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The EU will first address the main communication pathways between normal cells and intracellular transduction pathways encountered in physiological and neurophysiological mechanisms. Thus, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) will be studied, namely their structure, function, and modulation by interaction proteins involved in particular in the phenomenon of desensitization. The main intracellular pathways activated by membrane GCRs will be addressed (MAP kinase pathways, PI3 kinase, etc.).

Next, a significant portion of the course will focus on calcium signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ being a ubiquitous signal in cellular signaling. Calcium homeostasis will be studied in particular during the response of lymphocytes after antigen stimulation. Furthermore, the production of oxygen free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, is dependent on intracellular Ca2+. The physiological role of free radicals will be discussed, as well as their involvement in oxidative stress. In this context, the pathways of protection against oxidative stress will also be studied.The following chapter will address the endocannabinoid system, which will allow us to recap all the topics previously discussed in the course. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for multiple central and peripheral regulations.

Finally, two other topics will be addressed: the blood-brain barrier, which allows for highly integrated cellular communication between two environments, and the pancreatic β-cell, whose activity is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin secretion.

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