MASTER EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT

The aim of this course is to recall and complete the knowledge of fundamental notions concerning the formation of the oceanic crust and the relations with magnetism and hydrothermalism, the birth, the functioning and the dynamics of subduction zones (formation of active margins and back-arc basins), the mechanisms of subduction and continental collision (formation of the orogenic prism, post-orogenic extension and exhumation). Couplings between tectonics and surface processes will also be discussed.

These notions will be supported by theoretical and physical models, largely illustrated by natural case studies (Himalaya-Tibet, Taiwan, Alps, Western Pacific, Sumatra, Mediterranean). A course will be dedicated to the Archaean (geodynamics and georesources).

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This teaching unit presents the fundamentals of structural geology at a master level. It focuses on the analysis of the different objects and mechanisms of deformation of the earth's crust from the surface to the base of the crust. Deformation is presented from field examples, samples, thin sections and experiments. These observations are compared with theory and analog, analytical and numerical modeling.
Major points covered:
(1) analysis of deformation at all scales, and associated tectonic regimes
(2) typology and kinematics of structural objects (e.g. faults, fractures, folds, etc.) faults, fractures, folds, shear zones),
(3) balanced structural cross-section,
(4) link between different scales and depths of deformation,
(5) different rheological and structural contexts (brittle and ductile structural levels, compressive and extensive regimes, homogeneous and stratified environments),
(6) presence of fluids and their role in deformation.

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Analysis of the formation of sedimentary basins by the interaction of internal forcings (lithospheric processes) and external forcings (processes in the Earth's outer envelope).
Analysis of the post-depositional evolution that leads to the formation of natural resources (energy and minerals).

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This module is an in-depth training in sedimentology that includes a lecture part and a practical part (field). After an overview of the mechanisms of sedimentary recording, hydrodynamic processes and associated sedimentary figures and structures, the different environments of terrigenous and carbonate detrital deposits are reviewed by scanning the sedimentary landscape from upstream to downstream.

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This module aims to provide the basics of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and lithospheric. We will focus on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A case study seen during the lab will highlight the importance of combining these methods to best describe the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

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This field training course comes at the beginning of the cycle of our Master's degree. It aims at characterizing the succession of the formation and dismantling processes of the Variscan orogen, through the thematic study of the Montagne Noire massif. Particular attention will be paid to (1) the study of the deformation of the sedimentary cover and the geodynamic evolution of the basins; (2) the analysis of the ductile deformation and the associated metamorphism in the deepest crustal levels; and (3) the study of the late-orogenic basins This teaching unit consists of three successive stages: the preparation phase based on the study of cartographic documents in the classroom, field work and the writing of a report, and finally a critical study of the bibliography.

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This course aims at homogenizing the knowledge of students coming from various backgrounds. The training targets in particular knowledge in mineralogy, magmatic petrology and associated metallic deposits. These disciplines are approached with a synthetic and global approach, integrating the processes and making the link between the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The courses are supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny through the study of rock and mineralized samples, both macroscopic and microscopic.

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Contribution of geochemistry, geo-thermochronology and petrology in the knowledge of:
- the major stages of formation, deformation and evolution of sedimentary basins and their bedrock
- the formation, origin, age and evolution of metal deposits

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Notions concerning the economics of primary resources and the history of mineral resources are covered in the introduction. This training consists then in understanding the main metallogenic processes in relation with my geodynamic contexts. The notions of metallotects are detailed through the understanding (description, formation process) of the main exogenous and endogenous mineral deposits. The practical work allows to deepen the specific mineralogy of the metalliferous mineralizations.

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Major points covered: the concept of sea level, the sedimentary record of sea level variations, the notion of depositional sequences, the origin of sequences, the recognition of sequences and the fields of application (basin/reservoir architecture, reservoir prediction).

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Case study of the Montpellier thrust front, SW zone of St Paul-et-Valmalle: Mas d'Arnaud - Mas de Fabre - Le Castellas.
Structural geology, classical and digital field mapping, facies sedimentology, GIS, detailed geological map.

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Field application of the knowledge acquired in the analysis of sedimentary basins by a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale approach combining sedimentology and tectonics. This work is done by integrating field observations and subsurface data in the case of a pre-chain basin.

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This course presents the mechanical behavior of rocks based on the results of laboratory-scale work. The different types of laboratory experiments are described and the various mechanical behaviors are discussed and illustrated with experimental data. Hydrostatic compression, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests are described. Elastic, plastic and viscous behaviors are considered and the combination of these behaviors is applied to the description of the behavior of rocks.
Notions related to the behavior of discontinuities, as well as fracture mechanics are discussed. The notions of creep and deferred behavior will also be addressed to consider the long-term behavior of rock masses.
In order to consider the mechanical behavior in a quantitative way, the notions of stress and strain tensor will be addressed. They will allow the introduction of elastic deformation calculations based on elastic moduli. The calculation of stresses on planes, from the knowledge of the stress tensor, will be discussed in the general case and will be illustrated by the Mohr representation.

