License 2

This compulsory UE in S3 allows students to consolidate and deepen the basics of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open various perspectives of technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps of Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNAs and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology Part: Major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be discussed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers, response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques to demonstrate the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.

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This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

See full page

Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course provides the fundamental basis of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be discussed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, life style, ecological role or parasitism as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, the modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The practical work will allow the initiation to the techniques of sterile manipulation of microorganisms, to the counting of bacteria and to conjugation.

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This module should enable students to acquire:

Basic notions in Physiology : Concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the Internal Environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Basic concepts in Immunology:

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

See full page

This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the basics of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a transversal study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michaelian enzymology, the description of metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be approached by the presentation and the analysis of the techniques allowing to measure an enzymatic activity, to purify, to quantify and to detect proteins.

See full page

This second unit of general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, especially those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism that would require a much larger time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.

The students will work before certain courses and tutorials on course documents (written and audio) so that the classroom teaching in courses and tutorials can allow them to be fully involved in the training, to understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.

See full page

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The first part (about 1/3) of the module will deal with (biological) processes with a time evolution described by an exponential law (growth or decay).

Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications to the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, ...).

The second part (about 2/3) of the module will introduce the notions of fluid and pressure, and present the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.

List of Chapters in the module :

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

See full page

In a context where nutrition has become the center of interest of an increasingly large public, the objective of this EU is the establishment of benchmarks for food consumption with a scientific approach.

This course will introduce the basics of food and nutrition through the description of nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. Some food processes and technologies will also be discussed. 

See full page

This course is offered to L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can contribute to the current and future challenges of sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform multiple resources and services: food products for humans or livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions and its impact on the environment is likely to be reversed, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). It is therefore important, for this production of resources to be sustainable, that its organization (notion of agronomy) integrates the knowledge of these impacts and relies on the understanding of the properties of plants and microorganisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants, contribute greatly to these sustainable agronomy strategies.

See full page

See full page

The aim of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative way, in the light of Tinbergen's four 'whys': from its ontogeny, its neurobiological causes to its evolution and its biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, the students will be accompanied in order to apprehend the diversity of the features involved as well as the diversity of the approaches and the associated scientific questionings. This course will thus highlight, through different examples, the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neurosciences, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology and will help students to pursue their studies in the appropriate fields of Animal Physiology and Neurosciences/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....

See full page

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1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

See full page

This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

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To know the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized structures or groups of cells. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed as well as their properties used by industry as dyes, flavors, fragrances, drugs, biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is discussed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) and the production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Visits of 2 analytical platforms are planned on the Montpellier pole (duration 1h30 each)

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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This course is dedicated to biological markers. It is a pre-introduction to detection and diagnostic techniques. It deals with different aspects of biomarkers :

Molecular markers / techniques of identification by genomic analysis in medicine and agronomy.

1) Concept of polymorphism and detection technique: The RFLP / ER-probe nucleic acid

2) RFLP markers and other genetic markers: SNP, STR.

3) Search for new molecular markers: differential screening of cDNA libraries / subtractive libraries / Transcriptomics

4) Other genomic analyses of polymorphism: AFLP / DNA fingerprinting.

Identification techniques in the food industry using immunological techniques

1) Basics of immunological techniques
2) Agglutination reactions
3) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods
Studies of examples of application in the food industry:
- study of the diagnostic kit for rhizominia in beet (sandwich ELISA)
- determination of ochratoxin A in cereals (competitive ELISA)
- evaluation of the freshness of fish by determination of histamine (competitive ELISA)

Biochemical identification of protein and other markers (metabolites)

1) Basics of chromatography and the physical characterization of a spectrum (the interactions involved in each case and the solvents used to implement them).

2) Affinity chromatography

2.1) Principle of this type of analysis

2.2) Search for the best Tag (label) for the preparation of a specific gel. 

2.3) Their usefulness for the different fields of investigation in research.

