Second Year of the Bachelor's Degree Program

This required course in the third semester (S3) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

Molecular Biology Section: The molecular and structural foundations of nucleic acids will be explored and examined in depth to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids—which open up various avenues for technological applications—and the molecular mechanisms underlying the key processes in molecular biology, such as DNA replication, gene transcription into mRNA, and the translation of mRNA into proteins. These processes, illustrated by experimental evidence derived from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed subsequently. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and explored.

Cell Biology Section: This section will cover the major concepts of membrane-bound and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cellular signaling pathways. The concepts of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, signaling enzymes, intracellular second messengers, and response kinetics will be presented. Techniques in biochemistry and cell biology used to detect the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be discussed.

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This course is a cross-disciplinary course in the second year of the SV program designed to provide biology students with a fundamental understanding of how plants function, enabling them to grasp the current challenges in plant agricultural sciences.

The following basic concepts of plant physiology and functional biology will be studied: 

Key experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, forward and reverse genetics

Fundamentals of Autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, and fertilization.

auxin, a key hormone involved in plant development and their response to the abiotic environment

The laboratory sessions will allow students to experiment with regulating plant water uptake and to analyze plant mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course covers the fundamentals of microbiology. It will explore the structures of microorganisms—both prokaryotes and eukaryotes—as well as viruses. It will provide an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their modes of reproduction.

For bacteria, the trophic types and factors influencing growth will be discussed, along with the study of growth in non-renewable media. Genetics and horizontal gene transfer among bacteria will be addressed.
Several eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: their habitats, lifestyles, ecological roles or parasitism, as well as their modes of development.
In virology, the main viral replication cycles will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the concept of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples. 
The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples.
Laboratory sessions will provide an introduction to sterile handling techniques for microorganisms, bacterial counting, and conjugation.

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This module is designed to enable students to acquire:

Basic Concepts in Physiology: The concept of homeostasis; levels of organization in the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and water-mineral balances; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Basic Concepts in Immunology:

General overview of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and the complement system.

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This required course enables students to consolidate the fundamentals of biochemistry acquired in the first year of undergraduate studies by approaching the discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the fundamentals of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics and a description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspects will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques used to measure enzyme activity and to purify, quantify, and detect proteins.

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This second course unit in general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen students’ understanding of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be introduced and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than presenting the material using a mathematical framework that would require a much greater number of class hours, students will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, as well as their applications to chemical systems—often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH-potential diagrams in biology will be covered.

Students will work through course materials (written and audio) in advance of certain lectures and tutorials so that the in-person instruction during lectures and tutorials will enable them to actively participate in the program, understand the concepts presented, and acquire the necessary skills.

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The first part (about one-third) of the module will cover (biological) processes whose temporal evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decline).

Radioactivity will be discussed as an example of such a process and for its applications in the fields of biology, health, and the environment (dating, tracing, etc.).

The second part (about two-thirds) of the module will introduce the concepts of fluids and pressure, and will present the laws of hydrostatics (the fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes’ theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including concepts such as flow, viscosity, sedimentation, and centrifugation, as they relate to the biology and health sector.

List of Chapters in the Module:

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, the concept of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of Hydrodynamics: Flow, Bernoulli's Theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

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Given that nutrition has become a focus of interest for an increasingly broad audience, the objective of this course unit is to establish dietary guidelines based on a scientific approach.

This course introduces students to the fundamentals of food and nutrition, covering nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals), nutritional needs, and the various food groups. It will also cover certain food processing methods and technologies. 

View the full page

This course is offered to second-year Life Sciences students who wish to explore or gain a deeper understanding of how biotechnology can help address current and future challenges related to the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Humans use the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform a wide range of resources and services: food for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, and more. This use depends on natural conditions, and its overall impact is likely to affect the environment in turn—for example, through the extraction or degradation of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). Therefore, to ensure that this production of resources is sustainable, its organization (the concept of agronomy) must incorporate an understanding of these impacts and be based on knowledge of the properties of plants and microorganisms to address these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the beneficial or harmful interactions between these microorganisms and plants play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.

View the full page

View the full page

The goal of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative manner, in light of Tinbergen’s four “whys”: from its ontogenesis and neurobiological causes to its evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual, and methodological insights, students will be guided to understand the diversity of traits involved as well as the variety of scientific approaches and questions associated with them. Through various examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines that study animal behavior—including neuroscience, ethology, and behavioral ecology—and will help students make informed decisions about continuing their studies in appropriate fields such as animal physiology and neuroscience, evolutionary biology and ecology, or other related areas.

View the full page

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1- Linux Basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours lab): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises in extracting information using Bash/shell. Material covered for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of lab sessions): become familiar with the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Learn how to perform relevant and effective searches, analyze and sort data, and describe the various formats

3- Sequence Analysis (1.5 hours of lecture + 4.5 hours of lab): Sequence alignment and comparison, with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, BLAST, etc.)

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This required course in the fourth semester (S4) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

- Cell Biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The function of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) An introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to detect protein interactions, fluorescence video microscopy to track the dynamics of cellular distribution, and assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular Biology: After gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of transcription and translation in Semester 3, we will explore the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, as well as the fundamentals of gene expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

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Understand the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules derived from plant secondary metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied in terms of their biosynthesis in plants and the differentiation of specialized structures or cell groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches aimed at metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as well as their properties utilized by industry as colorants, flavorings, fragrances, medications, and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is addressed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics), and the production processes are described. Understanding the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Tours of two analytical platforms are scheduled at the Montpellier campus (1 hour and 30 minutes each)

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The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

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This unit is dedicated to biomarkers. It serves as an introduction to detection and diagnostic techniques. It covers various aspects of biomarker analysis:

Molecular markers / techniques for identification through genomic analysis in medicine and agronomy.

