MASTER BIOLOGY AND HEALTH

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This UE consists mainly of theoretical courses dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and post-genomic study technologies) Strategies of pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, membrane permeability management, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).).

Parasitology: Organization and cellular physiology of major pathogens in unicellular eukaryotic parasites (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic particularities and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Physiopathology and escape from the immune response.

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Viral replication strategy; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interaction; 

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The program offers a refresher course and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1 Cytoskeleton:Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2.cell adhesion & signaling: cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3 Addressing and cell trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. Molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, trafficking-related genetic diseases and pathogen detour.

4 Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule dynamics and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5 Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri- and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6 Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Pathophysiological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity to the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to the understanding of human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri-and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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The aim of the "Cellular Physiopathology and Cancer" course is to provide students with the knowledge they need to follow the "Cancer Biology" pathway in M2. The course is organized in the form of a lecture, with an introductory section followed by a section on current laboratory research. Students are required to present a scientific article orally (usually in pairs).

The aim of the cellular pathophysiology and cancer teaching unit is to provide the scientific background necessary to follow the cancer biology M2 program.Each lecture is organized as a conference starting with a general introduction of the field and followed by a more specialized emphasis on research done in laboratories. Students have to prepare an oral presentation based on the analysis of a scientific article (generally in pair).

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-A general introduction to Developmental Biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic analysis reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), notion of "master gene", clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germinal clones), notion of cell autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer trap, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry...), model organisms (drosophila, c.elegans, mouse...).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR systems etc.

-Positional information, maternal effect genes and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information =induction, Spemann and Mangold experiment, organizing centers, notion of morphogen in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: antero-posterior, dorso-ventral.

Cell communication and signalling pathways: in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis, in limb formation, in the establishment of cell fate (some examples: Nervous system: lateral inhibition processes ...).

-Segmentation: gap, pair rule and segment polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, the concept of gene networks. Transcriptional coupling and signaling pathways in cell fate

-Epigenetic memory of transcriptional programs:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity.Evo-Devo concepts.Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in cell differentiation

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Behaviors, whether determined by conscious or unconscious processes, are based on complex neurobiological underpinnings: they are underpinned by molecular and cellular modifications within the nervous system, modulating neural networks at the origin of motor and emotional processes that are linked to the individual's memory. These processes are fundamental in enabling the organism to develop an integrated behavioral response in close interaction with its environment, ensuring adaptation and survival for the individual and its species.

The topics covered in the Neurobiology of Behavior course are as follows:

-Gene-behavior

The relationship between genotype and phenotype -Impact of the environment -Attentional processes/Movement planning -Behavioral disorders (genetic and environmental aspects)

-Memory and synaptic plasticity

Methodological approaches to studying synaptic plasticity: electrophysiology, optogenetics, animal models, behavioral tests-Factors regulating synaptic plasticity, including genetics and epigenetics-Plasticity/memory relationship-Neurobiology of memory, forgetting and reconsolidation

-Neurobiology of emotions

Neurobiological substrates of emotions -Emotional functions -Disadaptation: Pathological aspects: Emotional disorders

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The Neuropsychopharmacology UE covers the molecular, cellular and integrated mechanisms underlying the mode of action of psychotropic drugs, using a number of pathologies as examples (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, ....). The aim is to understand how the principles of pharmacology are specifically applied to mental disorders (e.g. pharmacodynamics, tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, etc.). Based on advances in neurobiological research and their application to drug therapy, the course aims to understand the concepts underlying the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

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This UE consists mainly of theoretical courses dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and post-genomic study technologies) Strategies of pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, membrane permeability management, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).).

Parasitology: Organization and cellular physiology of major pathogens in unicellular eukaryotic parasites (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic particularities and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Physiopathology and escape from the immune response.

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Viral replication strategy; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interaction; 

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1) What is the genetic program underlying the development of the nervous system? This course highlights the type of decisions that gradually determine the neural destiny of cells and ensure their nervous function. The different stages considered are:

(i)the genesis of the nervous system

(ii)neuron specification

(iii)nerve function: axonal guidance and connectivity

(iv)neuronal remodeling

2) What molecular, cellular and environmental interactions control the development of the nervous system?

-Synaptogenesis and the major stages of development.

-The role of neurotrophic factors

-The role of electrical activity

-Critical periods

-The role of neuron-glial cell interactions.

-Neural stem cells

3) Developmental pathologies

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Teaching is done by teachers and/or researchers at the Faculties of Medicine, Sciences or Pharmacy, or at local research institutes.Course contents will be adapted to current scientific advances.

Teaching is organized in topics (lectures/tutorials, 4 to 5:30 hrs each);each includes an introduction and a seminar. In addition, for each topic, a group of students is in charge of presenting one or two recent scientific research articles.

Examples of subjects treated:

Immune adaptive responses, vaccination

Immune tolerance

Aging of the immune system

Metabolic regulation of the immune response

Immune response regulation by microbiota

Immune system-central nervous system interactions

Immunotherapy, therapeutic antibodies

The Unit is complemented by practical work by groups on a mini-research project that includes design of experiments, realization and analysis. Training is available in the use of flow cytometry data analysis software.Results are presented orally to the entire class.

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Neuromuscular physiology:

Striated skeletal muscle: The neuromuscular junction; Muscle contraction/release; Myotypology; Plasticity; Muscle metabolism.