3) Study of protein-protein, protein-DNA and other interactions

4) HPLC and FPLC and Gas Chromatography.

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The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

See full page

See full page

This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

See full page

In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

See full page

This compulsory UE in S3 allows students to consolidate and deepen the basics of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open various perspectives of technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps of Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNAs and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology Part: Major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be discussed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers, response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques to demonstrate the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.

See full page

This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

See full page

Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

See full page

This course provides the fundamental basis of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be discussed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, life style, ecological role or parasitism as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, the modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The practical work will allow the initiation to the techniques of sterile manipulation of microorganisms, to the counting of bacteria and to conjugation.

See full page

This module should enable students to acquire:

Basic notions in Physiology : Concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the Internal Environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Basic concepts in Immunology:

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

See full page

This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the basics of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a transversal study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michaelian enzymology, the description of metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be approached by the presentation and the analysis of the techniques allowing to measure an enzymatic activity, to purify, to quantify and to detect proteins.

See full page

Description*: This second unit of general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, especially those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism that would require a much larger time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.

The students will work before certain courses and tutorials on course documents (written and audio) so that the classroom teaching in courses and tutorials can allow them to be fully involved in the training, to understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.

See full page

See full page

See full page

The first part (about 1/3) of the module will deal with (biological) processes with a time evolution described by an exponential law (growth or decay).

Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications to the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, ...).

The second part (about 2/3) of the module will introduce the notions of fluid and pressure, and present the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.

List of Chapters in the module :

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

See full page

In a context where nutrition has become the center of interest of an increasingly large public, the objective of this EU is the establishment of benchmarks for food consumption with a scientific approach.

This course will introduce the basics of food and nutrition through the description of nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. Some food processes and technologies will also be discussed.

See full page

This course is offered to L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can contribute to the current and future challenges of sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform multiple resources and services: food products for humans or livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions and its impact on the environment is likely to be reversed, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). It is therefore important, for this production of resources to be sustainable, that its organization (notion of agronomy) integrates the knowledge of these impacts and relies on the understanding of the properties of plants and microorganisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants, contribute greatly to these sustainable agronomy strategies.

See full page

See full page

The aim of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative way, in the light of Tinbergen's four 'whys': from its ontogeny, its neurobiological causes to its evolution and its biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, the students will be accompanied in order to apprehend the diversity of the features involved as well as the diversity of the approaches and the associated scientific questionings. This course will thus highlight, through different examples, the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neurosciences, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology and will help students to pursue their studies in the appropriate fields of Animal Physiology and Neurosciences/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....

See full page

See full page

See full page

1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

See full page

This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

See full page

This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. This course focuses more on the practical aspect. The principles of the usual biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein determination techniques by spectrophotometry, Western Blot/Elisa, ...) will be treated in class and then experiments related to these techniques will be carried out in practical work. It will be necessary to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed during the lab.

See full page

The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

See full page

The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

See full page

See full page

This course is designed to deepen in small groups the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in the BMC2 and BMC3 courses by approaching them through more concrete notions. The lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to simply explain the main scientific approaches and to learn how to analyze and interpret the results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: transcription and translation in vitro and study of interaction by GST-pull down). The practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, construction of expression vectors, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.   

See full page

This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

See full page

In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

See full page

See full page

See full page

1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

See full page

This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

See full page

This course aims to broaden the knowledge acquired previously in different areas of microbiology, particularly in microbial ecology.

It will deal with pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. It will address the applications of microorganisms in biotechnology. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and the associated resistance phenomena and their impact.

The EU will approach the notion of viral ecology by presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be treated more specifically and the mechanisms of resistance of bacteria to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infections in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated through the study of the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.

The knowledge on microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, the yeast.

The practical work will focus on the realization of an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on the titration of bacteriophages.

See full page

This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. This course focuses more on the practical aspect. The principles of the usual biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein determination techniques by spectrophotometry, Western Blot/Elisa, ...) will be treated in class and then experiments related to these techniques will be carried out in practical work. It will be necessary to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed during the lab.