1) The Concept of Polymorphism and Detection Techniques: RFLP / ER-Nucleic Acid Probes

2) RFLP markers and other genetic markers: SNPs, STRs.

3) Search for new molecular markers: differential screening of cDNA libraries / subtractive libraries / transcriptomics

4) Other genomic analyses of polymorphism: AFLP / DNA fingerprinting.

Identification Techniques in the Agri-Food Industry Using Immunological Methods

1) Basic Concepts in Immunological Techniques
2) Agglutination Reactions
3) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods
Case studies of applications in the agri-food industry:
- study of the diagnostic kit for beet rhizominosis (sandwich ELISA)
- determination of ochratoxin A in cereals (competitive ELISA)
- assessment of fish freshness by histamine determination (competitive ELISA)

Biochemical identification of protein markers and other substances (metabolites)

1) Fundamentals of chromatography and the physical characterization of a spectrum (the interactions involved in each case and the solvents used to carry them out).

2) Affinity chromatography

2.1) Principle of this type of analysis

2.2) Finding the best tag for preparing a specific gel. 

2.3) Their usefulness for various areas of research.

3) Study of protein-protein, protein-DNA, and other interactions…

4) HPLC, FPLC, and gas chromatography.

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The “Major Physiological Functions” course (Semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body’s various systems that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Students will acquire anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems, as well as their neural and hormonal controls. Students will understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; and exposure to extreme environments.

View the full page

View the full page

This required course will enable students to build on the skills they acquired in “Biochemistry S3.” It will help them understand cellular metabolism by:

-an understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, utilize, store, and release energy;
-the study of the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- a description of metabolic disorders.

View the full page

In this introductory course on genetic analysis, the objectives are to become familiar with the terminology, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their applications, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and basic concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close connections are drawn between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

View the full page

This required course in the third semester (S3) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

Molecular Biology Section: The molecular and structural foundations of nucleic acids will be explored and examined in depth to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids—which open up various avenues for technological applications—and the molecular mechanisms underlying the key processes in molecular biology, such as DNA replication, gene transcription into mRNA, and the translation of mRNA into proteins. These processes, illustrated by experimental evidence derived from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed subsequently. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and explored.

Cell Biology Section: This section will cover the major concepts of membrane-bound and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cellular signaling pathways. The concepts of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, signaling enzymes, intracellular second messengers, and response kinetics will be presented. Techniques in biochemistry and cell biology used to detect the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be discussed.

View the full page

This course is a cross-disciplinary course in the second year of the SV program designed to provide biology students with a fundamental understanding of how plants function, enabling them to grasp the current challenges in plant agricultural sciences.

The following basic concepts of plant physiology and functional biology will be studied: 

Key experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, forward and reverse genetics

Fundamentals of Autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, and fertilization.

auxin, a key hormone involved in plant development and their response to the abiotic environment

The laboratory sessions will allow students to experiment with regulating plant water uptake and to analyze plant mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

View the full page

Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

View the full page

This course covers the fundamentals of microbiology. It will explore the structures of microorganisms—both prokaryotes and eukaryotes—as well as viruses. It will provide an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their modes of reproduction.

For bacteria, the trophic types and factors influencing growth will be discussed, along with the study of growth in non-renewable media. Genetics and horizontal gene transfer among bacteria will be addressed.
Several eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: their habitats, lifestyles, ecological roles or parasitism, as well as their modes of development.
In virology, the main viral replication cycles will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the concept of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples. 
The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples.
Laboratory sessions will provide an introduction to sterile handling techniques for microorganisms, bacterial counting, and conjugation.

View the full page

This module is designed to enable students to acquire:

Basic Concepts in Physiology: The concept of homeostasis; levels of organization in the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and water-mineral balances; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Basic Concepts in Immunology:

General overview of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and the complement system.

View the full page

This required course enables students to consolidate the fundamentals of biochemistry acquired in the first year of undergraduate studies by approaching the discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the fundamentals of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics and a description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspects will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques used to measure enzyme activity and to purify, quantify, and detect proteins.

View the full page

Description*: This second course unit in general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen students’ understanding of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be introduced and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than presenting the material using a mathematical framework that would require a much greater number of class hours, students will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, as well as their applications to chemical systems—often those of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH-potential diagrams in biology will be covered.

Students will work through course materials (written and audio) in advance of certain lectures and tutorials so that the in-person instruction during lectures and tutorials will enable them to actively participate in the program, understand the concepts presented, and acquire the necessary skills.

View the full page

View the full page

View the full page

The first part (about one-third) of the module will cover (biological) processes whose temporal evolution is described by an exponential law (growth or decline).

Radioactivity will be discussed as an example of such a process and for its applications in the fields of biology, health, and the environment (dating, tracing, etc.).

The second part (about two-thirds) of the module will introduce the concepts of fluids and pressure, and will present the laws of hydrostatics (the fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes’ theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including concepts such as flow, viscosity, sedimentation, and centrifugation, as they relate to the biology and health sector.

List of Chapters in the Module:

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, the concept of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of Hydrodynamics: Flow, Bernoulli's Theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

View the full page

Given that nutrition has become a focus of interest for an increasingly broad audience, the objective of this course unit is to establish dietary guidelines based on a scientific approach.

This course introduces students to the fundamentals of food and nutrition, covering nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals), nutritional needs, and the various food groups. It will also cover certain food processing methods and technologies.

View the full page

This course is offered to second-year Life Sciences students who wish to explore or gain a deeper understanding of how biotechnology can help address current and future challenges related to the sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Humans use the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform a wide range of resources and services: food for humans and livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, and more. This use depends on natural conditions, and its overall impact is likely to affect the environment in turn—for example, through the extraction or degradation of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). Therefore, to ensure that this production of resources is sustainable, its organization (the concept of agronomy) must incorporate an understanding of these impacts and be based on knowledge of the properties of plants and microorganisms to address these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the beneficial or harmful interactions between these microorganisms and plants play a major role in these sustainable agronomy strategies.

