MASTER'S DEGREE IN HEALTH BIOLOGY

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This course consists mainly of theoretical lectures dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico, and post-genomic technologies) Strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Adhesion of bacteria to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, management of membrane permeability, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V, and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).

Parasitology: Cellular organization and physiology of major pathogens within parasitic unicellular eukaryotes (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic characteristics and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Pathophysiology and immune response evasion

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Virus replication strategies; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interactions; 

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The program offers refresher courses and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cell Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3. Cellular addressing and trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases related to trafficking, and hijacking by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, dynamics of microtubules and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic dysregulation associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency; embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and mechanisms of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of programmed cell death dysregulation.

Various study models are presented to introduce the importance of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in understanding human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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The "Cellular Physiopathology and Cancer" course aims to provide students with the knowledge necessary to follow the "Cancer Biology" program in M2. The course is organized in the form of a conference with an introductory section followed by a section on current research in laboratories. Students are required to give an oral presentation on a scientific article (usually in pairs).

The aim of the cellular pathophysiology and cancer teaching unit is to provide the scientific background necessary to follow the cancer biology M2 program. Each lecture is organized as a conference starting with a general introduction to the field and followed by a more specialized emphasis on research done in laboratories. Students have to prepare an oral presentation based on the analysis of a scientific article (generally in pairs).

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-A general introduction to developmental biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic testing reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), concept of "master gene," clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germline clones), concept of cellular autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer traps, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry, etc.), model organisms (Drosophila, C. elegans, mice, etc.).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR, etc. systems.

-Positional information, genes with maternal effects, and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information = induction, Spemann and Mangold's experiment, organizing centers, concept of morphogens in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: anteroposterior, dorsoventral.

Genetic screens: genes with maternal effects and genes with zygotic effects. Cell communication and signaling pathways: in establishing the dorsoventral axis, in limb formation, in establishing cell fate (some examples: nervous system: lateral inhibition process, etc.).

-Segmentation: gap genes, pair rule genes, and segmental polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, concept of gene networks. Coupling of transcription and signaling pathways in cell fate.

-Transcriptional program memory through epigenetic mechanisms:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity. Concepts of Evo-Devo. Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms during cell differentiation

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Behaviors, whether determined by conscious or unconscious processes, are based on complex neurobiological substrates. They are underpinned by molecular and cellular changes within the nervous system that modulate the neural networks responsible for motor and emotional processes linked to an individual's memory. These processes are fundamental in enabling the organism to develop an integrated behavioral response in close interaction with its environment, thereby ensuring the adaptation and survival of the individual and their species.

The topics covered in the Behavioral Neurobiology course will be as follows:

-Gene–behavior

The relationship between genotype and phenotype -Impact of the environment –Attentional processes/Movement planning -Behavioral disorders (genetic and environmental aspects)

-Memory and synaptic plasticity

Methodological approaches to studying synaptic plasticity: electrophysiology, optogenetics, animal models, behavioral tests—Factors regulating synaptic plasticity, including genetic and epigenetic factors—The relationship between plasticity and memory—The neurobiology of memory, forgetting, and reconsolidation

-Neurobiology of emotions

Neurobiological substrates of emotions - Functions of emotions - Maladjustment: Pathological aspects: Emotional disorders

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The neuropsychopharmacology EU deals with the molecular, cellular, and integrated mechanisms underlying the mode of action of psychotropic drugs, using a few pathologies (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, etc.) as examples. It aims to understand how the principles of pharmacology apply specifically to mental disorders (e.g., pharmacodynamics, tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, etc.). Based on advances in neurobiology research and their therapeutic applications in medication, the course aims to understand the concepts underlying the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

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This course consists mainly of theoretical lectures dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico, and post-genomic technologies) Strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Adhesion of bacteria to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, management of membrane permeability, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V, and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).

Parasitology: Cellular organization and physiology of major pathogens within parasitic unicellular eukaryotes (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic characteristics and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Pathophysiology and immune response evasion

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Virus replication strategies; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interactions; 

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1) What is the genetic program underlying the development of the nervous system? This course highlights the type of decisions that gradually determine the neural fate of cells and ensure their nervous function. The different stages considered are:

(i) the genesis of the nervous system

(ii) the specification of neurons

(iii)nerve function: axonal guidance and connectivity

(iv) neural remodeling

2) What molecular, cellular, and environmental interactions control the development of the nervous system?

-Synaptogenesis and the major stages of development.

-Roles of neurotrophic factors

-Roles of electrical activity

-Critical periods

-Roles of neuron-glial cell interactions.

-Neural stem cells

3) Developmental disorders

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Neuromuscular physiology:

Skeletal striated muscle: The neuromuscular junction; Muscle contraction/relaxation; Myotypology; Plasticity; Muscle metabolism.

