CHOIX1

Genesis, nature and fate of deposits in sedimentary basins.

Cycle of 15 courses/lectures/debates and practical work/days

Content of integrated courses / practical / practical work, (sedimentary basins, alteration of continents,

sediment transport, detrital and carbonate environments, factors affecting sedimentation: sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis)

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The aim of this course is to provide students with an integrative approach to the morphology, anatomy and development of the vegetative and reproductive systems of Spermatophytes, from an ecological, functional and evolutionary perspective. This approach is implemented by students through a supervised project centered on the study of a model plant, taking into account inter-individual variability, different stages of development, site conditions and biological type.

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The structure of this course is similar to that developed in S4. The aim is to provide students with knowledge of the biology, ecology and evolution of the three taxonomic groups in question. In addition to species identification (which will be covered extensively), this course will cover the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation and study and identification methods.

After a general introductory course, 2 parallel courses will be offered. One will focus on cryptogams (algae, lichens, mosses and fungi), the other on fauna (chiropterans & arthropods).

Cryptogams

The aim of this section is to familiarize students with the extremely diverse organisms that are bryophytes, phaeophytes and fungi. The principle is 1) to approach these little-known diversities through a naturalistic approach, 2) to place these observations in an evolutionary perspective (phylogenetic aspects), and 3) to link the observations to the role of these organisms in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Lastly, the module will cover aspects of daily life, economics and citizenship linked to species (toxicology, nutrition, medicine).

Fauna

The aim is for students to acquire/deepen a body of knowledge on the biology of arthropods and chiropterans, which are taxonomic groups of great interest, both from the point of view of studies in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation biology) and environmental education/teaching. In addition to species identification, this line of work will cover the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, ecological and behavioral characteristics, and their roles in ecosystems. Teaching will incorporate innovative pedagogical approaches, combining the use of traditional tools (visual recognition) and modern ones (acoustic identification using software). Among Arthropods, the groups to be particularly addressed will be Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera, representing highly diversified orders that will best enable us to approach the notion of species, which is central in biology. Species identification will form the basis for studying their biology and ecology, and for tackling the notions of evolution and phylogeny.

Each group (Fauna - Cryptogams) will have at its disposal 12 hours of fieldwork (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 1/2-day outings, or 2 long one-day outings). Practical work can be carried out on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at CEFE - Botanical Garden) that are suitable for studying different organisms.

Cross-cutting notion

The EU is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work, which, through a reversed class, will enable us to use observed species as a starting point for identifying concepts central to conservation biology. In S5, the notion of species (and associated entities such as subspecies, hybrids, etc.) will be widely addressed, from both a theoretical and practical point of view. This notion will enable us to address 1. the foundations and limits of the various perspectives on species (morphological, genetic, ecological), 2. the methodological problems linked to the identification of taxa in the field and in the laboratory, and 3. the problems this generates from the point of view of species conservation. To this end, at the end of the sequence, students present a taxon, from among those proposed in the UE, whose identification proves to be complex.

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The aim of this teaching unit is to take an integrative approach to animal behavior, in the light of Tinbergen's four "whys", from ontogeny to evolution: from ontogeny and neurobiological causes to evolution and biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, students will be coached to apprehend the diversity of traits involved, as well as the diversity of approaches and associated scientific questioning.

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Ecotoxicology concerns the study of the effects of pollutants on living species and on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. This course aims to provide a better understanding of :

- the main types of organic and inorganic pollutants (historical or emerging), as well as their sources and the factors influencing their fate in the natural environment and in organisms,

- the effects of pollutants on micro- and macro-organisms at different levels of biological integration (molecule, individual, community),

- methods for assessing biological effects, environmental quality and ecotoxicological risk within the current European regulatory framework,

- bioremediation processes through several case studies.

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The aim of this L3S5 course is to acquire knowledge of the organization, development and functioning of various physiological systems in animals. More specifically, the functions of circulation, thermoregulation, hormone regulation and nerve integration will be approached from a comparative perspective (examples drawn from different taxonomic groups) and in an evolutionary context. Questions relating to the bioethical aspects of experimentation in animal physiology will also be addressed.

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