Coherent grouping 1 EU Scientists Semester 3

This compulsory S3 course allows students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular biology and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology Section: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and explored in depth in order to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open up various prospects for technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main stages of molecular biology, such as DNA replication, gene transcription into mRNA, and their translation into proteins. These stages, illustrated by experimental evidence drawn from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology section: The major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be addressed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The concepts of ligands, receptors, scaffold proteins, signaling enzyme proteins, intracellular second messengers, and response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques used to detect the presence and location of proteins in cells and tissues will be discussed.

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This course provides students with a fundamental understanding of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses. It will provide an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe how they reproduce.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in non-renewed environments. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be addressed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, lifestyles, ecological role or parasitism, as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main cycles of virus multiplication will be detailed, and modes of transmission and the concept of viral pathogenesis will be addressed. The principle of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples. 
The principle of antiviral vaccination and antiviral treatments will be presented and illustrated using concrete examples.
Practical work will provide an introduction to sterile techniques for handling microorganisms, counting bacteria, and conjugation.

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This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the fundamentals of biochemistry acquired in the first year by approaching this discipline through a cross-disciplinary study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the fundamentals of Michaelian enzymology and a description of the metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be addressed through the presentation and analysis of techniques for measuring enzyme activity and purifying, quantifying, and detecting proteins.

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This second general chemistry course aims to consolidate and deepen students' understanding of reactions in aqueous solution, particularly those involving the formation of metal complexes. The principles of thermodynamics will be presented and applied to the study of chemical equilibria of biological interest. Rather than giving a presentation using mathematical formalism, which would require a much greater number of hours, students will be asked to understand the physical meaning of these principles and the main thermodynamic functions and their applications to chemical systems, often of biological interest. In particular, resting membrane potentials and the use of pH potential diagrams in biology will be presented.

Students will work on course materials (written and audio) ahead of certain lectures and tutorials, enabling them to fully participate in face-to-face teaching in lectures and tutorials, understand the concepts presented, and acquire the necessary skills.

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