Neuromuscular diseases: Causes; symptoms; clinical diagnosis (clinical examinations; laboratory tests): EMG, blood tests, functional tests, etc.; Muscular dystrophies: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Becker muscular dystrophy; facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy FSHD: zebrafish model; mouse model; cell models; clinical trials.

Respiratory physiology:

Respiratory physiology: Anatomy of the respiratory system; mechanism of respiration; gas exchange; transport of respiratory gases by the blood; regulation of respiration

Respiratory exploration in small animals: Why explore respiratory function in small animals? Plethysmography; in vitro contractile force.

Functional Respiratory Testing: performing and interpreting respiratory tests in human pathology; spirometry: Level 1 and Level 2; pulmonary diffusion capacity; arterial blood gases; specific testing of respiratory muscles; 6-minute walk test; exercise testing; testing at high altitude.

Cardiovascular physiology:

Reminders about the anatomy of the heart: size, location, and orientation; the heart's outer layer; layers of the heart wall; chambers and large vessels of the heart; blood flow through the heart; heart valves; blood supply to the heart: coronary circulation; properties of heart muscle tissue.

Review of heart physiology: regulation of the basic rhythm; cardiac conduction system; modification of the basic rhythm: extrinsic innervation of the heart; electrocardiography; mechanical phenomena: cardiac cycle; cardiac output; regulation of stroke volume; regulation of heart rate.

Review of vascular physiology: anatomy of the circulatory system; lymphatic system; vascular wall structure; blood pressure; vascular smooth muscle and vasomotor function; endothelial function.

Vascular function and dysfunction; functional testing: measurement of arterial distensibility; measurement of arterial wave velocity; pharmacological testing of endothelium-dependent vasomotor function; ultrasound testing; echo-tracking; ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound.

How can vascular function be evaluated experimentally? Isolated artery loop model Cardiac Doppler ultrasound: a fabulous tool in clinical and experimental research; Ultrasound: anatomical and functional analysis; Doppler: flow analysis; Application to animal models.

Translational research: example of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (myocardial infarction); Animal models; isolated perfused heart (Langendorf); Isolated cardiomyocytes; Cardioprotection techniques.

Endocrinology: weight balance

Description of eating behavior; Energy balance; Central structures regulating food intake; Mechanisms regulating food intake; Factors modulating appetite and food intake; Nutritional assessment; Eating disorders; Functional exploration: impedance measurement; DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); MRI; assessment of energy expenditure: calorimetry.

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The EU will first address the main communication pathways between normal cells and intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms. Thus, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) will be studied, namely their structure, function, and modulation by interaction proteins involved in particular in the phenomenon of desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by membrane GCRs will be addressed (MAP kinase pathways, PI3 kinase, etc.).

Next, a significant portion of the course will focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cellular signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the response of lymphocytes after antigen stimulation. Furthermore, the production of oxygen free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. In this context, the pathways of protection against oxidative stress will also be studied.The following chapter will address the endocannabinoid system, which will allow us to recap all the topics previously discussed in the course. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other topics will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which allows for highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the pancreatic β-cell, whose activity is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin secretion.

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Internship lasting more than four months in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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The physiology lab allows students to record cardiac action potentials in frog hearts using the intracellular microelectrode technique. This is a qualitative and quantitative method for measuring the electrical activity of the heart muscle.

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Cell culture is a basic technique in laboratories and is constantly evolving. It is important to understand its fundamentals, which are often poorly understood despite being an essential methodology in research and industry.

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Are you a third-year undergraduate or first-year master's student in Languedoc-Roussillon? Would you like to work in small groups with students from other programs on a project based on an unused scientific patent? Would you like to be supported and challenged by professional business creation coaches? Sign up for PEPITE Patent Project to present an innovative business creation project based on the exploitation of a real patent provided by a local research team that will open its doors to you!

Why?

-Because you can start your own business regardless of your field of study

-To be selected by an incubator-type support structure

-To build a network in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation

What is the PEPITE Patent Project? A teaching unit consisting of key moments:

-a 3-day "tool training" seminar

-regular meetings with coaches

-deliverables to be submitted: summary note, market study, business plan

-a final 10-minute pitch to present your innovative business

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Teaching is carried out by lecturers and researchers from the medical, science, and pharmacy departments. It consists of 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into seven themes (see Syllabus), including two series of article presentations: the first series on articles proposed by the lecturers for each theme covered, and the second series on articles chosen by the students. Students organize a mini-symposium at the end of the course where the articles are presented. They write summaries of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

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Proteins are now widely used as therapeutic tools in human and animal health. Knowledge of the synthesis pathways of peptides and proteins, their folding, and their possible post-translational modifications is essential before considering any biosynthesis of therapeutic proteins. Methods for better characterizing these proteins are also essential to guarantee the quality of proteins produced for therapeutic or industrial use. Protein engineering methods designed to improve their original properties will also be discussed.

