CHOIX2

Introduce students to an integrated approach to plants by studying the morpho-anatomical characteristics of stems and roots. They will discover the spatio-temporal coordinated construction of root and stem architectures through adaptations of Mediterranean and tropical species. Reproductive structures and the diversity of biological types will also be taken into account. This course is designed to prepare students for a Master's degree in BioGET, and is based on the natural environment and local and regional infrastructures (Serre Amazonienne, Villa Thuret, Jardin Château La Pérouse).

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This course provides an introduction to the ecology of continental freshwater and marine ecosystems, as well as to the interface between these two compartments, i.e. mangroves, estuaries and deltas. They will be approached both from the point of view of their structure and from the point of view of their functioning, emphasizing both their similarities and their differences, and the abiotic and biotic factors that govern the organization of the communities of organisms that inhabit them.

They should provide an overview of these ecosystems or hydrosystems and how they function at different scales.

The first part of the course is devoted entirely to theory, while the second includes introductory sessions for field trips, the field trips themselves and practical sessions for analyzing and pooling the data collected in the field.

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Molecular tools are an integral part of studies aimed at describing and characterizing biodiversity. The aim of the course is to present various molecular approaches (barcoding, metabarcoding and environmental DNA, etc.) for (1) describing, characterizing and quantifying this diversity at intra- or interspecific, population or ecosystem levels, and (2) presenting their fields of application at different scales of time and space. The course will include practical aspects aimed at familiarizing students with these techniques, implementing them, analyzing the resulting data and reporting on them. Priority will be given to group work in interaction with researchers and teacher-researchers.

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One of the aims of this course is to synthesize notions and knowledge acquired in animal biology (anatomy, systematics) and ecology to describe and understand the morphology and evolution of vertebrate morphologies. In addition to present-day groups, this course will focus on extinct fossil groups, in particular their contribution to understanding the various eco-morphological adaptations (e.g. acquisition or return to aquatic life, acquisition of flight) that have marked the evolutionary history of clades.

This course also aims to provide a theoretical and practical grounding in phylogeny (cladistics) for tracing the evolution of a clade (distance, parsimony and likelihood methods), both for molecular and phenotypic traits (present-day and fossil).

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Adaptations to the "parasitic" lifestyle are studied on all parasitic organisms (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes), including different scales of analysis "from molecules to populations".

Thus, the coevolution between hosts and parasites will be considered from the point of view of host-parasite molecular and cellular dialogues (immunity-escapement-exploitation of host resources, etc.), but also from the point of view of morpho-anatomical structures involved in adaptation to the sub-host site or in survival in the external environment, and finally from the point of view of behavioral adaptations for encountering the host (promotion).

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ORPAL is an APP ecology course (1/3 fieldwork and 2/3 laboratory work). Based on Ecology concepts and methods, this course aims to introduce students to historical ecology (the study of interactions between man and his environment over variable chronological periods) and its main applications in paleoecology, from problem definition, field sampling and data acquisition to interpretation and the writing of a scientific article (see https://biologie-e cologie.com/exemples-travaux/). This course is an interesting theoretical and experimental prerequisite for the ACCES, CEPAGE, PALEONTOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS or BIOGET courses.

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