Neuromuscular diseases:Causes; symptoms; clinical diagnosis (clinical examinations; laboratory tests): EMG, blood assays, functional tests, etc.; muscular dystrophies: Duchenne myopathy; Becker myopathy; facioscapiohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).FSHD facioscapiohumeral muscular dystrophy: zebrafish model; mouse model; cell models; clinical trials.

Respiratory physiology:

Respiratory physiology: Anatomy of the respiratory system; mechanism of respiration; gas exchange; transport of respiratory gases by the blood; regulation of respiration.

Respiratory exploration in small animals: Why explore respiratory function in small animals? Plethysmography; in vitro contractile force.

Functional Respiratory Explorations: performance and interpretation of respiratory explorations in human pathology; spirometry: Level 1 and Level 2; pulmonary diffusion capacity; arterial blood gas; specific explorations of respiratory muscles; 6-minute walk test; stress test; explorations at altitude.

Cardiovascular physiology:

Anatomy of the heart: size, location and orientation; heart envelope; tunics of the heart wall; chambers and large vessels of the heart; blood flow in the heart; heart valves; blood supply to the heart: coronary circulation; properties of cardiac muscle tissue.

Reminder of cardiac physiology: regulation of basic rhythm; cardiac conduction system; modification of basic rhythm: extrinsic innervation of the heart; electrocardiography; mechanical phenomena: cardiac revolution; cardiac output; regulation of stroke volume; regulation of heart rate.

Vascular physiology: anatomy of the circulatory system; lymphatic system; vascular wall structure; blood pressure; vascular smooth muscle and vasomotricity; endothelial function.

Vascular function and dysfunction; functional exploration: Arterial Distensibility Measurement; arterial wave velocity measurement; pharmacological exploration of endothelium-dependent vasomotricity; ultrasonographic exploration; echo-tracking; ultrasound and echodoppler.

How to assess vascular function experimentally: Isolated artery ring model Cardiac Doppler ultrasound: a fabulous tool for clinical and experimental research; Ultrasound: anatomical and functional analysis"; Doppler: flow analysis; Application to animal models.

Translational research: example of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (myocardial infarction); animal models; isolated perfused heart (Langendorf); isolated cardiomyocytes; cardioprotective techniques.

Endocrinology: weight balance

Description of eating behavior; Energy balance; Central structures regulating food intake; Mechanisms regulating food intake; Factors modulating appetite and food intake; Nutritional assessment; Eating disorders; Functional exploration: impedancemetry; DEXA (X-ray photon absorption); MRI; Expenditure assessment: calorimetry.

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The main communication pathways between normal cells and the intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms will be covered, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their structure, function and modulation by interacting proteins, notably involved in desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by GPCRs will be discussed (MAPkinase, PI3kinase, etc.).

A major part of the course will then focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cell signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the lymphocyte response to antigenic stimulation. In addition, the production of oxygenated free radicals, at the origin of oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. The following chapter will focus on the endocannabinoid system, summarizing all the topics covered earlier in the course. The endocannabinoid system is at the origin of multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other themes will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which evokes highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the -pancreatic cell, whose activity is crucial to the regulation of glycemia through insulin secretion.

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Internship of more than 4 months in a facility (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad.

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The physiology practical course enables you to record cardiac action potentials on frog hearts using the intracellular microelectrode technique. This is a qualitative and quantitative method for measuring the electrical activity of cardiac muscle.

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Cell culture is a basic laboratory technique that is constantly evolving. It is important to know the basics, which are often poorly understood, even though it is an essential methodology in research and industry.

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Are you an L3/M1 student in Languedoc-Roussillon? Would you like to work on a dormant scientific patent in small groups with students from other disciplines, in project mode? Be supported and challenged by professional business creation coaches? Sign up for the PEPITE Patent Project to present a project for the creation of an innovative company based on the exploitation of a real patent supplied by a local research team that will open its doors to you!

Why?

-Because you can start your own business whatever your field of study.

To be selected by an incubator-type support structure

-Build a network in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation

PEPITE Patent Project, what is it? A teaching unit made up of a number of key moments:

a 3-day "tool training" seminar

-regular meetings with coaches

-deliverables: briefing note, market study, business plan

a 10-minute final pitch to present your innovative company

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Teaching is carried out by teacher-researchers from the UFRs of Medicine, Science and Pharmacy. It is organized into 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into 7 themes (see Syllabus) including 2 series of article presentations; 1 series on articles proposed by the lecturers in each theme. A second series on articles chosen by the students. At the end of the course, students organize a mini-colloquium at which the articles are presented. They write brief reviews of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

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Proteins are now widely used as therapeutic tools in human and animal health. Knowledge of peptide and protein synthesis pathways, folding and post-translational modifications is essential before any therapeutic protein biosynthesis can be envisaged. Methods to better characterize these proteins are also essential to guarantee the quality of the proteins produced for therapeutic or industrial use. Protein engineering methods designed to improve their original properties will also be discussed.

The course includes lectures and tutorials by teacher-researchers and researchers.

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Bioinformatics is concerned with the creation and use of numerical and mathematical approaches applied to the life sciences. The main applications concern the automatic processing of biological data and questions of data modeling, analysis and integration in the field of life biology.This course aims to provide a solid grounding in sequence analysis using bioinformatics tools, as well as in immunoinformatics. Theoretical aspects will be covered, and these will be reinforced by practical aspects (exercises and project work). This course may or may not be taught in English, depending on the student's level. The course comprises lectures and practical work, carried out by research professors.

