L2 - Agro-Veto Competition Preparation

This compulsory UE in S3 allows students to consolidate and deepen the basics of molecular and cell biology acquired in L1.

Molecular Biology part: The molecular and structural bases of nucleic acids will be developed and deepened to understand the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, which open various perspectives of technological applications, and the molecular mechanisms of the main steps of Molecular Biology, such as DNA replication, transcription of genes into mRNAs and translation of these into proteins. These steps, illustrated by experimental evidence from various historical studies, will be studied in depth in prokaryotes. Comparisons with eukaryotes will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms of DNA repair will also be described and developed.

Cell Biology Part: Major concepts of membrane and cytosolic protein complex formation will be discussed, particularly in the context of cell signaling pathways. The notions of ligands, receptors, scaffolding proteins, enzymatic signaling proteins, intracellular second messengers, response kinetics will be presented. Biochemistry and cell biology techniques to demonstrate the presence and localization of proteins in cells and tissues will be presented.

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This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course provides the fundamental basis of microbiology. It will detail the structures of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and viruses. It will give an overview of the diversity of these microorganisms and describe their mode of multiplication.

For bacteria, trophic types and factors influencing growth will be developed, as well as the study of growth in a non-renewed environment. Genetics and horizontal transfers between bacteria will be discussed.
Some eukaryotic microorganisms will be studied: habitat, life style, ecological role or parasitism as well as their mode of development.
In virology, the main multiplication cycles of viruses will be detailed, the modes of transmission and the notion of viral pathogenesis will be discussed. The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The principle of anti-viral vaccination and anti-viral treatments will be presented and illustrated with concrete examples.
The practical work will allow the initiation to the techniques of sterile manipulation of microorganisms, to the counting of bacteria and to conjugation.

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This module should enable students to acquire:

Basic notions in Physiology : Concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the Internal Environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Basic concepts in Immunology:

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

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This compulsory course allows students to consolidate the basics of biochemistry acquired in L1 by approaching this discipline through a transversal study of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis. Several areas of biochemistry will be covered: the basics of Michaelian enzymology, the description of metabolic reactions involved in glycolysis. Finally, the technical aspect will be approached by the presentation and the analysis of the techniques allowing to measure an enzymatic activity, to purify, to quantify and to detect proteins.

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The first part (about 1/3) of the module will deal with (biological) processes with a time evolution described by an exponential law (growth or decay).

Radioactivity will be discussed, as an illustration of such a process, and for its applications to the biology-health-environment field (dating, tracing, ...).

The second part (about 2/3) of the module will introduce the notions of fluid and pressure, and present the laws of hydrostatics (fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem).

Fluid dynamics will be introduced, including the concepts of flow, viscosity, sedimentation and centrifugation, in connection with the Biology-Health sector.

List of Chapters in the module :

- Exponential variations

- Radioactivity (radioactive decay, activity)

- Fluids: definition, properties, notion of pressure

- Hydrostatics: fundamental law of fluid statics, Archimedes' theorem.

- Elements of hydrodynamics: flows, Bernouilli's theorem

- Viscosity; Sedimentation and centrifugation

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This teaching unit is a specific UE of the preparation for the B agro-Véto competitive examination. It completes and ends the chemistry courses of L1 and S3.

The teaching will be dedicated to the correction of exam annals and to training through regular tests.

The following courses will be taught in parallel:

In Organic Chemistry

Functional Organic Chemistry as per the progress of the HAV310C program.

Carbonyl derivatives, aldehydes and ketones Part 2

Acids and acid derivatives

Some biomolecules (sugars, amino acids) and multi-step synthesis

Regular training on competition subjects

In Physical and General Chemistry

Chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry as advanced in the HAV310C program

Training on competition-type subjects

- Chemical kinetics

- Reaction mechanisms

Solution chemistry

- Electron transfer in aqueous phase

- Complexes in aqueous solution

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In a context where nutrition has become the center of interest of an increasingly large public, the objective of this EU is the establishment of benchmarks for food consumption with a scientific approach.

This course will introduce the basics of food and nutrition through the description of nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals), nutritional requirements and the different food groups. Some food processes and technologies will also be discussed. 

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This course is offered to L2 Life Sciences students wishing to learn more about how biotechnologies can contribute to the current and future challenges of sustainable production of agricultural and agri-food resources.

Man uses the properties of photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms to obtain and transform multiple resources and services: food products for humans or livestock, therapeutic molecules, construction materials, etc. This use is dependent on natural conditions and its impact on the environment is likely to be reversed, for example via the withdrawal or deterioration of limited and/or non-renewable resources (water, soil, etc.). It is therefore important, for this production of resources to be sustainable, that its organization (notion of agronomy) integrates the knowledge of these impacts and relies on the understanding of the properties of plants and microorganisms to meet these challenges. The development and use of new biotechnologies in the fields of applied genetics and plant physiology, the use of microorganisms, and the favorable or unfavorable interactions between these microorganisms and plants, contribute greatly to these sustainable agronomy strategies.