See full page

The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

See full page

The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

See full page

See full page

This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

See full page

In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

See full page

This compulsory UE in S3 allows students to consolidate and deepen the basics of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open various perspectives of technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps of Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNAs and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology Part: Major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be discussed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers, response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques to demonstrate the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.

See full page

See full page

Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

See full page

This course provides the fundamental basis of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be discussed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, life style, ecological role or parasitism as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, the modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The practical work will allow the initiation to the techniques of sterile manipulation of microorganisms, to the counting of bacteria and to conjugation.

See full page

This module should enable students to acquire:

Basic notions in Physiology : Concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the Internal Environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Basic concepts in Immunology:

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

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This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the basics of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a transversal study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michaelian enzymology, the description of metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be approached by the presentation and the analysis of the techniques allowing to measure an enzymatic activity, to purify, to quantify and to detect proteins.

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Description*: This second unit of general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, especially those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism that would require a much larger time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.

The students will work before certain courses and tutorials on course documents (written and audio) so that the classroom teaching in courses and tutorials can allow them to be fully involved in the training, to understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.

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1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

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This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

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To know the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized structures or groups of cells. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed as well as their properties used by industry as dyes, flavors, fragrances, drugs, biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is discussed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) and the production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Visits of 2 analytical platforms are planned on the Montpellier pole (duration 1h30 each)

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

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This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

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Plants interact with a multitude of microorganisms in their environment. These microorganisms act alone or in community. They can have negative or positive effects on plants, their growth, their nutrition, their health. In this module, we will present the different forms that these biotic interactions can take (symbioses, parasitism-pathogenicity) based on popular biological models (mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing symbioses, diseases caused by different microorganisms). It will also be an opportunity to present emerging concepts in the field such as the microbiome or the holobiont.

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1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

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This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

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This course aims to broaden the knowledge acquired previously in different areas of microbiology, particularly in microbial ecology.

It will deal with pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. It will address the applications of microorganisms in biotechnology. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and the associated resistance phenomena and their impact.

The EU will approach the notion of viral ecology by presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be treated more specifically and the mechanisms of resistance of bacteria to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infections in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated through the study of the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.

The knowledge on microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, the yeast.

The practical work will focus on the realization of an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on the titration of bacteriophages.

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To know the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules from secondary plant metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied through their biosynthesis in the plant and the differentiation of specialized structures or groups of cells. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches for metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed as well as their properties used by industry as dyes, flavors, fragrances, drugs, biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is discussed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics) and the production channels are described. Knowledge of the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthesis pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms of regulation of these biosyntheses in the plant remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Visits of 2 analytical platforms are planned on the Montpellier pole (duration 1h30 each)

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

See full page

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This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

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This UE is a practical teaching of construction of an experiment in scientific ecology: construction of a protocol, implementation and follow-up of the experiment, data analysis, oral and written reports.

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This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is the complementary practical application of the course Description of variability 1 (HAV312B).

The construction and analysis of data sets is carried out with the help of practical exercises in the R software, in parallel with the practical exercises, as well as the obtaining of graphs and numerical parameters allowing to characterize the samples and their variability.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors of distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the importance of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of an experiment

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This teaching unit aims to explore the fungal kingdom in its biological, ecological and evolutionary dimensions. Through a series of lectures, supported by group work sessions (Td and TP), students will become familiar with these organisms, their biological specificities (particularly with regard to their reproduction) and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the place of fungi in human societies (food and medicine in particular) will be explored in the framework of this course, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.

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This course deals with the theoretical notions of plant biology, using the Spermatophytes as a model. It aims at defining the notions and the specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.

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The EU is interested in describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, as well as in explaining their origin and their dynamics of appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will mainly deal with the origin of metazoans and the main divisions that are diploblastic and triploblastic as well as basic notions related to the positioning and phylogenetic relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence...). It is classically divided into lectures, tutorials that will mainly aim at illustrating and supporting aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa and practical work in sessions aiming at the acquisition of skills, especially and necessarily in dissection.