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In bioprocess engineering, knowledge of the metabolism of catalysts (cells, microorganisms) is essential. This course will focus on describing the diversity of microbial metabolites (primary and secondary metabolites) and the bioprocesses that use these microorganisms to produce these molecules.

This course includes interactive lectures, tutorials and practical exercises (practical work in the computer room + personal project work in small groups).

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Within biotechnology, bioprocesses correspond to the industrial application of living tools (whether enzymes, microorganisms or cells from higher organisms) for the synthesis of products of interest. This teaching unit will focus on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. Products of interest may be, for example, fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates, or biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge, know-how and skills acquired in this course can be transposed to any sector of biotechnology activity. The examples given will correspond to the outlets targeted by the two courses (Agrosciences and Health).

The course will focus on bioprocesses and the environment in which the biological reaction will be controlled (the bioreactor). The course will also cover the description and modeling of a biological reaction, with a presentation of the approach applied in bioprocess engineering. The remainder of the course will be devoted to the application of this approach to batch reactors. Other operating modes will be covered in the M2 course HAV930V "Bioprocess engineering - continuous and fed-batch".

This course includes interactive lectures, tutorials and practical exercises (practical work in the computer room + personal project work in small groups).

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A teaching module focused on the professional world, with general introductions to pre-defined themes targeting the biotechnological valorization of microorganisms (antimicrobials, microbiota, probiotics, applied virology, etc.), followed by presentations by industrialists on their background, their company and/or the development of a project. This course covers both red biotechnologies (health applications), and the other colors of biotechnologies (green/agronomy, blue/marine, white/industrial, yellow/environmental).

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Within biotechnologies, the production of recombinant proteins in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems represents a mature and attractive technological field with high employability. It is also a very important area of research in which many challenges remain to be met. The bioproduction of biomedicines (recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies) represents a major challenge for human therapeutics, but also for the many fields of biotechnology (environmental, industrial, agronomic, marine, etc.). Before designing any biological drug involving a biomanufacturing stage, it is essential to be familiar with the different eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems used in biotechnology, and to have a complete overview of the biomanufacturing panorama and challenges in France, Europe and the rest of the world.

This course includes interactive lectures. It is taught by various academic and industrial contributors involved in the field.

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This course focuses on the specificities of healthcare applications in the field of bioprocessing. Case studies of biomedical and advanced therapy drug production are presented (e.g. clinical grade production of cell therapy products). The entire production chain is covered, with a particular focus on downstream processes (or DownStream Processing, DSP), which are particularly important for healthcare products (separation, extraction, purification and even formulation operations). Indeed, DSP represents a significant proportion of production costs, and the expectations and challenges associated with these technologies are numerous, particularly with the development of single-use technologies. UpStream Processing (USP) is covered in depth in the complementary modules of the Biomanufacturing specialization (HAV930V and HAV911V).

This course includes lectures and conferences, with numerous contributions from industry experts who will share their expertise and vision of the field with the students. In addition to technological aspects, these presentations will also cover Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), quality control and the management of economic and environmental constraints.

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Turning research into industrial applications will require strategies and players at the interface between the scientific and socio-economic worlds. Identifying and protecting the innovative nature of a discovery will be followed by the search for funding and partners to turn the idea into an economic reality.

This course is designed to give students all the tools they need to develop their work into new therapeutic tools. It includes lectures by legal professors and professionals in the field, as well as a tutored project that is followed throughout the course. Work will also be carried out in the Learning Lab: identification of innovative research, drafting of a patent, valorisation plan, company creation, business plan.

This course will involve teacher-researchers, industrialists and patent and development professionals.

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Within biotechnologies, bioprocesses correspond to the industrial implementation of living tools (whether enzymes, microorganisms or eukaryotic cells) for the synthesis of products of interest. This course will focus on the central stage of the bioprocess: the biological reaction in the reactor. In particular, it will focus on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. The products of interest may be fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates or biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge and skills acquired in this course can be applied to any sector of activity. Examples will be given in fields corresponding to the main outlets of the two courses concerned (Agrosciences and Health). This course is a direct continuation of the M1 course HAV811V "Bioprocess Engineering -Batch". It focuses on the UpStream Processing (USP) aspects of bioprocessing.

The first lectures will provide an overview of bioprocesses and the approach applied in bioprocess engineering, as well as a brief reminder of the Batch mode (M1 prerequisite). The bulk of the course will then be devoted to applying the bioprocess engineering approach to reactors operating in continuous and Fed-Batch (or semi-(dis)continuous culture) modes.

Cross-disciplinary modules will also be offered:

-Transfer management (mixture management, heat transfer, gas transfer) with a focus on gas transfer and how to ensure a culture's oxygen requirements (kLa, OUR, OTR) -Design of culture media

-Elementary balances (carbon and redox balances)

-Development of a biological reaction monitoring indicator: the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

This course includes interactive lectures and tutorials.

Students in the M2 Biology-Health / IBIS / Biomanufacturing specialization will be able to put their project into practice intensively (1 month) as part of the "Multidisciplinary lab project: from gene to protein" UEs. For these students, a strong link is also provided with the specialization courses (HAV910V, HAV911V and HAA910V). Please refer to the descriptions of these UEs for further information.