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The aim of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative way, in the light of Tinbergen's four 'whys': from its ontogeny, its neurobiological causes to its evolution and its biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, the students will be accompanied in order to apprehend the diversity of the features involved as well as the diversity of the approaches and the associated scientific questionings. This course will thus highlight, through different examples, the diversity of disciplines studying animal behavior: Neurosciences, Ethology, Behavioral Ecology and will help students to pursue their studies in the appropriate fields of Animal Physiology and Neurosciences/ Evolutionary Biology and Ecology/ Others....

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1- Linux basics (1,5h CM + 3hTD): Basic commands to navigate under Linux and understand the logic of this language. Small exercises to extract information in bash/shell. Element used for the analysis of alignment files.

2- Database (3h CM + 4,5hTD): know the main bibliographic and biological databases (NCBI, Ensembl, Galaxie...). Know how to make relevant and efficient queries, exploit, sort, description of the different formats

3- Sequence analysis (1,5hCM + 4,5H TD): Alignment and comparison of sequences with a small introduction to phylogeny (dot plot, Blast ...)

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This compulsory UE of S4 allows students to consolidate and deepen the bases of molecular and cellular biology acquired in L1.

- Cell biology: The teaching will focus on 4 major themes: 1) The functioning of the cell cytoskeleton, 2) Cell adhesion, 3) Protein trafficking, 4) Introduction to cell cycle regulation. Cell biology methodologies will also be presented: immunoprecipitation for the detection of protein interactions, fluorescence videomicroscopy to follow the dynamics of cell distribution, evaluation of the importance of proteins of interest in a cellular process by strategies to modulate their expression (RNA interference, overexpression).

- Molecular biology : After acquiring in semester 3 knowledge concerning the mechanisms of transcription and translation, we will approach the regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, the bases of the mechanisms of regulation of expression in eukaryotes.

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This UE is intended for students of L2 Life Sciences preparing the B competitive entrance exam to the national schools of agronomy and veterinary medicine (Parcours Prépa Concours Agro Véto). This exam includes a 30-minute oral test with the jury, which counts for half of the admission grade. This test corresponds to a recruitment interview, during which the student must convince the jury of the maturity of his or her professional project and the coherence of his or her training path to achieve this project.

The objective of this course is to prepare for this type of recruitment interview (content and form) by guiding the students' thinking and work on

- the arguments concerning the professional project on the one hand, and their training, aptitudes and aspirations on the other, and the coherence between these two aspects

- the transmission of this argument in writing through an adapted CV

- the clear, synthetic and organized presentation of this argument during the oral presentation (first part of the interview)

- the answer to the jury's questions

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Science and technology are, more than ever, at the heart of our societies. Many of them are sources of ethical, societal and economic issues. Some of them are major societal issues, both in terms of health (GMOs, pesticides, stem cells, etc.) and the environment (loss of biodiversity, climate change).

We will rely on articles published in daily and weekly newspapers on scientific issues with societal stakes. The aim is first to present the article and the theme at stake, the author's position. Secondly, through the opening of a debate, students will develop their argumentation skills, their ability to listen and to respect the various points of view. This course also allows students to prepare for the Science & Society test of the PCAV B exam.

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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The Physiology of major functions (semester 4) aims to describe the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to maintaining a constant internal environment. Acquisition of anatomical and functional knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems and their nervous and hormonal controls. Understand the combined action of these major systems through examples of integrative physiology and pathologies: respiratory and cardiac insufficiency; hemorrhage; exposure to extreme environments.

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This compulsory course will allow students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will allow them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-The understanding of bioenergetics in order to study the processes by which living cells carry, transmit, use, store and release energy;
-the study of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

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This teaching unit is a specific UE of the preparation for the B agro-Véto competitive examination. It completes and ends the chemistry courses of L1 and S3.

The teaching will be dedicated to the correction of exam annals and to training through regular tests.

The following courses will be taught in parallel:

In Organic Chemistry

Functional Organic Chemistry as per the progress of the HAV310C program.

Carbonyl derivatives, aldehydes and ketones Part 2

Acids and acid derivatives

Some biomolecules (sugars, amino acids) and multi-step synthesis

Regular training on competition subjects

In Physical and General Chemistry

Chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry as advanced in the HAV310C program

Training on competition-type subjects

- Chemical kinetics

- Reaction mechanisms

Solution chemistry

- Electron transfer in aqueous phase

- Complexes in aqueous solution

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their application in human and medical genetics. This course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical and molecular genetics.

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