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Objectives of the course: Comparative study of the major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. Study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.

Models addressed: mammals in comparison with other vertebrate models (teleosts....) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks,...).

Description: This course will cover some of the major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion and hydro-mineral regulation) as well as basic immunology and regulatory systems (nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the teachers. They will present the topics in the form of lectures and synthesize the key points to be retained in the form of a written summary. Practical work and a practical test will also be offered to illustrate the courses.

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This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

See full page

Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines of the Earth Sciences: sedimentology, tectonics and cartography. The different types of sedimentary rocks will be taught in detail in order to interpret their formation context and associated processes. The ductile and brittle tectonic objects will also be discussed at different scales in order to establish their formation context, especially in terms of stress regime. Practical work on samples will be carried out in parallel to allow students to develop their sense of observation and drawing and to take advantage of the rich collections available in the department. Finally, an initiation to the reading and working on geological maps will be carried out (diagram, section), putting into application the notions of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. This course should enable students to define the main lines of the geological history of a given region.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 12
• TD : 3
• TP: 21

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This course is the complementary practical application of the course Description of variability 1 (HAV312B).

The construction and analysis of data sets is carried out with the help of practical exercises in the R software, in parallel with the practical exercises, as well as the obtaining of graphs and numerical parameters allowing to characterize the samples and their variability.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors of distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the importance of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of an experiment

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This teaching unit aims to explore the fungal kingdom in its biological, ecological and evolutionary dimensions. Through a series of lectures, supported by group work sessions (Td and TP), students will become familiar with these organisms, their biological specificities (particularly with regard to their reproduction) and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the place of fungi in human societies (food and medicine in particular) will be explored in the framework of this course, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.

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This course deals with the theoretical notions of plant biology, using the Spermatophytes as a model. It aims at defining the notions and the specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.

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The EU is interested in describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, as well as in explaining their origin and their dynamics of appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will mainly deal with the origin of metazoans and the main divisions that are diploblastic and triploblastic as well as basic notions related to the positioning and phylogenetic relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence...). It is classically divided into lectures, tutorials that will mainly aim at illustrating and supporting aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa and practical work in sessions aiming at the acquisition of skills, especially and necessarily in dissection.

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Objectives of the course: Comparative study of the major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. Study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.

Models addressed: mammals in comparison with other vertebrate models (teleosts....) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks,...).

Description: This course will cover some of the major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion and hydro-mineral regulation) as well as basic immunology and regulatory systems (nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the teachers. They will present the topics in the form of lectures and synthesize the key points to be retained in the form of a written summary. Practical work and a practical test will also be offered to illustrate the courses.

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This course is an extension of the L2 S3 course, which focuses on describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, as well as explaining their origin and dynamics of appearance through the acquisition of skills in paleontology and zoology. In S4, the course will mainly explore the major subdivisions within the protostomian organisms that are the lophotrochozoa (molluscan annelids, brachiopods,...) and the ecdysozoa (arthropods, nematodes,...), while underlining their phylogenetic relationships as well as their importance or socio-economic impacts. The UE is classically divided into lectures, tutorials that will mainly aim at illustrating and supporting aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa and practical work in sessions aiming at the acquisition of skills, in particular and obligatorily through the realization of some dissections.

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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In this course, students will learn about the links between the genetic makeup of an individual and the development of its morphology, physiology, and lifestyle. The focus will be on understanding the links between the information carried by the genome and the life cycle of the organism under consideration, through the cellular characteristics corresponding to the expression of the genetic information. These data will be placed in an evolutionary framework and will shed light on some major evolutionary transitions, particularly in metazoans.