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The multidisciplinary lab project, also called "Gene to Protein project", will be a "learning by doing" project. The students will be in charge of the bioproduction of a protein using E. coli as a host. If they follow both parts of the project (1 & 2, like students from Biohealth master), they will start with strain construction and continue with pilot scale production and purification of the protein.Bioprocess engineering is a highly interdisciplinary fieldof study. The students (and future workers in the field), will benefit from project-based learning with an important practical part, where they can actively experience the interconnection between biology, engineering and physical sciences.

The part 2 of the project will be dedicated to the "production process design and pilot scale production" of the recombinant protein using a high-cell density fed-batch culture. It will be a multidisciplinary, hands-on training of Bioprocess Engineering and will be organized over three different periods:

-Week 1 : In Learning lab, students will participate in workshops to design and plan a production process in accordance with equipment and data available (scientific papers, reports, websites, previous results from UE "Multidisciplinary Lab Project 1"). Based on the bottlenecks identified for production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, the students will choose the culture process to be used, define the production objectives, simulate the culture (planning objective), design a sampling plan, design the culture medium...

-Week 2 :In practical training rooms on pilot-scale equipment (20L working volume bioreactor), students will prepare the bioreactor and all they need to perform the pilot-scale culture. They will be in charge of the monitoring of the culture and of real time data treatment in order to detect and correct deviations from the anticipated progress of the culture.

-Week 3 : In learning labs, students will treat and analyze the data. They will be in charge of the interpretation and discussion of the results and of the writing of a professional report.

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A teaching module focused on the professional world, with general introductions to pre-defined themes targeting the biotechnological valorization of microorganisms (antimicrobials, microbiota, probiotics, applied virology, etc.), followed by presentations by industrialists on their background, their company and/or the development of a project. This course covers both red biotechnologies (health applications), and the other colors of biotechnologies (green/agronomy, blue/marine, white/industrial, yellow/environmental).

See full page

Within biotechnologies, the production of recombinant proteins in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems represents a mature and attractive technological field with high employability. It is also a very important area of research in which many challenges remain to be met. The bioproduction of biomedicines (recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies) represents a major challenge for human therapeutics, but also for the many fields of biotechnology (environmental, industrial, agronomic, marine, etc.). Before designing any biological drug involving a biomanufacturing stage, it is essential to be familiar with the different eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems used in biotechnology, and to have a complete overview of the biomanufacturing panorama and challenges in France, Europe and the rest of the world.

This course includes interactive lectures. It is taught by various academic and industrial contributors involved in the field.

See full page

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This course focuses on the specificities of healthcare applications in the field of bioprocessing. Case studies of biomedical and advanced therapy drug production are presented (e.g. clinical grade production of cell therapy products). The entire production chain is covered, with a particular focus on downstream processes (or DownStream Processing, DSP), which are particularly important for healthcare products (separation, extraction, purification and even formulation operations). Indeed, DSP represents a significant proportion of production costs, and the expectations and challenges associated with these technologies are numerous, particularly with the development of single-use technologies. UpStream Processing (USP) is covered in depth in the complementary modules of the Biomanufacturing specialization (HAV930V and HAV911V).

This course includes lectures and conferences, with numerous contributions from industry experts who will share their expertise and vision of the field with the students. In addition to technological aspects, these presentations will also cover Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), quality control and the management of economic and environmental constraints.

See full page

Turning research into industrial applications will require strategies and players at the interface between the scientific and socio-economic worlds. Identifying and protecting the innovative nature of a discovery will be followed by the search for funding and partners to turn the idea into an economic reality.

This course is designed to give students all the tools they need to develop their work into new therapeutic tools. It includes lectures by legal professors and professionals in the field, as well as a tutored project that is followed throughout the course. Work will also be carried out in the Learning Lab: identification of innovative research, drafting of a patent, valorisation plan, company creation, business plan.

This course will involve teacher-researchers, industrialists and patent and development professionals.

See full page

Within biotechnologies, bioprocesses correspond to the industrial implementation of living tools (whether enzymes, microorganisms or eukaryotic cells) for the synthesis of products of interest. This course will focus on the central stage of the bioprocess: the biological reaction in the reactor. In particular, it will focus on the use of microbial and cellular catalysts. The products of interest may be fermented foods (wine, beer, etc.), energy molecules (bioethanol, methane, etc.), chemical intermediates or biomedicines (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, etc.). The knowledge and skills acquired in this course can be applied to any sector of activity. Examples will be given in fields corresponding to the main outlets of the two courses concerned (Agrosciences and Health). This course is a direct continuation of the M1 course HAV811V "Bioprocess Engineering -Batch". It focuses on the UpStream Processing (USP) aspects of bioprocessing.

The first lectures will provide an overview of bioprocesses and the approach applied in bioprocess engineering, as well as a brief reminder of the Batch mode (M1 prerequisite). The bulk of the course will then be devoted to applying the bioprocess engineering approach to reactors operating in continuous and Fed-Batch (or semi-(dis)continuous culture) modes.

Cross-disciplinary modules will also be offered:

-Transfer management (mixture management, heat transfer, gas transfer) with a focus on gas transfer and how to ensure a culture's oxygen requirements (kLa, OUR, OTR) -Design of culture media

-Elementary balances (carbon and redox balances)

-Development of a biological reaction monitoring indicator: the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

This course includes interactive lectures and tutorials.

