CHOICE HAV401V

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1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

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This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

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This course is a continuation of the S3 Biochemistry course. This course focuses more on the practical aspect. The principles of the usual biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein determination techniques by spectrophotometry, Western Blot/Elisa, ...) will be treated in class and then experiments related to these techniques will be carried out in practical work. It will be necessary to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed during the lab.

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

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This course is designed to deepen in small groups the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in the BMC2 and BMC3 courses by approaching them through more concrete notions. The lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to simply explain the main scientific approaches and to learn how to analyze and interpret the results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: transcription and translation in vitro and study of interaction by GST-pull down). The practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, construction of expression vectors, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.   

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This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

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