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The functional ecology course aims to provide a solid foundation in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and in particular the role played by living organisms in the flow of matter within them. The main processes covered are primary production, consumption and in particular herbivory, and the process of decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter. For each of these processes, particular attention is paid to (1) the link between the strategies of the organisms and their function in the ecosystem, and (2) basing the presentation of concepts on field observations, highlighting characteristics of the organisms or the ecosystem that students might encounter during a field trip.

This UE is thus inserted between a broader presentation of ecology in S1 (HLBE304) and brings notions necessary to the UE of L3 of ecology of the communities.

Emphasis is placed on practical aspects, notably through a series of group assignments, where a simple but scientifically relevant hypothesis will be tested experimentally using an appropriate protocol.

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This course is a natural continuation of the "Description of variability" course presented in S3. Its aim is to provide the concepts and methods underpinning modern biostatistics, i.e. the quantification of randomness, which is an omnipresent issue in the life sciences. This course will provide an introduction to inferential statistics: parametric and non-parametric tests, linear regression, analysis of variance. Particular attention will be paid to the conditions of application of these methods, as well as to the notions of type I and II errors, power, replication and confidence intervals. Each notion will be illustrated by analysis of real and diversified biological data, contributing to the biostatistical culture useful for training critical thinking with regard to scientific results. In addition to training in this reference language and the statistical tools it implements, practical work in R will enable students to understand what they have learned in class and apply the methods presented.

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools necessary to observe and describe minerals and magmatic and metamorphic rocks and to understand their genesis. The course will begin with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools needed to identify the minerals that make up magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle as well as the processes involved from the formation of magmas to the eruption of magmatic rocks: partial melting processes, crystallization, crustal assimilation, magmatic mixing. You will learn to distinguish the different magmatic series by their chemical compositions and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, hazards and volcanic risks will also be discussed. In a third part, we will introduce the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the different geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We will see the different metamorphic facies, structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you will learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.

The coupled study of magmatic and metamorphic rocks will provide the basis for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the inner Earth, geochemical cycles, mineral resources ...

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The UE approaches the history of plants, on the one hand in a diachronic way, by studying each of the great geological periods (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic), and on the other hand, in a transversal way, by deepening certain methods of study of the paleoenvironments (macroflora, palynology, climate, geochemistry, biomechanics).

After an introductory lecture, the lectures present the history of plants by major geological period (Lecture 2 - 3: Paleozoic; Lecture 4 - 5: Mesozoic; Lecture 6 - 8: Cenozoic) and cross-cutting approaches (Lecture 9 - 10: Isotope geochemistry; Lecture 11 - 12: Biomechanics).

The practical exercises illustrate, on the basis of the study of fossil records, examples of paleoenvironmental reconstitution: Practical exercise 1, Paleozoic macroflora (Graissessac); Practical exercise 2-3, Early Pleistocene macroflora (Bernasso); Practical exercise 4, Recent Pleistocene pollen (La Gourre); Practical exercise 5, Holocene geochemistry.

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The objective of this course is to understand the mechanisms used by organisms to cope with the constraints of the aquatic environment. Using animal (mollusks, crustaceans, fish) and plant (macro- and microalgae, aquatic angiosperms) models, this course will address the different dimensions of the adaptive biology of organisms, ranging from acclimatization and adaptation to change, to physiological limits and optimization of phenotypic traits in response to environmental constraints. This EU aims to study: 

- major concepts and approaches in ecophysiology ;

- ecophysiological responses (from gene expression to organism performance and behavior) using various aquatic ecosystems (intertidal, estuarine, polar, cavernicolous and abyssal) as examples;

- the integration of structure-function relationships in a given environmental context.

On a practical level, this course will allow students to study the functioning of organisms through simple physiological measurements and to learn how to set up experiments. Presentations of scientific articles chosen by the teachers will complete the knowledge acquired in class. 

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This course presents the biology of eukaryotic parasitic organisms, taking into account their diversity. We will deal with unicellulars as well as vertebrates.

In addition to the physiological, anatomical and morphological aspects, a great deal of attention will be paid to the description of their life cycles, which imperatively require a transmission phase to an obligatory host.