Students in the M2 Biology-Health / IBIS / Biomanufacturing specialization will be able to put their project into practice intensively (1 month) as part of the "Multidisciplinary lab project: from gene to protein" UEs. For these students, a strong link is also provided with the specialization courses (HAV910V, HAV911V and HAA910V). Please refer to the descriptions of these UEs for further information.

See full page

See full page

The multidisciplinary lab project, also called "Gene to Protein project", will be a "learning by doing" project. The students will be in charge of the bioproduction of a protein using E. coli as a host. If they follow both parts of the project (1 & 2, like students from Biohealth master), they will start with strain construction and continue with pilot scale production and purification of the protein.Bioprocess engineering is a highly interdisciplinary fieldof study. The students (and future workers in the field), will benefit from project-based learning with an important practical part, where they can actively experience the interconnection between biology, engineering and physical sciences.

The part 2 of the project will be dedicated to the "production process design and pilot scale production" of the recombinant protein using a high-cell density fed-batch culture. It will be a multidisciplinary, hands-on training of Bioprocess Engineering and will be organized over three different periods:

-Week 1 : In Learning lab, students will participate in workshops to design and plan a production process in accordance with equipment and data available (scientific papers, reports, websites, previous results from UE "Multidisciplinary Lab Project 1"). Based on the bottlenecks identified for production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, the students will choose the culture process to be used, define the production objectives, simulate the culture (planning objective), design a sampling plan, design the culture medium...

-Week 2 :In practical training rooms on pilot-scale equipment (20L working volume bioreactor), students will prepare the bioreactor and all they need to perform the pilot-scale culture. They will be in charge of the monitoring of the culture and of real time data treatment in order to detect and correct deviations from the anticipated progress of the culture.

-Week 3 : In learning labs, students will treat and analyze the data. They will be in charge of the interpretation and discussion of the results and of the writing of a professional report.

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The main communication pathways between normal cells and the intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms will be covered, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their structure, function and modulation by interacting proteins, notably involved in desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by GPCRs will be discussed (MAPkinase, PI3kinase, etc.).

A major part of the course will then focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cell signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the lymphocyte response to antigenic stimulation. In addition, the production of oxygenated free radicals, at the origin of oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. The following chapter will focus on the endocannabinoid system, summarizing all the topics covered earlier in the course. The endocannabinoid system is at the origin of multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other themes will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which evokes highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the -pancreatic cell, whose activity is crucial to the regulation of glycemia through insulin secretion.

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The program offers a refresher course and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1 Cytoskeleton:Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2.cell adhesion & signaling: cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3 Addressing and cell trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. Molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, trafficking-related genetic diseases and pathogen detour.

4 Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule dynamics and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5 Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri- and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6 Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Pathophysiological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity to the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to the understanding of human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri-and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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-A general introduction to Developmental Biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic analysis reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), notion of "master gene", clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germinal clones), notion of cell autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer trap, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry...), model organisms (drosophila, c.elegans, mouse...).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR systems etc.

-Positional information, maternal effect genes and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information =induction, Spemann and Mangold experiment, organizing centers, notion of morphogen in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: antero-posterior, dorso-ventral.

Cell communication and signalling pathways: in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis, in limb formation, in the establishment of cell fate (some examples: Nervous system: lateral inhibition processes ...).

-Segmentation: gap, pair rule and segment polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, the concept of gene networks. Transcriptional coupling and signaling pathways in cell fate

-Epigenetic memory of transcriptional programs:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity.Evo-Devo concepts.Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in cell differentiation

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Two to 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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Internship of more than 4 months in a facility (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad.

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Cell culture is a basic laboratory technique that is constantly evolving. It is important to know the basics, which are often poorly understood, even though it is an essential methodology in research and industry.

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The aim of the TER course is to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographical analysis, enabling them to approach their internship with a knowledge of the state of the art in the field, and in particular to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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Minimum 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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The Bootcamp is an intensive course at the beginning of the first semester, before the start of the courses that characterize the courses. Its aim is to refresh and/or bring students up to speed on the basics of mathematics, physics, computer science and biology.

The course will be adapted to suit the students recruited, with the aim of ensuring a more homogeneous start to the course. Students will be immersed in a variety of role-playing games, divided into small groups. They will have to solve enigmas using their knowledge of biology, physics/mathematics, chemistry and programming, as in an escape game over several days.

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This EU aims to provide a broad overview of emerging quantitative interdisciplinary fields in the biosciences, ranging from cutting-edge experimental techniques in microscopy and synthetic biology, to systems approaches.

In an innovative way, these methodological aspects will be presented in the context of biological and biophysical concepts such as the robustness and optimality of biological systems, gene regulation and the fundamental principles underlying membrane and genome organization.

The main topics will first be introduced with traditional lectures and will be developed through individual or team projects where students will learn to apply specific techniques through examples, and see how these can be used to explore specific biological questions. These projects will involve bibliographical studies, the use of existing code or the development of new code (depending on the student's experience) and will make up half of the final assessment.

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In this (practical) teaching unit, we will first introduce the general concepts of synthetic biology, which will then be applied to (assessed) student team projects. We will provide basic knowledge to understand the full range of fundamental concepts, approaches and current tools of synthetic biology that will be exploited throughout the course and practical sessions, ranging from gene design and synthesis to genetic library construction, from fluorescence measurements (e.g. plate readers. ) to flow cytometers.