The EU comprises lectures and tutorials, delivered by faculty members and researchers.

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Bioinformatics focuses on the creation and use of digital and mathematical approaches applied to life sciences. The main applications concern the automatic processing of biological data and issues of modeling, analysis, and data integration in the field of life sciences. This course unit aims to provide a solid foundation in sequence analysis using bioinformatics tools and in immunoinformatics. Theoretical aspects will be covered and reinforced by practical aspects (exercises and project work). This course unit may or may not be taught in English, depending on the level of the students. The course unit includes lectures and practical work, carried out by teacher-researchers.

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In the field of bioprocess engineering, knowledge of the metabolism of catalysts (cells, microorganisms) is essential. The EU will be dedicated to describing the diversity of valuable microbial metabolites (primary and secondary metabolites) and the bioprocesses that exploit these microorganisms to produce these molecules.

This course unit includes interactive lectures, tutorials, and practical work (practical work in the computer lab + individual project work in small groups).

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Within biotechnology, bioprocesses correspond to the industrial implementation of living tools (whether enzymes, microorganisms, or cells from higher organisms) for the synthesis of products of interest. In this teaching unit (TU), the focus will be on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. Products of interest may include fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates, and biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge, skills, and expertise acquired in this teaching unit will be transferable to any sector of biotechnology. The examples given will correspond to the career opportunities targeted by the two programs (Agrosciences and Health).

The EU will focus on bioprocesses and the environment in which the biological reaction will be controlled (the bioreactor). The course will also address the issue of describing and modeling a biological reaction, including a presentation of the approach applied in bioprocess engineering. The rest of the course will be devoted to the application of this approach to reactors operated in batch mode (or discontinuous culture). Other operating modes will be covered by the M2 HAV930V course "Bioprocess Engineering - Continuous and Fed-Batch."

This course unit includes interactive lectures, tutorials, and practical work (practical work in the computer lab + individual project work in small groups).

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Teaching module focused on the professional world, with general introductions to predefined topics targeting the biotechnological exploitation of microorganisms (antimicrobials, microbiota, probiotics, applied virology, etc.), followed by presentations by industry professionals who come to talk about their career paths, their companies, and/or the development of a project. This teaching unit covers red biotechnologies (health applications) as well as other colors of biotechnology (green/agronomy, blue/marine, white/industrial, yellow/environmental).

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Within biotechnology, the production of recombinant proteins in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems represents a mature and attractive technological field with high employability. It is also a very important area of research in which many challenges remain to be addressed. The bioproduction of biomedicines (recombinant proteins as well as monoclonal antibodies) represents a major challenge in human therapeutics, but also in many areas of biotechnology (environmental, industrial, agronomic, marine, etc.). Before designing any biological drug involving a bioproduction stage, it is essential to understand the different eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems used in biotechnology and to have a comprehensive overview of the landscape and challenges of bioproduction in France, Europe, and around the world.

This course unit includes interactive lectures. It is taught by various academic and industry experts involved in the field.

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This EU presents the specific features of healthcare applications in the field of bioprocesses. Case studies on the production of biopharmaceuticals and innovative therapeutic drugs are provided (e.g., clinical-grade production of cell therapy products). The entire production chain is covered, with a particular focus on downstream processes (or DownStream Processing, DSP), which are particularly important for healthcare products (separation, extraction, purification, and even formulation operations). DSP represents a significant portion of production costs, and there are many expectations and challenges associated with these technologies, particularly with the development of single-use technologies. Upstream processing (USP) is covered in depth in the complementary teaching units of the Bioproduction specialization (HAV930V and HAV911V).

This course unit includes lectures and conferences with numerous presentations by industry professionals who will share their expertise and vision of the field with students. Beyond the technological aspects, these presentations will also provide an opportunity to discuss Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), quality control, and the management of economic and environmental constraints.

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The commercialization of research into industrial applications will require strategies and stakeholders at the interface between the scientific and socio-economic worlds. Identifying and protecting the innovative nature of a discovery will be followed by the search for funding and partners to transform this idea into economic reality.

This course unit will focus on providing students with all the tools they need to promote their work with a view to discovering new therapeutic tools. This course unit includes lectures given by legal academics and professionals in the field, as well as a supervised project that runs throughout the course unit. Work will also be carried out in the Learning Lab: identifying innovative research, drafting a patent, developing a commercialization plan, creating a business, and developing a business plan.

This EU will involve university professors, industrialists, and professionals in the fields of patents and commercialization.