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The objective is to provide students with knowledge on the biology, ecology and evolution of three taxonomic groups in question. Beyond the identification of species (which will be largely addressed), this course will deal with the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation as well as methods of study and identification.

After a general introduction course, 2 axes of work will be proposed in parallel. One will focus on the Mediterranean flora, the other on the fauna (amphibians, reptiles and birds).

Flora

The French Mediterranean region contains more than 2/3 of the richness of the flora of metropolitan France. This course is an introduction to this exceptional diversity and to the underlying mechanisms. It is designed to enable students to 1. describe a plant in order to identify useful characteristics and 2. use different identification tools and understand their strengths and limitations. The teaching will integrate innovative pedagogical approaches, by coupling the use of traditional tools (paper flora) and digital tools (FloreNum, PlantNet), in order to allow a learning adapted to the knowledge of the student (from the beginner to the informed amateur). The identification of species will constitute a basis to study their biology, their ecology and to approach the concepts of evolution and phylogeny. For this, workshops will be conducted in parallel with the practical sessions: 1. construction of a morphological classification to be compared with the classical classifications (morphological and phylogenetic), 2. introduction to the ecology of species through a habitat approach, and 3. diachronic study of developmental biology by monitoring the growth of wild species planted under controlled conditions.

Animals

The objective is for the student to acquire/improve a body of knowledge on the biology of birds, amphibians and reptiles, which constitute models of choice in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. Beyond the identification of species, this axis of work will deal with the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, their ecological and behavioral particularities.

Each group (Fauna - Flora) will have at its disposal 12 hours of field trips (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 half-day trips, or 2 long one-day trips). The practical work could be set up on sites of the university (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at the CEFE - Botanical Garden) favourable to the study of the various organisms.

Cross-cutting concept

The UE is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work which, through a reversed class, will allow to start from the observed species in order to identify central concepts in conservation biology. In S4, the distribution (chorology) and the notion of rarity at different spatial scales will be addressed. These notions will support methodological questions concerning the estimation of the abundance of organisms. For this, the students will present at the end of the sequence a taxon of their choice, among those proposed in the UE, which illustrates the notion of distribution.

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The aim of the course is to link knowledge of biology and physiology with demography and population evolution. This approach aims to lay the groundwork for conservation biology, by providing elements to predict how organisms and populations of animals and plants respond to ecosystem changes and stressors.

Educational forms:

Tutorials in the form of presentation and discussion of scientific data or in a "reversed" form with interventions of small groups, projects by groups in autonomy, analyses of concrete cases of restoration;

TD1 : presentation of the UE : concepts, activities, pedagogical forms. Establishment of the program of the reversed TD

TD2: Ecophysiology and environmental physiology (definitions); case studies (invasive species, reintroductions, ecological management)

TD3: Analysis of the consequences of major pollution (marine and terrestrial), ecological engineering, passive and active biomonitoring tools.

TD4 to 16: In a "reversed" form (students in an "active" position, complements by the teacher), a series of interventions aiming at setting up

- the links between biology and life strategy on the one hand and life history traits on the other, taking several characteristic examples (animal and plant species, generalist/specialist species, rare - types of rarity - or widespread or even invasive species);

- the construction of the demography of a population

- changes in the demographics of a population as a result of various disturbances, including long-term disturbances affecting the population's ability to change.

Two TD sessions (3h in total): analysis of different conservation and biomonitoring strategies taking into account knowledge of organism physiology as well as ecological and behavioral particularities. Research & analysis of documents, synthesis and restitution of studies in oral discussion

Practical work: plant ecophysiological analyses, animal ecophysiological analyses with non-invasive approaches (behavior, physiological and bioenergetic analyses).

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The EU deals with the different groups of plants ("algae", "cryptogams", spermatophytes), specifying for each of them their position and their phylogenetic nature (mono- or paraphyletic group), their origin and their specificities on the morpho-anatomical, reproductive and ecological levels

4 CMs present the different groups of plants: CM1, diversity of "algae"; CM2, biological cycles of "algae"; CM3, "cryptogams"; CM4, Spermatophytes.