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Students will acquire the fundamental basis and advanced microscopy techniques needed to push back the boundaries of knowledge in biology. Teaching is progressive and modular, built entirely around practical projects: building a simple microscope, using state-of-the-art microscopes to study complex biological processes in bacteria and eukaryotes. Students will be immersed in a stimulating scientific environment. Training will be based on significant personal investment through experimental projects, article reviews and case studies. Communication skills will also be developed through oral presentations and written reports.

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Two to 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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The aim of the TER course is to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographical analysis, enabling them to approach their internship with a knowledge of the state of the art in the field, and in particular to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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This practical course is based on mini-projects involving the application of techniques for studying the structure of biomolecules (X-ray crystallography, NMR, cryo-EM, mass spectrometry). Students will also learn about the biophysical and biochemical techniques used to characterize the molecules analyzed and their interactions.

For each approach, students will learn the basic principles, sample preparation requirements, data acquisition and analysis.

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The Workshop is a series of lectures given by external speakers.

The topic will change every year, with at least one leading speaker working in a given field. The topic will be decided a year in advance. We will encourage the speaker and participants to write notes from the lectures, which will contribute to the course evaluation.

Students on the qbio track have funding to organize a conference alongside the main conference (brainstorming on the topic with mentors, finding and inviting speakers, managing funding and advertising).

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Lab2 is a short internship in a research laboratory (2 months).

Students are encouraged to work with different teams on interdisciplinary topics. Lab2 is normally held in a laboratory in Montpellier to enable students to follow the other UEs during semester 3, but exceptions are possible depending on the timetable.

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Lab3 is the end-of-Master's internship (>= 5 months). Students must work on a research project in a French or international laboratory, different from the team with which they completed their Lab2.

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This course is a workshop that will accompany students during semester 3 to learn how to write a scientific report. This workshop will take place throughout the semester in parallel with their internship.

Students will learn how to approach, understand and critique a scientific article.

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The program offers a refresher course and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1 Cytoskeleton:Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2.cell adhesion & signaling: cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3 Addressing and cell trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. Molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, trafficking-related genetic diseases and pathogen detour.

4 Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule dynamics and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5 Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri- and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6 Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Pathophysiological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity to the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to the understanding of human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri-and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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The aim of the "Cellular Physiopathology and Cancer" course is to provide students with the knowledge they need to follow the "Cancer Biology" pathway in M2. The course is organized in the form of a lecture, with an introductory section followed by a section on current laboratory research. Students are required to present a scientific article orally (usually in pairs).

The aim of the cellular pathophysiology and cancer teaching unit is to provide the scientific background necessary to follow the cancer biology M2 program.Each lecture is organized as a conference starting with a general introduction of the field and followed by a more specialized emphasis on research done in laboratories. Students have to prepare an oral presentation based on the analysis of a scientific article (generally in pair).

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-A general introduction to Developmental Biology

How do cells build a multicellular animal organism from a single genome? Genotype/phenotype relationship.

-Genetic analysis reminders

Nature of mutations (loss-of-function; gain-of-function), notion of "master gene", clonal analysis (generation of somatic or germinal clones), notion of cell autonomy....

-Genetic models and methods.

Study of regulatory regions, establishment of transgenic lines, enhancer trap, reporter genes (GFP, mCherry...), model organisms (drosophila, c.elegans, mouse...).Use of FLP/FRT, CRE-LOX, UAS-GAL4-GAL80, AttpP/B-PhiC31, CRISPR systems etc.

-Positional information, maternal effect genes and the establishment of asymmetry.

Models and mechanisms of positional information =induction, Spemann and Mangold experiment, organizing centers, notion of morphogen in invertebrates and vertebrates

-Establishment of axes: antero-posterior, dorso-ventral.

Cell communication and signalling pathways: in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis, in limb formation, in the establishment of cell fate (some examples: Nervous system: lateral inhibition processes ...).

-Segmentation: gap, pair rule and segment polarity genes.

Segmentation in invertebrates and somitogenesis in vertebrates, dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance).

-Signaling and transcriptional networks

Transcriptional regulation during development, regulatory sequences during evolution, the concept of gene networks. Transcriptional coupling and signaling pathways in cell fate

-Epigenetic memory of transcriptional programs:

Hox homeotic genes and segmental identity.Evo-Devo concepts.Polycomb and Trithorax complexes.

Involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in cell differentiation

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Three main themes are addressed:

-Study of weight and thermal homeostasis in relation to a dysfunctional model: obesity, by examining the energy balance with food intake and energy expenditure, comprising basic metabolism, physical activity and adaptive thermogenesis (AT), and their respective regulation.

-Study of biological rhythms, by describing the nature and properties of biological rhythms (ultradian, circadian and infradian), describing endogenous circadian oscillators, and detailing the molecular mechanisms of circadian clocks.

-Study of the different stages and physiological principles of breathing. Theoretical teaching will be complemented by tutorials (TD)TD sessions are based on document studies and analysis of scientific articles in English. The choice of scientific material is designed to demonstrate the interaction of the various themes covered, and hence the concept of integrative physiology.

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Teaching is done by teachers and/or researchers at the Faculties of Medicine, Sciences or Pharmacy, or at local research institutes.Course contents will be adapted to current scientific advances.

Teaching is organized in topics (lectures/tutorials, 4 to 5:30 hrs each);each includes an introduction and a seminar. In addition, for each topic, a group of students is in charge of presenting one or two recent scientific research articles.