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Within biotechnology, bioprocesses involve the industrial application of living organisms (whether enzymes, microorganisms, or eukaryotic cells) for the synthesis of products of interest. This course will focus on the central stage of the bioprocess: biological reactions in reactors. More specifically, it will focus on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. Products of interest may include fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates, and biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge and skills acquired during this course unit will be transferable to any sector of activity. Examples will be given in the fields corresponding to the main career opportunities for the two programs concerned (Agrosciences and Health). This course is a direct continuation of the M1 HAV811V course "Bioprocess Engineering - Batch." It focuses on the UpStream Processing (USP) aspects of bioprocesses.

The first classes will provide an overview of bioprocesses and the approach applied in bioprocess engineering, as well as a brief review of batch mode (prerequisite for M1). The bulk of the course will then be devoted to the application of bioprocess engineering to reactors operated in continuous and Fed-Batch mode (or semi-(dis)continuous culture).

Cross-disciplinary modules will also be offered:

-Transfer management (management of mixing, heat transfer, gas transfer) with a strong focus on gas transfer and how to ensure the oxygen requirements of a culture (kLa, OUR, OTR).-Culture medium design

-Basic assessments (carbon footprint and redox balance)

-Development of an indicator for monitoring biological response: the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

This course includes interactive lectures and tutorials.

An intensive practical application (1 month) in the form of a project is planned for students in the M2 Biology-Health/IBIS/specialization in bioproduction as part of the "Multidisciplinary lab project: from gene to protein" course units. For these students, a strong link is also planned with the specialization course units (HAV910V, HAV911V, and HAA910V). Please refer to the descriptions of these course units for more information.

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The multidisciplinary lab project, also called “Gene to Protein project”, will be a "learning by doing" project. The students will be in charge of the bioproduction of a protein using E. coli as a host. If they follow both parts of the project (1 & 2, like students from the Biohealth master's program), they will start with strain construction and continue with pilot-scale production and purification of the protein. Bioprocess engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field of study. The students (and future workers in the field) will benefit from project-based learning with an important practical component, where they can actively experience the interconnection between biology, engineering, and physical sciences.

Part 2 of the project will be dedicated to the "production process design and pilot scale production" of the recombinant protein using a high-cell density fed-batch culture. It will be a multidisciplinary, hands-on training course in Bioprocess Engineering and will be organized over three different periods:

-Week 1: In the Learning Lab, students will participate in workshops to design and plan a production process in accordance with available equipment and data (scientific papers, reports, websites, previous results from UE "Multidisciplinary Lab Project 1"). Based on the bottlenecks identified for the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, students will choose the culture process to be used, define the production objectives, simulate the culture (planning objective), design a sampling plan, design the culture medium, etc.

-Week 2: In practical training rooms on pilot-scale equipment (20L working volume bioreactor), students will prepare the bioreactor and everything they need to perform the pilot-scale culture. They will be responsible for monitoring the culture and processing real-time data in order to detect and correct any deviations from the anticipated progress of the culture.

-Week 3: In learning labs, students will process and analyze the data. They will be responsible for interpreting and discussing the results and writing a professional report.

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Teaching module focused on the professional world, with general introductions to predefined topics targeting the biotechnological exploitation of microorganisms (antimicrobials, microbiota, probiotics, applied virology, etc.), followed by presentations by industry professionals who come to talk about their career paths, their companies, and/or the development of a project. This teaching unit covers red biotechnologies (health applications) as well as other colors of biotechnology (green/agronomy, blue/marine, white/industrial, yellow/environmental).

See the full page

Within biotechnology, the production of recombinant proteins in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems represents a mature and attractive technological field with high employability. It is also a very important area of research in which many challenges remain to be addressed. The bioproduction of biomedicines (recombinant proteins as well as monoclonal antibodies) represents a major challenge in human therapeutics, but also in many areas of biotechnology (environmental, industrial, agronomic, marine, etc.). Before designing any biological drug involving a bioproduction stage, it is essential to understand the different eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems used in biotechnology and to have a comprehensive overview of the landscape and challenges of bioproduction in France, Europe, and around the world.

This course unit includes interactive lectures. It is taught by various academic and industry experts involved in the field.

See the full page

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See the full page

This EU presents the specific features of healthcare applications in the field of bioprocesses. Case studies on the production of biopharmaceuticals and innovative therapeutic drugs are provided (e.g., clinical-grade production of cell therapy products). The entire production chain is covered, with a particular focus on downstream processes (or DownStream Processing, DSP), which are particularly important for healthcare products (separation, extraction, purification, and even formulation operations). DSP represents a significant portion of production costs, and there are many expectations and challenges associated with these technologies, particularly with the development of single-use technologies. Upstream processing (USP) is covered in depth in the complementary teaching units of the Bioproduction specialization (HAV930V and HAV911V).