View the full page

View the full page

The goal of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative manner, in light of Tinbergen’s four “whys”: from its ontogenesis and neurobiological causes to its evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual, and methodological insights, students will be guided to understand the diversity of traits involved as well as the variety of scientific approaches and questions associated with them. Through various examples, this course will highlight the diversity of disciplines that study animal behavior—including neuroscience, ethology, and behavioral ecology—and will help students make informed decisions about continuing their studies in appropriate fields such as animal physiology and neuroscience, evolutionary biology and ecology, or other related areas.

View the full page

View the full page

View the full page

View the full page

1- Linux Basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours lab): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises in extracting information using Bash/shell. Material covered for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of lab sessions): become familiar with the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Learn how to perform relevant and effective searches, analyze and sort data, and describe the various formats

3- Sequence Analysis (1.5 hours of lecture + 4.5 hours of lab): Sequence alignment and comparison, with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, BLAST, etc.)

View the full page

This required course in the fourth semester (S4) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

- Cell Biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The function of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) An introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to detect protein interactions, fluorescence video microscopy to track the dynamics of cellular distribution, and assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular Biology: After gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of transcription and translation in Semester 3, we will explore the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, as well as the fundamentals of gene expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

View the full page

This course unit builds on the Biochemistry S3 course unit. This course unit places greater emphasis on practical aspects. The principles of common biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein quantification by spectrophotometry, Western blot/ELISA, etc.) will be covered in lectures, followed by experiments related to these techniques during lab sessions. Students will be expected to interpret and analyze the experiments conducted during the lab sessions.

View the full page

The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

View the full page

The “Major Physiological Functions” course (Semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body’s various systems that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Students will acquire anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems, as well as their neural and hormonal controls. Students will understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; and exposure to extreme environments.

View the full page

View the full page

This course unit aims to provide a deeper understanding, in small groups through tutorial and lab sessions, of the fundamental molecular and cellular processes covered in the BMC2 and BMC3 courses by approaching them through more concrete concepts. Instruction will be based on real-world data (experimental results, scientific articles) to clearly explain key scientific approaches and teach students how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: demonstrating an in vivo interaction through the expression of labeled proteins in cell lines, followed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot). Example 2: the principle of immunofluorescence; intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation, and the study of interactions via GST pull-down). The lab sessions will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, construction of expression vectors, transfection, immunolabeling, and fluorescence microscopy.   

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This required course will enable students to build on the skills they acquired in “Biochemistry S3.” It will help them understand cellular metabolism by:

-an understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, utilize, store, and release energy;
-the study of the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- a description of metabolic disorders.

View the full page

In this introductory course on genetic analysis, the objectives are to become familiar with the terminology, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their applications, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and basic concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close connections are drawn between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

View the full page

View the full page

View the full page

1- Linux Basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours lab): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises in extracting information using Bash/shell. Material covered for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of lab sessions): become familiar with the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Learn how to perform relevant and effective searches, analyze and sort data, and describe the various formats

3- Sequence Analysis (1.5 hours of lecture + 4.5 hours of lab): Sequence alignment and comparison, with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, BLAST, etc.)

View the full page

This required course in the fourth semester (S4) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

- Cell Biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The function of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) An introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to detect protein interactions, fluorescence video microscopy to track the dynamics of cellular distribution, and assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular Biology: After gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of transcription and translation in Semester 3, we will explore the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, as well as the fundamentals of gene expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

View the full page

This course unit aims to expand on previously acquired knowledge in various fields of microbiology, particularly microbial ecology.

It will cover pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. It will address the applications of microorganisms in biotechnology. It will describe how antibiotics work and the associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.

The EU will address the concept of viral ecology by presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. Bacteriophages will be discussed in greater detail, and the mechanisms by which bacteria resist phage infection will be explained. The various types of viral infections in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated through the study of the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.

Knowledge of microorganisms will be expanded through the study of archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.

The lab sessions will focus on performing and interpreting an antibiogram, and on titrating bacteriophages.

View the full page

This course unit builds on the Biochemistry S3 course unit. This course unit places greater emphasis on practical aspects. The principles of common biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein quantification by spectrophotometry, Western blot/ELISA, etc.) will be covered in lectures, followed by experiments related to these techniques during lab sessions. Students will be expected to interpret and analyze the experiments conducted during the lab sessions.

View the full page

The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

View the full page

The “Major Physiological Functions” course (Semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body’s various systems that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Students will acquire anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems, as well as their neural and hormonal controls. Students will understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; and exposure to extreme environments.

View the full page

View the full page

This required course will enable students to build on the skills they acquired in “Biochemistry S3.” It will help them understand cellular metabolism by:

-an understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, utilize, store, and release energy;
-the study of the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- a description of metabolic disorders.

View the full page

In this introductory course on genetic analysis, the objectives are to become familiar with the terminology, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their applications, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and basic concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close connections are drawn between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

View the full page

This required course in the third semester (S3) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

Molecular Biology Section: The molecular and structural foundations of nucleic acids will be explored and examined in depth to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids—which open up various avenues for technological applications—and the molecular mechanisms underlying the key processes in molecular biology, such as DNA replication, gene transcription into mRNA, and the translation of mRNA into proteins. These processes, illustrated by experimental evidence derived from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed subsequently. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and explored.

Cell Biology Section: This section will cover the major concepts of membrane-bound and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cellular signaling pathways. The concepts of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, signaling enzymes, intracellular second messengers, and response kinetics will be presented. Techniques in biochemistry and cell biology used to detect the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be discussed.

View the full page

View the full page

Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course covers the fundamentals of microbiology. It will explore the structures of microorganisms—both prokaryotes and eukaryotes—as well as viruses. It will provide an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their modes of reproduction.