Examples of subjects treated:

Immune adaptive responses, vaccination

Immune tolerance

Aging of the immune system

Metabolic regulation of the immune response

Immune response regulation by microbiota

Immune system-central nervous system interactions

Immunotherapy, therapeutic antibodies

The Unit is complemented by practical work by groups on a mini-research project that includes design of experiments, realization and analysis. Training is available in the use of flow cytometry data analysis software.Results are presented orally to the entire class.

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Neuromuscular physiology:

Striated skeletal muscle: The neuromuscular junction; Muscle contraction/release; Myotypology; Plasticity; Muscle metabolism.

Neuromuscular diseases:Causes; symptoms; clinical diagnosis (clinical examinations; laboratory tests): EMG, blood assays, functional tests, etc.; muscular dystrophies: Duchenne myopathy; Becker myopathy; facioscapiohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).FSHD facioscapiohumeral muscular dystrophy: zebrafish model; mouse model; cell models; clinical trials.

Respiratory physiology:

Respiratory physiology: Anatomy of the respiratory system; mechanism of respiration; gas exchange; transport of respiratory gases by the blood; regulation of respiration.

Respiratory exploration in small animals: Why explore respiratory function in small animals? Plethysmography; in vitro contractile force.

Functional Respiratory Explorations: performance and interpretation of respiratory explorations in human pathology; spirometry: Level 1 and Level 2; pulmonary diffusion capacity; arterial blood gas; specific explorations of respiratory muscles; 6-minute walk test; stress test; explorations at altitude.

Cardiovascular physiology:

Anatomy of the heart: size, location and orientation; heart envelope; tunics of the heart wall; chambers and large vessels of the heart; blood flow in the heart; heart valves; blood supply to the heart: coronary circulation; properties of cardiac muscle tissue.

Reminder of cardiac physiology: regulation of basic rhythm; cardiac conduction system; modification of basic rhythm: extrinsic innervation of the heart; electrocardiography; mechanical phenomena: cardiac revolution; cardiac output; regulation of stroke volume; regulation of heart rate.

Vascular physiology: anatomy of the circulatory system; lymphatic system; vascular wall structure; blood pressure; vascular smooth muscle and vasomotricity; endothelial function.

Vascular function and dysfunction; functional exploration: Arterial Distensibility Measurement; arterial wave velocity measurement; pharmacological exploration of endothelium-dependent vasomotricity; ultrasonographic exploration; echo-tracking; ultrasound and echodoppler.

How to assess vascular function experimentally: Isolated artery ring model Cardiac Doppler ultrasound: a fabulous tool for clinical and experimental research; Ultrasound: anatomical and functional analysis"; Doppler: flow analysis; Application to animal models.

Translational research: example of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (myocardial infarction); animal models; isolated perfused heart (Langendorf); isolated cardiomyocytes; cardioprotective techniques.

Endocrinology: weight balance

Description of eating behavior; Energy balance; Central structures regulating food intake; Mechanisms regulating food intake; Factors modulating appetite and food intake; Nutritional assessment; Eating disorders; Functional exploration: impedancemetry; DEXA (X-ray photon absorption); MRI; Expenditure assessment: calorimetry.

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This EU aims to provide a broad overview of emerging quantitative interdisciplinary fields in the biosciences, ranging from cutting-edge experimental techniques in microscopy and synthetic biology, to systems approaches.

In an innovative way, these methodological aspects will be presented in the context of biological and biophysical concepts such as the robustness and optimality of biological systems, gene regulation and the fundamental principles underlying membrane and genome organization.

The main topics will first be introduced with traditional lectures and will be developed through individual or team projects where students will learn to apply specific techniques through examples, and see how these can be used to explore specific biological questions. These projects will involve bibliographical studies, the use of existing code or the development of new code (depending on the student's experience) and will make up half of the final assessment.

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The main communication pathways between normal cells and the intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms will be covered, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their structure, function and modulation by interacting proteins, notably involved in desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by GPCRs will be discussed (MAPkinase, PI3kinase, etc.).

A major part of the course will then focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cell signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the lymphocyte response to antigenic stimulation. In addition, the production of oxygenated free radicals, at the origin of oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. The following chapter will focus on the endocannabinoid system, summarizing all the topics covered earlier in the course. The endocannabinoid system is at the origin of multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other themes will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which evokes highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the -pancreatic cell, whose activity is crucial to the regulation of glycemia through insulin secretion.

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Two to 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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The aim of the TER course is to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographical analysis, enabling them to approach their internship with a knowledge of the state of the art in the field, and in particular to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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Internship of more than 4 months in a facility (research laboratory, company, etc.) in France or abroad.

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Cell culture is a basic laboratory technique that is constantly evolving. It is important to know the basics, which are often poorly understood, even though it is an essential methodology in research and industry.

See full page

Teaching is carried out by teacher-researchers from the UFRs of Medicine, Science and Pharmacy. It is organized into 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into 7 themes (see Syllabus) including 2 series of article presentations; 1 series on articles proposed by the lecturers in each theme. A second series on articles chosen by the students. At the end of the course, students organize a mini-colloquium at which the articles are presented. They write brief reviews of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

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Are you an L3/M1 student in Languedoc-Roussillon? Would you like to work on a dormant scientific patent in small groups with students from other disciplines, in project mode? Be supported and challenged by professional business creation coaches? Sign up for the PEPITE Patent Project to present a project for the creation of an innovative company based on the exploitation of a real patent supplied by a local research team that will open its doors to you!

