CHOICE2

Introduce students to an integrated approach of the plant by studying the morpho-anatomical characteristics of stems and roots. To make them discover the spatio-temporal coordinated construction of root and stem architectures through adaptations of Mediterranean and tropical species. Reproductive structures as well as the diversity of biological types will also be taken into account. This course is positioned as a preparation for the continuation in Master BE BioGET course and relies on the natural environment and local and regional infrastructures (Amazonian Greenhouse, Villa Thuret, Jardin Château La Pérouse).

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This course represents an introduction to the ecology of continental freshwater and marine ecosystems, as well as to the interface environments between these two compartments, i.e. mangroves, estuaries and deltas. They will be approached both from the point of view of their structure and from the point of view of their functioning by insisting on both their common points and their differences, and on the abiotic and biotic factors which govern the organization of the communities of organisms which populate them.

They should provide an overview of these ecosystems or hydrosystems and their functioning at various scales.

The first part of the course is entirely dedicated to theoretical teachings, the second part includes introductory sessions to the field trips, the field trips themselves and the practical sessions in which the data collected in the field are analyzed and shared.

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Molecular tools are an integral part of studies to describe and characterize biodiversity. The course will present various molecular approaches (barcoding, metabarcoding and environmental DNA, etc.) to describe, characterize and quantify this diversity at intra- or interspecific, population or ecosystem levels, and (2) to present their fields of application at different scales of time and space. The course will include practical aspects aimed at learning about, implementing, analyzing and reporting on these techniques. Group work in interaction with researchers and teacher-researchers will be privileged.

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One of the goals of this course is to synthesize notions and knowledge acquired in animal biology (anatomy, systematics) and ecology to describe and understand the morphology and evolution of vertebrate morphologies. In addition to dealing with present-day groups, this course will focus on extinct fossil groups, especially their contribution to the understanding of the different eco-morphological adaptations (e.g. acquisition or return to aquatic life, acquisition of flight) that have marked the evolutionary history of clades.

This course also aims to provide theoretical and practical bases in phylogeny (cladistics) to trace the evolution of a clade (distance, parsimony and likelihood methods), both on molecular and phenotypic characters (present and fossil).

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Adaptations to the "parasitic" way of life are studied on all parasitic organisms (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes) by including different scales of analysis "from molecules to populations".

Thus, the coevolution between hosts and parasites will be considered from the point of view of host-parasite molecular and cellular dialogues (immunity-escape - exploitation of host resources...) but also from the point of view of morpho-anatomical structures involved in adaptation to the infra-host site or in survival in the external environment, and finally from the point of view of behavioral adaptations for the encounter with the host (favoring).

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ORPAL is an ecology course in APP (1/3 field and 2/3 laboratory work). Based on concepts and methods of Ecology, this course aims at discovering historical ecology (study of the interactions between Man and his environment over variable chronological periods) and the main applications in paleoecology, from the definition of the problem, sampling in the field, data acquisition to the interpretation and writing of a scientific article (see https://biologie-e cologie.com/exemples-travaux/). This course is an interesting theoretical and experimental prerequisite for the ACCES, CEPAGE, PALEONTOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS or BIOGET courses.

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