For bacteria, the trophic types and factors influencing growth will be discussed, along with the study of growth in non-renewable media. Genetics and horizontal gene transfer among bacteria will be addressed.
Several eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: their habitats, lifestyles, ecological roles or parasitism, as well as their modes of development.
In virology, the main viral replication cycles will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the concept of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples. 
The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples.
Laboratory sessions will provide an introduction to sterile handling techniques for microorganisms, bacterial counting, and conjugation.

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This module is designed to enable students to acquire:

Basic Concepts in Physiology: The concept of homeostasis; levels of organization in the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and water-mineral balances; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Basic Concepts in Immunology:

General overview of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and the complement system.

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This required course enables students to consolidate the fundamentals of biochemistry acquired in the first year of undergraduate studies by approaching the discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the fundamentals of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics and a description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspects will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques used to measure enzyme activity and to purify, quantify, and detect proteins.

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Description*: This second course unit in general chemistry aims to consolidate and deepen students’ understanding of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be introduced and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than presenting the material using a mathematical framework that would require a much greater number of class hours, students will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions, as well as their applications to chemical systems—often those of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH-potential diagrams in biology will be covered.

Students will work through course materials (written and audio) in advance of certain lectures and tutorials so that the in-person instruction during lectures and tutorials will enable them to actively participate in the program, understand the concepts presented, and acquire the necessary skills.

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1- Linux Basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours lab): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises in extracting information using Bash/shell. Material covered for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of lab sessions): become familiar with the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Learn how to perform relevant and effective searches, analyze and sort data, and describe the various formats

3- Sequence Analysis (1.5 hours of lecture + 4.5 hours of lab): Sequence alignment and comparison, with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, BLAST, etc.)

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This required course in the fourth semester (S4) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

- Cell Biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The function of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) An introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to detect protein interactions, fluorescence video microscopy to track the dynamics of cellular distribution, and assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular Biology: After gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of transcription and translation in Semester 3, we will explore the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, as well as the fundamentals of gene expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

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Understand the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules derived from plant secondary metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied in terms of their biosynthesis in plants and the differentiation of specialized structures or cell groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches aimed at metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as well as their properties utilized by industry as colorants, flavorings, fragrances, medications, and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is addressed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics), and the production processes are described. Understanding the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Tours of two analytical platforms are scheduled at the Montpellier campus (1 hour and 30 minutes each)

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The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

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The “Major Physiological Functions” course (Semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body’s various systems that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Students will acquire anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems, as well as their neural and hormonal controls. Students will understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; and exposure to extreme environments.

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This required course will enable students to build on the skills they acquired in “Biochemistry S3.” It will help them understand cellular metabolism by:

-an understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, utilize, store, and release energy;
-the study of the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- a description of metabolic disorders.

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In this introductory course on genetic analysis, the objectives are to become familiar with the terminology, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their applications, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and basic concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close connections are drawn between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

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Plants interact with a multitude of microorganisms in their environment. These microorganisms act alone or in communities. They can have negative or positive effects on plants, their growth, their nutrition, and their health. In this module, we will present the various forms these biotic interactions can take (symbiosis, parasitism, and pathogenicity), drawing on well-known biological examples (mycorrhizal and nitrogen-fixing symbioses, and diseases caused by various microorganisms). This will also be an opportunity to introduce emerging concepts in the field, such as the microbiome and the holobiont.

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1- Linux Basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours lab): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises in extracting information using Bash/shell. Material covered for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of lab sessions): become familiar with the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Learn how to perform relevant and effective searches, analyze and sort data, and describe the various formats

3- Sequence Analysis (1.5 hours of lecture + 4.5 hours of lab): Sequence alignment and comparison, with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, BLAST, etc.)

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This required course in the fourth semester (S4) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

- Cell Biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The function of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) An introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to detect protein interactions, fluorescence video microscopy to track the dynamics of cellular distribution, and assessment of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular Biology: After gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of transcription and translation in Semester 3, we will explore the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, as well as the fundamentals of gene expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

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This course unit aims to expand on previously acquired knowledge in various fields of microbiology, particularly microbial ecology.

It will cover pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. It will address the applications of microorganisms in biotechnology. It will describe how antibiotics work and the associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.

The EU will address the concept of viral ecology by presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. Bacteriophages will be discussed in greater detail, and the mechanisms by which bacteria resist phage infection will be explained. The various types of viral infections in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated through the study of the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.

Knowledge of microorganisms will be expanded through the study of archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.

The lab sessions will focus on performing and interpreting an antibiogram, and on titrating bacteriophages.

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Understand the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms. In this module, the major families of molecules derived from plant secondary metabolism (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins) are studied in terms of their biosynthesis in plants and the differentiation of specialized structures or cell groups. Based on this knowledge, biotechnological approaches aimed at metabolic engineering are presented. The role of these molecules in plant life is discussed, as well as their properties utilized by industry as colorants, flavorings, fragrances, medications, and biofuels. The use of natural polymers in the manufacture of industrial materials is addressed (paper pulp, rubber, plastics), and the production processes are described. Understanding the major families of plant molecules and their properties, the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules, and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in plants remains a major challenge for the development of biorefineries in Europe.                                              

Keywords: secondary metabolism, metabolic engineering, biomolecule valorization, cellular and metabolic differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism.

Additional information:

Tours of two analytical platforms are scheduled at the Montpellier campus (1 hour and 30 minutes each)

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The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

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The “Major Physiological Functions” course (Semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the body’s various systems that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Students will acquire anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems, as well as their neural and hormonal controls. Students will understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; and exposure to extreme environments.

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This required course will enable students to build on the skills they acquired in “Biochemistry S3.” It will help them understand cellular metabolism by:

-an understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, utilize, store, and release energy;
-the study of the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- a description of metabolic disorders.

