CHOICE HAV401V

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1- Linux basics (1.5 hours lecture + 3 hours tutorial): Basic commands for navigating Linux and understanding the logic of this language. Short exercises on extracting information in bash/shell. Element revisited for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Databases (3 hours of lectures + 4.5 hours of tutorials): knowledge of the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie, etc.). Ability to perform relevant and effective queries, exploit, sort, and describe different formats.

3- Sequence analysis (1.5 hours lecture + 4.5 hours tutorial): Sequence alignment and comparison with a brief introduction to phylogenetics (dot plot, Blast, etc.)

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This compulsory S4 course allows students to consolidate and deepen the foundations of molecular biology and cell biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The course will cover four major topics: 1) The functioning of the cellular cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation to highlight protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to track cell distribution dynamics, and evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process using strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology: After acquiring knowledge about transcription and translation mechanisms in semester 3, we will address gene expression regulation: transcriptional regulation (repressors, activators) and attenuation in prokaryotes, and the basics of expression regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes.

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This course builds on the Biochemistry S3 course. This course places greater emphasis on practical aspects. The principles of standard biochemistry techniques (protein separation techniques, protein measurement techniques using spectrophotometry, Western Blot/Elisa, etc.) will be covered in class, followed by practical experiments related to these techniques. Students will be required to interpret and analyze the experiments proposed in the practical sessions.

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The objective of this EU is to understand evolutionary processes at both the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, manipulations, and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim to present in a concrete and quantitative manner the effects of the four evolutionary forces operating at the individual and population levels (mutation, migration, selection, and drift). The integration of these microevolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g., differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to phylogenetics tools (reading and constructing trees) for studying macroevolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and tracing changes in character states, in particular by integrating fossil data.

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The Physiology of Major Functions course (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the different systems in the body that work together to maintain a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understanding the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac failure; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

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This course aims to explore in greater depth, in small groups through tutorials and practical sessions, the fundamental molecular and cellular processes covered in the BMC2 and BMC3 courses, approaching them through more concrete concepts. The lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms and teach students how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: showing an in cellulo interaction by expressing labeled proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and interaction study by GST pull-down). Practical work will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, construction of expression vectors, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.   

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This compulsory course will enable students to deepen the skills they acquired in "Biochemistry S3." It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism by:

-understanding bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells convey, transmit, use, accumulate, and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- the description of metabolic disorders.

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts, and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian and non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics, and concepts of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

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