This course unit includes lectures and conferences with numerous presentations by industry professionals who will share their expertise and vision of the field with students. Beyond the technological aspects, these presentations will also provide an opportunity to discuss Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), quality control, and the management of economic and environmental constraints.

See the full page

The commercialization of research into industrial applications will require strategies and stakeholders at the interface between the scientific and socio-economic worlds. Identifying and protecting the innovative nature of a discovery will be followed by the search for funding and partners to transform this idea into economic reality.

This course unit will focus on providing students with all the tools they need to promote their work with a view to discovering new therapeutic tools. This course unit includes lectures given by legal academics and professionals in the field, as well as a supervised project that runs throughout the course unit. Work will also be carried out in the Learning Lab: identifying innovative research, drafting a patent, developing a commercialization plan, creating a business, and developing a business plan.

This EU will involve university professors, industrialists, and professionals in the fields of patents and commercialization.

See the full page

Within biotechnology, bioprocesses involve the industrial application of living organisms (whether enzymes, microorganisms, or eukaryotic cells) for the synthesis of products of interest. This course will focus on the central stage of the bioprocess: biological reactions in reactors. More specifically, it will focus on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. Products of interest may include fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates, and biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge and skills acquired during this course unit will be transferable to any sector of activity. Examples will be given in the fields corresponding to the main career opportunities for the two programs concerned (Agrosciences and Health). This course is a direct continuation of the M1 HAV811V course "Bioprocess Engineering - Batch." It focuses on the UpStream Processing (USP) aspects of bioprocesses.

The first classes will provide an overview of bioprocesses and the approach applied in bioprocess engineering, as well as a brief review of batch mode (prerequisite for M1). The bulk of the course will then be devoted to the application of bioprocess engineering to reactors operated in continuous and Fed-Batch mode (or semi-(dis)continuous culture).

Cross-disciplinary modules will also be offered:

-Transfer management (management of mixing, heat transfer, gas transfer) with a strong focus on gas transfer and how to ensure the oxygen requirements of a culture (kLa, OUR, OTR).-Culture medium design

-Basic assessments (carbon footprint and redox balance)

-Development of an indicator for monitoring biological response: the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

This course includes interactive lectures and tutorials.

An intensive practical application (1 month) in the form of a project is planned for students in the M2 Biology-Health/IBIS/specialization in bioproduction as part of the "Multidisciplinary lab project: from gene to protein" course units. For these students, a strong link is also planned with the specialization course units (HAV910V, HAV911V, and HAA910V). Please refer to the descriptions of these course units for more information.

See the full page

See the full page

The multidisciplinary lab project, also called “Gene to Protein project”, will be a "learning by doing" project. The students will be in charge of the bioproduction of a protein using E. coli as a host. If they follow both parts of the project (1 & 2, like students from the Biohealth master's program), they will start with strain construction and continue with pilot-scale production and purification of the protein. Bioprocess engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field of study. The students (and future workers in the field) will benefit from project-based learning with an important practical component, where they can actively experience the interconnection between biology, engineering, and physical sciences.

Part 2 of the project will be dedicated to the "production process design and pilot scale production" of the recombinant protein using a high-cell density fed-batch culture. It will be a multidisciplinary, hands-on training course in Bioprocess Engineering and will be organized over three different periods:

-Week 1: In the Learning Lab, students will participate in workshops to design and plan a production process in accordance with available equipment and data (scientific papers, reports, websites, previous results from UE "Multidisciplinary Lab Project 1"). Based on the bottlenecks identified for the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, students will choose the culture process to be used, define the production objectives, simulate the culture (planning objective), design a sampling plan, design the culture medium, etc.

-Week 2: In practical training rooms on pilot-scale equipment (20L working volume bioreactor), students will prepare the bioreactor and everything they need to perform the pilot-scale culture. They will be responsible for monitoring the culture and processing real-time data in order to detect and correct any deviations from the anticipated progress of the culture.

-Week 3: In learning labs, students will process and analyze the data. They will be responsible for interpreting and discussing the results and writing a professional report.

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The EU will first address the main communication pathways between normal cells and intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms. Thus, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) will be studied, namely their structure, function, and modulation by interaction proteins involved in particular in the phenomenon of desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by membrane GCRs will be addressed (MAP kinase pathways, PI3 kinase, etc.).

Next, a significant portion of the course will focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cellular signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the response of lymphocytes after antigen stimulation. Furthermore, the production of oxygen free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. In this context, the pathways of protection against oxidative stress will also be studied.The following chapter will address the endocannabinoid system, which will allow us to recap all the topics previously discussed in the course. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other topics will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which allows for highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the pancreatic β-cell, whose activity is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin secretion.

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The program offers refresher courses and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cell Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3. Cellular addressing and trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases related to trafficking, and hijacking by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, dynamics of microtubules and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic dysregulation associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency; embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and mechanisms of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of programmed cell death dysregulation.