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In this introductory course on genetic analysis, the objectives are to become familiar with the terminology, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their applications, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and basic concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close connections are drawn between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

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This course unit is a hands-on course on designing a scientific ecology experiment: developing a protocol, setting up and monitoring the experiment, analyzing data, and presenting oral and written reports.

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This course is a cross-disciplinary course in the second year of the SV program designed to provide biology students with a fundamental understanding of how plants function, enabling them to grasp the current challenges in plant agricultural sciences.

The following basic concepts of plant physiology and functional biology will be studied: 

Key experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, forward and reverse genetics

Fundamentals of Autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, and fertilization.

auxin, a key hormone involved in plant development and their response to the abiotic environment

The laboratory sessions will allow students to experiment with regulating plant water uptake and to analyze plant mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is a practical, complementary application of the course “Description of Variability 1” (HAV312B).

The creation and analysis of datasets are carried out through lab sessions using the R software, in conjunction with tutorial sessions, as well as the generation of graphs and numerical parameters used to characterize the samples and their variability.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, and biotic and abiotic factors influencing the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the importance of experimentation, considerations for designing a protocol, data analysis, and oral and written reports on an experiment.

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The purpose of this course is to explore the fungal kingdom from biological, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives. Through a series of lectures, supplemented by group work sessions (tutorials and lab sessions), students will become familiar with these organisms, their biological characteristics (particularly with regard to reproduction), and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the role of fungi in human societies (particularly in food and medicine) will be explored as part of this course unit, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.

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The EU covers the theoretical concepts of plant biology, using the group of spermatophytes as a model. It aims to define the concepts and specific vocabulary related to morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycles.

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The EU is interested in describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present-day and past faunas, as well as in explaining their origin and the dynamics of their emergence. It thus develops a perspective on organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will primarily address the origin of metazoans and the main divisions—diploblastic and triploblastic organisms—as well as basic concepts related to the positioning and phylogenetic relationships among taxa (mono- and paraphyly, evolutionary convergence, etc.). The course is traditionally divided into lectures, tutorials—which will primarily aim to illustrate and support aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa—and laboratory sessions designed to develop skills, particularly and mandatorily in dissection.

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EUObjectives: A comparative study of major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. A study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.

Organisms studied: mammals compared with other vertebrate models (teleosts, etc.) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.).

Description: This course will cover certain major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion, and water-and-electrolyte regulation) as well as the fundamentals of immunology and regulatory systems (the nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the instructors. They will present these topics in the form of presentations and summarize the key points to remember in a written summary. Lab sessions and a tutorial will also be offered to illustrate the course material.

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This course is a cross-disciplinary course in the second year of the SV program designed to provide biology students with a fundamental understanding of how plants function, enabling them to grasp the current challenges in plant agricultural sciences.

The following basic concepts of plant physiology and functional biology will be studied: 

Key experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, forward and reverse genetics

Fundamentals of Autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, and fertilization.

auxin, a key hormone involved in plant development and their response to the abiotic environment

The laboratory sessions will allow students to experiment with regulating plant water uptake and to analyze plant mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course unit brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines of Earth sciences: sedimentology, tectonics, and mapping. The various types of sedimentary rocks will be taught in detail to enable students to interpret the context of their formation and the associated processes. Topics in ductile and brittle tectonics will also be addressed at various scales to establish their formation context, particularly in terms of stress regimes. Laboratory work on samples will be conducted in parallel to help students develop their observational and drawing skills and make use of the department’s extensive collections. Finally, an introduction to reading and working with geological maps (schematic maps, cross-sections) will be provided, applying the concepts of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. This course unit is designed to enable students to outline the general history of a given region’s geology.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 12
• TD: 3
• TP: 21

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This course is a practical, complementary application of the course “Description of Variability 1” (HAV312B).

The creation and analysis of datasets are carried out through lab sessions using the R software, in conjunction with tutorial sessions, as well as the generation of graphs and numerical parameters used to characterize the samples and their variability.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, and biotic and abiotic factors influencing the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the importance of experimentation, considerations for designing a protocol, data analysis, and oral and written reports on an experiment.

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The purpose of this course is to explore the fungal kingdom from biological, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives. Through a series of lectures, supplemented by group work sessions (tutorials and lab sessions), students will become familiar with these organisms, their biological characteristics (particularly with regard to reproduction), and their roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the role of fungi in human societies (particularly in food and medicine) will be explored as part of this course unit, which also aims to analyze the links between biodiversity and human societies.

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The EU covers the theoretical concepts of plant biology, using the group of spermatophytes as a model. It aims to define the concepts and specific vocabulary related to morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycles.

View the full page

The EU is interested in describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present-day and past faunas, as well as in explaining their origin and the dynamics of their emergence. It thus develops a perspective on organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will primarily address the origin of metazoans and the main divisions—diploblastic and triploblastic organisms—as well as basic concepts related to the positioning and phylogenetic relationships among taxa (mono- and paraphyly, evolutionary convergence, etc.). The course is traditionally divided into lectures, tutorials—which will primarily aim to illustrate and support aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa—and laboratory sessions designed to develop skills, particularly and mandatorily in dissection.

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EUObjectives: A comparative study of major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. A study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.

Organisms studied: mammals compared with other vertebrate models (teleosts, etc.) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.).

Description: This course will cover certain major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion, and water-and-electrolyte regulation) as well as the fundamentals of immunology and regulatory systems (the nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the instructors. They will present these topics in the form of presentations and summarize the key points to remember in a written summary. Lab sessions and a tutorial will also be offered to illustrate the course material.

