Distribution/packaging and related controls will also be covered.
The program covers :
1) Knowledge of equipment (cell lysis, chromatography, filtration, freeze-drying, etc.)
2) Process management and quality control of recombinant proteins produced
Students will have theoretical and practical knowledge of the operation of cell lysis, chromatography and distribution/conditioning equipment. They will be able to adapt the choice of equipment and processes to the characteristics of the target protein.
Initially, students will study the physico-chemical properties of the target protein using simple sequence analysis tools. Based on these data and the final use of the protein, a purification strategy will be proposed by the students (TD).
These elements will be put into practice in the practical part of the course, in which students will purify the target protein while carrying out a series of sampling and on-line process controls to ensure traceability and final product quality.
Secondly, the students will have to evaluate the performance of the process and the quality of the active ingredient , as well as the finished product, by proposing an analytical approach appropriate to therapeutic proteins. They will have to determine production yields, degree of purity, nature of impurities and confirm the identity of the target protein (TD).
This UE is based on 2 cross-disciplinary projects on skills blocks 1(Mobilizing the key theories and concepts for bioproduction), 2(Preparing, designing and running a bioproduction process) and 3(Communicating about one's work), i.e. :
Project A: Production and purification of a monoclonal antibody in hybridoma (laboratory scale -screening). Purification, assay and controls of the antibody will be carried out following cell culture (UE2.2) and controls of the producing clone (UE 1.3).
Project C: Production and purification of a fusion protein used as a veterinary vaccine in prokaryotic hosts in fed-batch bioreactors (pilot scale). Following the USP practical part (UE.2.2), the biomass obtained is weighed and then lysed (HHP). Emphasis is placed on controlling critical parameters (viscosity, pressure, concentration, etc.), the efficiency of the chosen process (yield, purity) and storage conditions for the protein produced (stability, sterility, etc.). All results, analyzed critically, can be presented in the form of a batch production report.
The bioproduction teaching platform :
USP :
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell culture (type II SHP, incubators)
- 4 instrumented benchtop bioreactors (2 to 5 L)
- 1 pilot-scale instrumented bioreactor (useful 20 L)
DSP :
- Centrifuge
- High-pressure homogenizer (Emulsiflex, Avestin)
- AKTAPure + GSTPrep preparative affinity column
- Instrumented pilot freeze-dryer
- SDS-PAGE and Western blot, UV spectroscopy, nanoDSF
Documentation and activity reports
Study level
BAC +3
ECTS
2 credits
Training structure
Faculty of Science
In biotech laboratories and companies, scientific, technical and regulatory documentation is essential for project management, ensuring the reproducibility of experimental results, and complying with bioproduct production standards. Knowing how to record, analyze and communicate information relating to the production of a biomolecule makes it possible to document every stage of a bioproduction process, and thus guarantee the quality, safety and efficacy of biopharmaceutical products.
Through lectures and tutorials, this course will present :
-Tools for scientific and technological watch
-Writing methods for standard operating procedures (SOPs) and experimental protocols.
-Writing methods for detailed reporting of experimental results and data analysis (data reporting/communication activity).
Admission
Admission requirements
Enrollment possible with a baccalaureate or equivalent, or as part of a reorientation. In all cases, applications are made via the Parcoursup platform. The intake capacity, excluding repeaters, is 680 students each year. The number of applications received via Parcoursup exceeds 5,000.
Applications for L2 and L3 are made on the following platforms:
- French and European students: follow the University of Montpellier's e-candidat procedure: https: //candidature.umontpellier.fr/candidature/
- International students from outside the EU: follow the "Study in France" procedure: https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/etudesenfrance/dyn/public/authentification/login.html
Target audience
For entry into Licence 2, depending on the course:
Registration is possible from an L1 SVSE obtained at the FdS of the University of Montpellier, or from an equivalent L1 obtained outside the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Montpellier (or equivalent higher education: preparatory school, possibly DUT, or even BTS). For all applicants, whether from the L1 SVSE, CPGE or PASS programs, or from outside the FDS, the registration procedure is carried out via the Faculty of Science's e-candidat portal.
Acceptance is not automatic: it is decided on the basis of the student's application by a pedagogical committee, and depends on the capacity of the course in question. The Université de Montpellier's SV bachelor's degree is highly attractive, and generally exceeds its capacity.
For entry into Licence 3, depending on course:
Automatic enrolment from a L2 SV in the same course obtained at the FdS of the University of Montpellier, or possible from a L2 in the training fields of the targeted course obtained outside the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Montpellier or equivalent in higher education. The registration procedure is carried out via the Faculty of Science's e-candidat portal.
Acceptance is not automatic: it is decided on the basis of the student's application by a pedagogical committee, and depends on the capacity of the course in question. The Université de Montpellier's SV bachelor's degree is highly attractive, and generally exceeds these capacities.
Capacity
160 students for the BE course
440 students in L2 for courses in the Bio-MV department
420 students in L3 for courses in the Bio-MV department
Mandatory prerequisites
The life sciences bachelor's degree is open to baccalaureate holders and holders of a DAEU B (diplôme d'accès aux études universitaires - option scientifique).
Recommended prerequisites
A general baccalaureate with scientific options is strongly recommended to have every chance of success. For baccalaureate holders with no scientific options, or those with a technological baccalaureate, an upgrade is recommended.
And then
Further studies
Depending on their chosen path, the vast majority of students go on to one of the many professional or research-based Master's degrees in the life, health, agrosciences and environmental sciences. They can also opt for MEEF masters, which prepare students for the teaching exams.
The program also enables students to enter engineering schools and pursue studies in the medical or pharmaceutical fields. It gives access to the B competitive entrance exams for the grandes écoles (ENSA: École nationale supérieure d'agronomie; ENV: École nationale vétérinaire).
Studying abroad
It is possible to spend part of your studies abroad under the ERASMUS program and various other programs (e.g. ERASMUS-MUNDUS, BCI (Quebec), etc.). However, you need to plan ahead and prepare your application carefully.
Bridges and reorientation
Throughout the three years of the bachelor's degree, there are numerous gateways to and from other bachelor's degree courses and other curricula (IUT, BTS, CPGE, engineering schools, etc.). Specific UEs also enable students to move on to health studies (medicine, pharmacy, physiotherapy, dentistry, etc.), see LAS.
A specific pathway (PCAV) is offered from L1 for those wishing to prepare for engineering school entrance examinations (concours commun polytechnique, agronomy and veterinary school entrance examinations).
There are also gateways in L3 to professional licenses (biotechnologies, plant production, health products and cosmetics, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, health).
Professional integration
Those who choose the vocational route immediately after graduation are mainly destined for jobs in research and development (R&D), scientific leadership or naturalist expertise. For example, in the pharmaceutical or agri-food industries, they may work as research managers, biologists or quality-safety officers; in the scientific field, they may work as project managers for museums, departmental or regional nature parks, or as animators; they may become technicians carrying out impact studies or censuses.
The SV bachelor's degree also gives access to state and local civil service entrance examinations (categories B or C).