Why?

-Because you can start your own business whatever your field of study.

To be selected by an incubator-type support structure

-Build a network in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation

PEPITE Patent Project, what is it? A teaching unit made up of a number of key moments:

a 3-day "tool training" seminar

-regular meetings with coaches

-deliverables: briefing note, market study, business plan

a 10-minute final pitch to present your innovative company

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Minimum 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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This course aims to reinforce and illustrate the knowledge acquired in the "Molecular Bases of Infectious Diseases" course by analyzing scientific publications on infectious diseases. Publications using a variety of molecular and cellular approaches in Bacteriology, Parasitology and Virology (from the most classical to the most recent) are analyzed with the students.

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The program offers a refresher course and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1 Cytoskeleton:Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2.cell adhesion & signaling: cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive structures, their molecular organization and dynamics. Functions and regulation during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction.

3 Addressing and cell trafficking: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. Molecular basis of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, trafficking-related genetic diseases and pathogen detour.

4 Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule dynamics and molecular motors, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis exit and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5 Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri- and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6 Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Pathophysiological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity to the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to the understanding of human pathologies.

The program offers a refresher of knowledge and an in-depth study of the major concepts and methodologies of cell biology, organized around different themes:

1. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to the different types of cytoskeleton. Polymerization properties of actin and tubulin. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and regulating polymerization. Molecular motors. Principles of cell migration.

2. Cellular Adhesion & Signaling: Cell-cell and extracellular cell-matrix adhesive structures, their molecular and dynamic organization. Functions and regulations during development and pathogenesis. Regulation by signaling channels. Mechanotransduction.

3. Addressing and cell traffic: Ubiquitination and proteasome. Addressing to subcellular compartments, endocytosis and secretion pathways. The molecular bases of vesicular transport, budding, fusion, molecular motors. Signaling in membrane trafficking, genetic diseases linked to trafficking and diversion by pathogens.

4. Cell cycle: Historical introduction. Molecular regulation of the cell cycle. The mitotic spindle, microtubule and molecular motor dynamics, chromosome attachment mechanisms, checkpoints, regulation of mitosis output and cytokinesis. Mitotic disorders associated with cancer cells.

5. Stem cells: cell differentiation, toti-, pluri-and multipotency, embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells.

6. Programmed cell death: Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis. Stages and modalities of apoptosis, signaling pathways involved. Role in maintaining homeostasis. Physiopathological consequences of deregulation of programmed cell death.

Different study models are presented, in order to introduce the importance of the contribution of biological diversity in the discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as in the understanding of human pathologies.

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This UE consists mainly of theoretical courses dealing with the molecular aspects of infectious diseases (bacteriology, virology, parasitology).

Bacteriology: The nature of infectious agents. Methods for studying pathogenesis (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and post-genomic study technologies) Strategies of pathogenic bacteria to survive in organisms: Bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells, antigenic variation and phase variation, invasion of non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells, mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis, mechanisms of bacterial survival in phagocytic cells, membrane permeability management, bacterial secretion systems (types I, II, III, IV, V and VI), iron acquisition mechanisms, bacterial exotoxins, bacterial biofilms, examples of environmental regulation (thermoregulation, quorum sensing, etc.).).

Parasitology: Organization and cellular physiology of major pathogens in unicellular eukaryotic parasites (invasion and modification of the host cell; metabolic particularities and therapeutic targets); Genetics and molecular biology (genome organization, antigenic variation); Physiopathology and escape from the immune response.

Virology: Molecular mechanisms of the viral cycle; Expression of viral genomes; Transformation by viruses; Viral replication strategy; Plasticity of viral genomes; Structural importance of viruses in host interaction; 

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Teaching is done by teachers and/or researchers at the Faculties of Medicine, Sciences or Pharmacy, or at local research institutes.Course contents will be adapted to current scientific advances.

Teaching is organized in topics (lectures/tutorials, 4 to 5:30 hrs each);each includes an introduction and a seminar. In addition, for each topic, a group of students is in charge of presenting one or two recent scientific research articles.

Examples of subjects treated:

Immune adaptive responses, vaccination

Immune tolerance

Aging of the immune system

Metabolic regulation of the immune response

Immune response regulation by microbiota

Immune system-central nervous system interactions

Immunotherapy, therapeutic antibodies

The Unit is complemented by practical work by groups on a mini-research project that includes design of experiments, realization and analysis. Training is available in the use of flow cytometry data analysis software.Results are presented orally to the entire class.

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Teaching is carried out by teacher-researchers from the UFRs of Medicine, Science and Pharmacy. It is organized into 42 hours of lectures and supervised work divided into 7 themes (see Syllabus) including 2 series of article presentations; 1 series on articles proposed by the lecturers in each theme. A second series on articles chosen by the students. At the end of the course, students organize a mini-colloquium at which the articles are presented. They write brief reviews of these articles for the journal Medecine-Sciences.

See full page

The aim of the TER course is to prepare students to organize and carry out an in-depth bibliographical analysis, enabling them to approach their internship with a knowledge of the state of the art in the field, and in particular to produce a relevant and thoughtful introduction to their experimental work.

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Minimum 4-month internship in a research laboratory or company in France or abroad.

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