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The course builds on the L2 S3 course, focusing on describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational levels of metazoans found in present-day and past faunas, as well as explaining their origin and the dynamics of their emergence through the acquisition of skills in paleontology and zoology. In S4, the course will primarily explore the major subdivisions within protostome organisms—namely the Lophotrochozoa (annelids, mollusks, brachiopods, etc.) and the Ecdysozoa (arthropods, nematodes, etc.)—while emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships as well as their socio-economic significance and impacts. The course unit is traditionally divided into lectures, tutorials—which will primarily aim to illustrate and support aspects related to the biodiversity of taxons—and laboratory sessions designed to develop skills, notably and mandatorily through the performance of certain dissections.

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The objective of this course unit is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, hands-on activities, and accessible modeling, the course will aim to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and genetic drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes into larger timescales (e.g., lineage differentiation, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course unit will include an introduction to phylogenetic tools (interpreting and constructing phylogenetic trees) that enable the study of macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, particularly by incorporating fossil data.

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In this course, students will learn about the connections between an individual’s genetic makeup and the development of their morphology, physiology, and lifestyle. The course will focus on understanding the connections between the information contained in the genome and the life cycle of the organism in question, including the cellular characteristics resulting from the expression of genetic information. This information will be placed within an evolutionary context and will help shed light on several major evolutionary transitions, particularly among metazoans.

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The Functional Ecology course aims to provide a solid foundation in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, with a particular focus on the role played by living organisms in material flows within these ecosystems. The main processes covered are primary production, consumer relationships—particularly herbivory—and the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter. For each of these processes, special attention is given to (1) the link between organisms’ strategies and their function within the ecosystem, and (2) basing the presentation of concepts on field observations, highlighting characteristics of organisms or the ecosystem that students might encounter during field trips.

This course thus bridges a broader introduction to ecology in the first semester (HLBE304) and introduces concepts necessary for the third-year course on community ecology.

The focus is on practical aspects, particularly through a series of group-based hands-on activities, in which a simple but scientifically relevant hypothesis will be tested experimentally using an appropriate protocol.

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This course unit is a natural continuation of the course unit “Description of Variability” presented in S3. Its objective is to provide the concepts and methods underlying modern biostatistics—namely, the quantification of randomness—which is a pervasive issue in the life sciences. This course will serve as an introduction to inferential statistics: parametric and nonparametric tests, linear regression, and analysis of variance. Particular attention will be given to the conditions under which these methods are applicable, as well as to the concepts of Type I and Type II errors, power, replication, and confidence intervals. Each concept will be illustrated using analyses of real and diverse biological data, contributing to the biostatistical literacy necessary to develop critical thinking regarding scientific results. Practical exercises using R will provide training in this standard programming language and the statistical tools implemented within it, while also helping students understand the material covered in class through the application of the methods presented.

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools needed to observe and describe magmatic and metamorphic minerals and rocks and to understand their origin. The course will begin with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools required to identify the minerals that make up magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle, as well as the processes involved from magma formation through to the eruption of igneous rocks: partial melting, crystallization, crustal assimilation, and magmatic mixing. You will learn to distinguish between different magmatic series based on their chemical compositions and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, volcanic hazards, and risks will also be addressed. In the third part, we will introduce the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the various geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We will examine the various metamorphic facies, as well as the structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you will learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.

A combined study of igneous and metamorphic rocks will provide the foundation for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the Earth’s interior, geochemical cycles, mineral resources, and more…

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The course approaches the history of plants, on the one hand, diachronically, by studying each of the major geological periods (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic), and second, in a cross-disciplinary manner, by delving into certain methods for studying paleoenvironments (macroflora, palynology, climate, geochemistry, biomechanics, etc.).

Following an introductory lecture, the lectures cover, on the one hand, the history of plants by major geological period (Lectures 2–3: Paleozoic; Lectures 4–5: Mesozoic; Lectures 6–8: Cenozoic) and, on the other hand, interdisciplinary approaches (Lectures 9–10: Isotopic geochemistry; CM11–12: Biomechanics).

The lab sessions illustrate examples of paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the study of fossil records: Lab 1, Paleozoic Macroflora (Graissessac); Labs 2–3, Early Pleistocene Macroflora (Bernasso); Lab 4, Recent Pleistocene Pollen (La Gourre); Lab 5, Holocene Geochemistry.

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The objective of this course unit is to understand the mechanisms organisms use to cope with the constraints of the aquatic environment. Using animal models (mollusks, crustaceans, fish) and plants (macro- and microalgae, aquatic angiosperms), this course unit will address the various aspects of the adaptive biology of organisms, ranging from their ability to acclimate and adapt to changes to their physiological limits and the optimization of phenotypic traits in response to environmental constraints. This course unit aims to examine: 

- key concepts and approaches in ecophysiology;

- ecophysiological responses (ranging from gene expression to an organism’s performance and behavior), using various aquatic ecosystems (intertidal, estuarine, polar, cave, and abyssal) as examples;

- the integration of structure-function relationships within a given environmental context.

From a practical standpoint, this course unit will allow students to study how organisms function through simple physiological measurements and to learn how to set up experiments. Presentations of scientific articles selected by the instructors will supplement the knowledge acquired in class. 

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This unit presents the biology of parasitic eukaryotic organisms, taking their diversity into account. We will therefore cover both unicellular organisms and vertebrates.

In addition to the physiological, anatomical, and morphological aspects, significant attention will be given to describing their life cycles, which necessarily involve a phase of transmission to an obligate host.

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The objective is to provide students with knowledge about the biology, ecology, and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. Beyond species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course unit will address the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation, as well as methods of study and identification.

After a general introductory session, two parallel tracks will be offered. One will focus on Mediterranean flora, and the other on fauna (amphibians, reptiles, and birds).