Various study models are presented to introduce the importance of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in understanding human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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-A general introduction to developmental biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic testing reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), concept of "master gene," clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germline clones), concept of cellular autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer traps, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry, etc.), model organisms (Drosophila, C. elegans, mice, etc.).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR, etc. systems.

-Positional information, genes with maternal effects, and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information = induction, Spemann and Mangold's experiment, organizing centers, concept of morphogens in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: anteroposterior, dorsoventral.

Genetic screens: genes with maternal effects and genes with zygotic effects. Cell communication and signaling pathways: in establishing the dorsoventral axis, in limb formation, in establishing cell fate (some examples: nervous system: lateral inhibition process, etc.).

-Segmentation: gap genes, pair rule genes, and segmental polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, concept of gene networks. Coupling of transcription and signaling pathways in cell fate.

-Transcriptional program memory through epigenetic mechanisms:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity. Concepts of Evo-Devo. Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms during cell differentiation

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Two- to four-month internship in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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Internship lasting more than four months in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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Cell culture is a basic technique in laboratories and is constantly evolving. It is important to understand its fundamentals, which are often poorly understood despite being an essential methodology in research and industry.

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The TER aims to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographic analysis that will enable them to approach their internship with knowledge of the state of the art in the field, in particular in order to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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Internship lasting at least four months in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad.

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The Bootcamp is an intensive course at the beginning of the first semester, before the start of the courses that characterize the programs. Its purpose is to refresh and/or upgrade students' knowledge of the basics of mathematics, physics, computer science, and biology.

The course will be adapted to suit the students enrolled, with the aim of ensuring a more consistent start to the program. Students will be immersed in various role-playing activities in small groups. They will have to solve puzzles using their knowledge of biology, physics/mathematics, chemistry, and programming, as in an escape game lasting several days.

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This course unit aims to provide a broad overview of emerging quantitative interdisciplinary fields in biosciences, ranging from cutting-edge experimental techniques in microscopy and synthetic biology to systemic approaches.

In an innovative way, these methodological aspects will be presented in the context of biological and biophysical concepts such as the robustness and optimality of biological systems, gene regulation, and the fundamental principles underlying the organization of membranes and the genome.

The main topics will first be introduced through traditional lectures and then developed through individual or team projects, where students will learn to apply specific techniques through examples and see how these can be used to explore specific biological questions. These projects will involve bibliographic studies, the use of existing code, or the development of new code (depending on the student's experience) and will constitute half of the final assessment.

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In this teaching unit (practical), we will first present the general concepts of synthetic biology, which will then be applied to student team projects (assessed). We will provide basic knowledge to understand all the fundamental concepts, approaches, and current tools of synthetic biology that will be used throughout the course and practical sessions, ranging from gene design and synthesis to the construction of genetic libraries, from fluorescence measurements (e.g., plate readers) to flow cytometers.

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Students will acquire the fundamental knowledge and advanced techniques of microscopy that enable them to push the boundaries of knowledge in biology. The teaching is progressive and modular, built entirely around practical projects: constructing a simple microscope, using state-of-the-art microscopes to study complex biological processes in bacteria and eukaryotes. Students will be immersed in a stimulating scientific environment. The program will require significant personal investment through experimental projects, article analysis, and case studies. Communication skills will also be developed through oral presentations and written reports.

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Two- to four-month internship in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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The TER aims to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographic analysis that will enable them to approach their internship with knowledge of the state of the art in the field, in particular in order to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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This practical course is based on mini-projects applying structural study techniques for biomolecules (X-ray crystallography, NMR, cryo-EM, mass spectrometry). In addition, students will learn the biophysical and biochemical techniques used to characterize the molecules analyzed and their interactions.

For each approach, students will learn the basic principles, sample preparation requirements, data acquisition, and data analysis.

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The Workshop is a series of lectures given by external speakers.

The topic will change every year, with at least one leading speaker working in a given field. The topic will be decided one year in advance. We will encourage the speaker and participants to write notes based on the lectures, which will contribute to the evaluation of the course.

Students in the qbio program have funds to organize a conference alongside the main conference (brainstorming on the topic with mentors, finding and inviting speakers, managing funding and advertising).

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Lab2 is a short internship in a research laboratory (2 months).

Students are encouraged to work with different teams on interdisciplinary topics. Normally, Lab2 takes place in a laboratory in Montpellier so that students can follow the other teaching units during semester 3, but exceptions are possible depending on the timetable.

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Lab3 is the end-of-Master's internship (>= 5 months). Students must work on a research project in a French or international laboratory, different from the team with which they completed their Lab2.