6 TDs deal with transversal notions based on oral or written exercises: TD1, Biological cycles; TD2, Endosymbiosis; TD3, Interactions; TD4, Adaptation; TD5, Polyploidy; TD6, Phylogeny.

6 practical exercises illustrate the concepts covered in the lectures and practical exercises with living material: TP1, "algae "1 ; TP2, "algae "2 ; TP3, "bryophytes" ; TP4, "pteridophytes" ; TP5, Gymnosperms, vegetative apparatus ; TP6, Gymnosperms, reproduction.

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This compulsory UE in S3 allows students to consolidate and deepen the basics of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open various perspectives of technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps of Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNAs and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology Part: Major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be discussed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers, response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques to demonstrate the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.

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This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course provides the fundamental basis of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be discussed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, life style, ecological role or parasitism as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, the modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The practical work will allow the initiation to the techniques of sterile manipulation of microorganisms, to the counting of bacteria and to conjugation.

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This module should enable students to acquire:

Basic notions in Physiology : Concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the Internal Environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Basic concepts in Immunology:

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

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This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the basics of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a transversal study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michaelian enzymology, the description of metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be approached by the presentation and the analysis of the techniques allowing to measure an enzymatic activity, to purify, to quantify and to detect proteins.

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The first part (about 1/3) of the module will deal with (biological) processes with a time evolution described by an exponential law (growth or decay).

Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications to the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, ...).

The second part (about 2/3) of the module will introduce the notions of fluid and pressure, and present the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.

List of Chapters in the module :

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

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In a context where nutrition has become the center of interest of an increasingly large public, the objective of this EU is the establishment of benchmarks for food consumption with a scientific approach.

This course will introduce the basics of food and nutrition through the description of nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. Some food processes and technologies will also be discussed. 

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This course is offered to L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can contribute to the current and future challenges of sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform multiple resources and services: food products for humans or livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions and its impact on the environment is likely to be reversed, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). It is therefore important, for this production of resources to be sustainable, that its organization (notion of agronomy) integrates the knowledge of these impacts and relies on the understanding of the properties of plants and microorganisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants, contribute greatly to these sustainable agronomy strategies.

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The aim of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative way, in the light of Tinbergen's four 'whys': from its ontogeny, its neurobiological causes to its evolution and its biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, the students will be accompanied in order to apprehend the diversity of the features involved as well as the diversity of the approaches and the associated scientific questionings. This course will thus highlight, through different examples, the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neurosciences, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology and will help students to pursue their studies in the appropriate fields of Animal Physiology and Neurosciences/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....

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This second unit of general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen the study of reactions in aqueous solution, especially those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than a presentation using mathematical formalism that would require a much larger time commitment, the student will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions and to apply them to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.

The students will work before certain courses and tutorials on course documents (written and audio) so that the classroom teaching in courses and tutorials can allow them to be fully involved in the training, to understand the concepts presented and the skills to be acquired.

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This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. This course focuses more on the practical aspect. The principles of the usual biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein determination techniques by spectrophotometry, Western Blot/Elisa, ...) will be treated in class and then experiments related to these techniques will be carried out in practical work. It will be necessary to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed during the lab.

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This is a general culture course that will deal with many current topics related to human health. This course will address, in the form of mini seminars of 1h30, a wide variety of topics, with a pragmatic and critical approach. The numerous speakers of this course will bring their expertise on subjects such as immunity, molecular biology, cancer, food, diagnosis, vaccination, bioethics, ecology, neurosciences, emerging diseases or therapeutic treatments of today and tomorrow. Each presentation will not only provide cutting-edge knowledge and critical analysis of their subjects, but will also guide students in searching and filtering scientific information in order to fight misinformation. On the major human health issues of the 21st century, we will address the real questions, the false polemics, as well as the solutions we can bring to them. 

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