Flora

The French Mediterranean region is home to more than two-thirds of the floral diversity found in metropolitan France. This course unit serves as an introduction to this exceptional diversity and the underlying mechanisms. It is designed to enable students to 1. describe a plant in a way that highlights the characteristics useful for identification and 2. use various identification tools and understand their strengths and limitations. The course will incorporate innovative teaching approaches, combining the use of traditional tools (printed flora guides) and digital tools (FloreNum, PlantNet), to facilitate learning tailored to the student’s level of knowledge (from beginner to knowledgeable enthusiast). Species identification will serve as a foundation for studying their biology and ecology and for exploring the concepts of evolution and phylogeny. To this end, workshops will be conducted in parallel with lab sessions: 1. developing a morphological classification to be compared with traditional classifications (morphological and phylogenetic), 2. an introduction to species ecology through a habitat-based approach, and 3. a diachronic study of developmental biology by monitoring the growth of wild species planted under controlled conditions.

Animals

The goal for students is to acquire or deepen their knowledge of the biology of birds, amphibians, and reptiles, which serve as ideal models in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology), and environmental education/instruction. Beyond species identification, this area of study will address the evolution and systematics of these taxa, as well as their physiology and their ecological and behavioral characteristics.

Each group (Fauna - Flora) will have 12 hours of fieldwork time available (half of which will be shared by both groups), to be carried out according to terms to be determined (4 half-day field trips, or 2 full-day field trips). The practical exercises may be conducted at university sites (university campus—the Labex CEMEB experimental plot at the CEFE—Botanical Garden) suitable for studying various organisms.

Cross-Curricular Concept

The EU is organized around a concept common to both TP groups, which—through a flipped classroom approach—will allow students to use the observed species as a starting point to identify key concepts in conservation biology. In S4, the focus will be on distribution (chorology) and the concept of rarity at different spatial scales. These concepts will support methodological questions, particularly those concerning the estimation of organism abundance. To this end, at the end of the module, students will present a taxon of their choice—from among those proposed in the course—that illustrates the concept of distribution.

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The EU’s goal is to bridge the gap between knowledge of biology and physiology on the one hand, and demography and population dynamics on the other. This approach aims to lay the groundwork for conservation biology by providing insights into how animal and plant organisms and populations respond to changes in ecosystems and sources of stress.

Teaching Methods:

Tutorials in the form of presentations and discussions of scientific data, or in a “flipped” format featuring small-group presentations, independent group projects, and analyses of real-world restoration cases;

Tutorial 1: Introduction to the course: concepts, activities, and teaching methods. Development of the flipped tutorial schedule

TD2: Ecophysiology and Environmental Physiology (definitions); case studies (invasive species, reintroductions, ecological management)

TD3: Analysis of the consequences of major pollution events (marine and terrestrial), ecological engineering, and passive and active biomonitoring tools.

TD4–16: In a “reverse” format (students take an “active” role, with the instructor providing supplementary information), a series of sessions aimed at establishing

- the links between biology and life strategies on the one hand, and life history traits on the other, using several representative examples (animal and plant species; generalist and specialized species; rare species—including different types of rarity—or widespread, even invasive, species);

- the development of a population's demographics

- changes in a population's demographics resulting from various disturbances, particularly long-term disturbances that affect the population's ability to evolve.

Two tutorial sessions (3 hours total): analysis of various conservation and biomonitoring strategies, taking into account knowledge of organism physiology as well as ecological and behavioral characteristics. Research and analysis of documents, synthesis, and oral presentation of studies / discussion

Practical Training: plant ecophysiological analyses; animal ecophysiological analyses using noninvasive methods (behavioral, physiological, and bioenergetic analyses).

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The course approaches the history of plants, on the one hand, diachronically, by studying each of the major geological periods (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic), and second, in a cross-disciplinary manner, by delving into certain methods for studying paleoenvironments (macroflora, palynology, climate, geochemistry, biomechanics, etc.).

Following an introductory lecture, the lectures cover, on the one hand, the history of plants by major geological period (Lectures 2–3: Paleozoic; Lectures 4–5: Mesozoic; Lectures 6–8: Cenozoic) and, on the other hand, interdisciplinary approaches (Lectures 9–10: Isotopic geochemistry; CM11–12: Biomechanics).

The lab sessions illustrate examples of paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the study of fossil records: Lab 1, Paleozoic Macroflora (Graissessac); Labs 2–3, Early Pleistocene Macroflora (Bernasso); Lab 4, Recent Pleistocene Pollen (La Gourre); Lab 5, Holocene Geochemistry.

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools needed to observe and describe magmatic and metamorphic minerals and rocks and to understand their origin. The course will begin with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools required to identify the minerals that make up magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle, as well as the processes involved from magma formation through to the eruption of igneous rocks: partial melting, crystallization, crustal assimilation, and magmatic mixing. You will learn to distinguish between different magmatic series based on their chemical compositions and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, volcanic hazards, and risks will also be addressed. In the third part, we will introduce the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the various geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We will examine the various metamorphic facies, as well as the structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you will learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.

A combined study of igneous and metamorphic rocks will provide the foundation for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the Earth’s interior, geochemical cycles, mineral resources, and more…

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The objective of this course unit is to understand the mechanisms organisms use to cope with the constraints of the aquatic environment. Using animal models (mollusks, crustaceans, fish) and plants (macro- and microalgae, aquatic angiosperms), this course unit will address the various aspects of the adaptive biology of organisms, ranging from their ability to acclimate and adapt to changes to their physiological limits and the optimization of phenotypic traits in response to environmental constraints. This course unit aims to examine: 

- key concepts and approaches in ecophysiology;

- ecophysiological responses (ranging from gene expression to an organism’s performance and behavior), using various aquatic ecosystems (intertidal, estuarine, polar, cave, and abyssal) as examples;

- the integration of structure-function relationships within a given environmental context.

From a practical standpoint, this course unit will allow students to study how organisms function through simple physiological measurements and to learn how to set up experiments. Presentations of scientific articles selected by the instructors will supplement the knowledge acquired in class. 

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This unit presents the biology of parasitic eukaryotic organisms, taking their diversity into account. We will therefore cover both unicellular organisms and vertebrates.