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This course is a workshop that will accompany students during semester 3 to teach them how to write a scientific report. This workshop will take place throughout the semester in parallel with their internship.

Students will learn how to approach, understand, and critique a scientific article.

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The program offers refresher courses and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cell Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3. Cellular addressing and trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases related to trafficking, and hijacking by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, dynamics of microtubules and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic dysregulation associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency; embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and mechanisms of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of programmed cell death dysregulation.

Various study models are presented to introduce the importance of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in understanding human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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The "Cellular Physiopathology and Cancer" course aims to provide students with the knowledge necessary to follow the "Cancer Biology" program in M2. The course is organized in the form of a conference with an introductory section followed by a section on current research in laboratories. Students are required to give an oral presentation on a scientific article (usually in pairs).

The aim of the cellular pathophysiology and cancer teaching unit is to provide the scientific background necessary to follow the cancer biology M2 program. Each lecture is organized as a conference starting with a general introduction to the field and followed by a more specialized emphasis on research done in laboratories. Students have to prepare an oral presentation based on the analysis of a scientific article (generally in pairs).

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-A general introduction to developmental biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic testing reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), concept of "master gene," clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germline clones), concept of cellular autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer traps, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry, etc.), model organisms (Drosophila, C. elegans, mice, etc.).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR, etc. systems.

-Positional information, genes with maternal effects, and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information = induction, Spemann and Mangold's experiment, organizing centers, concept of morphogens in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: anteroposterior, dorsoventral.

Genetic screens: genes with maternal effects and genes with zygotic effects. Cell communication and signaling pathways: in establishing the dorsoventral axis, in limb formation, in establishing cell fate (some examples: nervous system: lateral inhibition process, etc.).

-Segmentation: gap genes, pair rule genes, and segmental polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, concept of gene networks. Coupling of transcription and signaling pathways in cell fate.

-Transcriptional program memory through epigenetic mechanisms:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity. Concepts of Evo-Devo. Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms during cell differentiation

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Three main topics are covered:

-Study of weight and thermal homeostasis in relation to a model of dysfunction: obesity. To this end, we will examine energy balance in terms of food intake and energy expenditure, comprising basal metabolism, physical activity, and adaptive thermogenesis (AT), and their respective regulation.

-Study of biological rhythms, via the description of the nature and properties of biological rhythms (ultradian, circadian, and infradian), the description of endogenous circadian oscillators, and a detailed presentation of the molecular mechanisms of circadian clocks.

-Study of the different stages and physiological principles of breathing. Theoretical teaching will be supplemented by tutorials. Tutorials are based on document studies and the analysis of scientific articles in English. The choice of different scientific materials aims to show the interaction between the various topics covered and thus the concept of integrative physiology.

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Neuromuscular physiology:

Skeletal striated muscle: The neuromuscular junction; Muscle contraction/relaxation; Myotypology; Plasticity; Muscle metabolism.

Neuromuscular diseases: Causes; symptoms; clinical diagnosis (clinical examinations; laboratory tests): EMG, blood tests, functional tests, etc.; Muscular dystrophies: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Becker muscular dystrophy; facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy FSHD: zebrafish model; mouse model; cell models; clinical trials.

Respiratory physiology:

Respiratory physiology: Anatomy of the respiratory system; mechanism of respiration; gas exchange; transport of respiratory gases by the blood; regulation of respiration

Respiratory exploration in small animals: Why explore respiratory function in small animals? Plethysmography; in vitro contractile force.

Functional Respiratory Testing: performing and interpreting respiratory tests in human pathology; spirometry: Level 1 and Level 2; pulmonary diffusion capacity; arterial blood gases; specific testing of respiratory muscles; 6-minute walk test; exercise testing; testing at high altitude.

Cardiovascular physiology:

Reminders about the anatomy of the heart: size, location, and orientation; the heart's outer layer; layers of the heart wall; chambers and large vessels of the heart; blood flow through the heart; heart valves; blood supply to the heart: coronary circulation; properties of heart muscle tissue.

Review of heart physiology: regulation of the basic rhythm; cardiac conduction system; modification of the basic rhythm: extrinsic innervation of the heart; electrocardiography; mechanical phenomena: cardiac cycle; cardiac output; regulation of stroke volume; regulation of heart rate.

Review of vascular physiology: anatomy of the circulatory system; lymphatic system; vascular wall structure; blood pressure; vascular smooth muscle and vasomotor function; endothelial function.

Vascular function and dysfunction; functional testing: measurement of arterial distensibility; measurement of arterial wave velocity; pharmacological testing of endothelium-dependent vasomotor function; ultrasound testing; echo-tracking; ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound.

How can vascular function be evaluated experimentally? Isolated artery loop model Cardiac Doppler ultrasound: a fabulous tool in clinical and experimental research; Ultrasound: anatomical and functional analysis; Doppler: flow analysis; Application to animal models.