In addition to the physiological, anatomical, and morphological aspects, significant attention will be given to describing their life cycles, which necessarily involve a phase of transmission to an obligate host.

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The objective is to provide students with knowledge about the biology, ecology, and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. Beyond species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course unit will address the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation, as well as methods of study and identification.

After a general introductory session, two parallel tracks will be offered. One will focus on Mediterranean flora, and the other on fauna (amphibians, reptiles, and birds).

Flora

The French Mediterranean region is home to more than two-thirds of the floral diversity found in metropolitan France. This course unit serves as an introduction to this exceptional diversity and the underlying mechanisms. It is designed to enable students to 1. describe a plant in a way that highlights the characteristics useful for identification and 2. use various identification tools and understand their strengths and limitations. The course will incorporate innovative teaching approaches, combining the use of traditional tools (printed flora guides) and digital tools (FloreNum, PlantNet), to facilitate learning tailored to the student’s level of knowledge (from beginner to knowledgeable enthusiast). Species identification will serve as a foundation for studying their biology and ecology and for exploring the concepts of evolution and phylogeny. To this end, workshops will be conducted in parallel with lab sessions: 1. developing a morphological classification to be compared with traditional classifications (morphological and phylogenetic), 2. an introduction to species ecology through a habitat-based approach, and 3. a diachronic study of developmental biology by monitoring the growth of wild species planted under controlled conditions.

Animals

The goal for students is to acquire or deepen their knowledge of the biology of birds, amphibians, and reptiles, which serve as ideal models in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology), and environmental education/instruction. Beyond species identification, this area of study will address the evolution and systematics of these taxa, as well as their physiology and their ecological and behavioral characteristics.

Each group (Fauna - Flora) will have 12 hours of fieldwork time available (half of which will be shared by both groups), to be carried out according to terms to be determined (4 half-day field trips, or 2 full-day field trips). The practical exercises may be conducted at university sites (university campus—the Labex CEMEB experimental plot at the CEFE—Botanical Garden) suitable for studying various organisms.

Cross-Curricular Concept

The EU is organized around a concept common to both TP groups, which—through a flipped classroom approach—will allow students to use the observed species as a starting point to identify key concepts in conservation biology. In S4, the focus will be on distribution (chorology) and the concept of rarity at different spatial scales. These concepts will support methodological questions, particularly those concerning the estimation of organism abundance. To this end, at the end of the module, students will present a taxon of their choice—from among those proposed in the course—that illustrates the concept of distribution.

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The EU addresses the various groups of plants (“algae,” “cryptogams,” and spermatophytes”), specifying for each group its phylogenetic position and nature (monophyletic or paraphyletic), its origin, and its distinctive features in terms of morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and ecology.

The 4th-grade classes cover the different groups of plants: 4th grade, diversity of “algae”; 5th grade, life cycles of “algae”; 6th grade, “cryptogams”; 7th grade, spermatophytes.

Six tutorials cover cross-cutting concepts through oral and written exercises: Tutorial 1, Biological Cycles; Tutorial 2, Endosymbiosis; Tutorial 3, Interactions; Tutorial 4, Adaptation; Tutorial 5, Polyploidy; Tutorial 6, Phylogeny.

Six lab sessions illustrate the concepts covered in lectures and tutorials using living specimens: Lab 1, “Algae” 1; Lab 2, “Algae” 2; Lab 3, “Bryophytes”; Lab 4, “Pteridophytes”; Lab 5, Gymnosperms, vegetative system; Lab 6, Gymnosperms, reproduction.

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This required course in the third semester (S3) allows students to consolidate and expand upon the fundamentals of molecular biology and cell biology they acquired in their first year (L1).

Molecular Biology Section: The molecular and structural foundations of nucleic acids will be explored and examined in depth to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids—which open up various avenues for technological applications—and the molecular mechanisms underlying the key processes in molecular biology, such as DNA replication, gene transcription into mRNA, and the translation of mRNA into proteins. These processes, illustrated by experimental evidence derived from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed subsequently. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and explored.

Cell Biology Section: This section will cover the major concepts of membrane-bound and cytosolic protein complex formation, particularly in the context of cellular signaling pathways. The concepts of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, signaling enzymes, intracellular second messengers, and response kinetics will be presented. Techniques in biochemistry and cell biology used to detect the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be discussed.

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This course is a cross-disciplinary course in the second year of the SV program designed to provide biology students with a fundamental understanding of how plants function, enabling them to grasp the current challenges in plant agricultural sciences.

The following basic concepts of plant physiology and functional biology will be studied: 

Key experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, forward and reverse genetics

Fundamentals of Autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, and fertilization.

auxin, a key hormone involved in plant development and their response to the abiotic environment

The laboratory sessions will allow students to experiment with regulating plant water uptake and to analyze plant mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Course Description (max 10 lines):

The objective of this learning unit is to help students understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It draws on concrete examples from various fields of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and provides the statistical tools for measuring this variation and the graphical methods for representing it. Statistical concepts such as sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals, and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained through tutorials based on biological problems.

Competencies targeted by the EU (see competency framework):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology; an introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course covers the fundamentals of microbiology. It will explore the structures of microorganisms—both prokaryotes and eukaryotes—as well as viruses. It will provide an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their modes of reproduction.

For bacteria, the trophic types and factors influencing growth will be discussed, along with the study of growth in non-renewable media. Genetics and horizontal gene transfer among bacteria will be addressed.
Several eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: their habitats, lifestyles, ecological roles or parasitism, as well as their modes of development.
In virology, the main viral replication cycles will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the concept of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples. 
The principles of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples.
Laboratory sessions will provide an introduction to sterile handling techniques for microorganisms, bacterial counting, and conjugation.

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This module is designed to enable students to acquire:

Basic Concepts in Physiology: The concept of homeostasis; levels of organization in the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and water-mineral balances; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.