Translational research: example of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (myocardial infarction); Animal models; isolated perfused heart (Langendorf); Isolated cardiomyocytes; Cardioprotection techniques.

Endocrinology: weight balance

Description of eating behavior; Energy balance; Central structures regulating food intake; Mechanisms regulating food intake; Factors modulating appetite and food intake; Nutritional assessment; Eating disorders; Functional exploration: impedance measurement; DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); MRI; assessment of energy expenditure: calorimetry.

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This course unit aims to provide a broad overview of emerging quantitative interdisciplinary fields in biosciences, ranging from cutting-edge experimental techniques in microscopy and synthetic biology to systemic approaches.

In an innovative way, these methodological aspects will be presented in the context of biological and biophysical concepts such as the robustness and optimality of biological systems, gene regulation, and the fundamental principles underlying the organization of membranes and the genome.

The main topics will first be introduced through traditional lectures and then developed through individual or team projects, where students will learn to apply specific techniques through examples and see how these can be used to explore specific biological questions. These projects will involve bibliographic studies, the use of existing code, or the development of new code (depending on the student's experience) and will constitute half of the final assessment.

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The EU will first address the main communication pathways between normal cells and intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms. Thus, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) will be studied, namely their structure, function, and modulation by interaction proteins involved in particular in the phenomenon of desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by membrane GCRs will be addressed (MAP kinase pathways, PI3 kinase, etc.).

Next, a significant portion of the course will focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cellular signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the response of lymphocytes after antigen stimulation. Furthermore, the production of oxygen free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. In this context, the pathways of protection against oxidative stress will also be studied.The following chapter will address the endocannabinoid system, which will allow us to recap all the topics previously discussed in the course. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other topics will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which allows for highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the pancreatic β-cell, whose activity is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin secretion.

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Two- to four-month internship in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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The TER aims to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographic analysis that will enable them to approach their internship with knowledge of the state of the art in the field, in particular in order to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

See the full page

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Internship lasting more than four months in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad

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Cell culture is a basic technique in laboratories and is constantly evolving. It is important to understand its fundamentals, which are often poorly understood despite being an essential methodology in research and industry.

See the full page

Teaching is carried out by lecturers and researchers from the medical, science, and pharmacy departments. It consists of 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into seven themes (see Syllabus), including two series of article presentations: the first series on articles proposed by the lecturers for each theme covered, and the second series on articles chosen by the students. Students organize a mini-symposium at the end of the course where the articles are presented. They write summaries of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

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Are you a third-year undergraduate or first-year master's student in Languedoc-Roussillon? Would you like to work in small groups with students from other programs on a project based on an unused scientific patent? Would you like to be supported and challenged by professional business creation coaches? Sign up for PEPITE Patent Project to present an innovative business creation project based on the exploitation of a real patent provided by a local research team that will open its doors to you!

Why?

-Because you can start your own business regardless of your field of study

-To be selected by an incubator-type support structure

-To build a network in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation

What is the PEPITE Patent Project? A teaching unit consisting of key moments:

-a 3-day "tool training" seminar

-regular meetings with coaches

-deliverables to be submitted: summary note, market study, business plan

-a final 10-minute pitch to present your innovative business

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Internship lasting at least four months in an organization (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad.

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This course aims to reinforce and illustrate the knowledge acquired in the course "Molecular Bases of Infectious Diseases" by analyzing scientific publications on infectious disease topics. Publications using a variety of molecular and cellular approaches in bacteriology, parasitology, and virology (from the most traditional to the most recent) are analyzed with students.

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The program offers refresher courses and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cell Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3. Cellular addressing and trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases related to trafficking, and hijacking by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, dynamics of microtubules and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic dysregulation associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency; embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and mechanisms of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of programmed cell death dysregulation.

Various study models are presented to introduce the importance of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in understanding human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, and multipotency, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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This course consists mainly of theoretical lectures dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico, and post-genomic technologies) Strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Adhesion of bacteria to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, management of membrane permeability, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V, and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).

Parasitology: Cellular organization and physiology of major pathogens within parasitic unicellular eukaryotes (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic characteristics and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Pathophysiology and immune response evasion

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Virus replication strategies; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interactions; 

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Teaching is carried out by lecturers and researchers from the medical, science, and pharmacy departments. It consists of 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into seven themes (see Syllabus), including two series of article presentations: the first series on articles proposed by the lecturers for each theme covered, and the second series on articles chosen by the students. Students organize a mini-symposium at the end of the course where the articles are presented. They write summaries of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

See the full page

The TER aims to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographic analysis that will enable them to approach their internship with knowledge of the state of the art in the field, in particular in order to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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