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Reflection seismic is widely used in exploration, both offshore and onshore, whatever the geological context. Although it was initially developed by the oil industry, it is now used by the industry (oil and mining) as well as by research and design offices. It can be deployed to image the subsurface at both local and regional scales. Students will learn to interpret sedimentary, structural and fluid objects identified on 2D and 3D seismic profiles. Particular attention will be paid to the resolution of the interpretation based on the initial data.

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge to the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for the edition of DFN (discrete fracture networks).
Intervention of Bertrand Gauthier from Total free of charge over 2 days: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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Training in the evaluation and numerical simulation of fractured reservoirs.
Workflow of structural model construction in Petrel from seismic staking, to DFN (discrete fault/fracture network) construction, to well structural data integration and structural model restoration.

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Organic matter (OM) is only a small part of the sedimentation. Contrary to the other deposited particles, it can evolve rapidly during burial by interacting with the grains of the host rock and by producing fluids (gases and liquids) which will be very mobile. Because of its degradation by bacteria, its preservation depends on many parameters but especially on the fine granulometry of the grains deposited at the same time. Thus clays represent the most favorable medium for the preservation of OM but their complex mineralogy makes them a particular material which will also be transformed during burial. The products of their interactions were of course of interest to the mining and petroleum industries, since these processes are at the origin of the large series of coal and hydrocarbon production. But recently, studies are increasingly interested in these two elements as tracers of the origin of sediments and as markers of burial, which is of major interest in understanding the filling of basins and their post-depositional evolution.

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Mineral deposits, exploration techniques, geostatistics, mining economics. The training is mainly based on presentations by professionals (mine and quarry). Two field days illustrate certain exploration methods, notably through the study of uranium and gypsum mineralization.

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- Introduction and reminder of the objectives of a log interpretation
- Pre-processing and correction of data
- Determination of reservoirs and roofs
- Conventional deterministic approach (volume of clays, porosity, saturation)
- Processing chain "quicklook"
- Final estimate (cutoff, "net to gross")
- Implementation with the help of TDs and then the Techlog software (Schlumberger)

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- Presentation of the methods for drilling at great depths, taking into account the technological aspects of drilling as well as the control of mud and chips ("mud logging").
- Presentation of geophysical methods in drilling or "deferred logging" (electrical, nuclear, acoustic and seismic methods as well as techniques developed for temperature, pressure or permeability measurements in-situ).
- Use of these methods for petroleum and environmental applications.

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Major points covered: petrophysics, carbonate rocks, silico-clastic rocks, oil flows, diagenesis

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Emphasis will be put on alteration processes and fluid/rock interactions, but especially on structural and textural constraints allowing to propose innovative and original models of constrained deposits. We will insist in this teaching on the structural specificity of each deposit and on the dangers of the application, sometimes blind, of book models.

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This course presents the fundamental concepts for understanding the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity production are discussed in detail and are the subject of real case studies. An overview on a global scale is proposed in order to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The course will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases through numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of the reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between the stored fluids and the surrounding rocks, will be highlighted in order to consider the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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This course details the internal structure, mineralogical composition and petrophysical properties of faults as well as the geological conditions (stresses) that control their tightness and integrity in faulted reservoirs. We discuss the different types of fault seals and the tools commonly used in the reservoir industry to predict fault permeability.
Major points covered:
- Fault and top seals (juxtaposition, SGR, mechanical and diagenetical seals).
- Fault zonation,
- Deformation mechanisms,
- Deformation bands in porous sandstones,
- Permeability of fault zones.

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This course consists of two resource assessment projects based on case studies applied to mining and petroleum. The student will have access to the digital imaging platform. He will be introduced to the use of specific interpretation and evaluation software that will allow him to manipulate the data sets provided (software such as Techlog, Coralis, Petrel...). The results of the interpretation of these data will be summarized and argued in the form of two reports or presentations.

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5-6 month internship in a company, design office or laboratory.

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This teaching unit presents the fundamentals of structural geology at a master level. It focuses on the analysis of the different objects and mechanisms of deformation of the earth's crust from the surface to the base of the crust. Deformation is presented from field examples, samples, thin sections and experiments. These observations are compared with theory and analog, analytical and numerical modeling.
Major points covered:
(1) analysis of deformation at all scales, and associated tectonic regimes
(2) typology and kinematics of structural objects (e.g. faults, fractures, folds, etc.) faults, fractures, folds, shear zones),
(3) balanced structural cross-section,
(4) link between different scales and depths of deformation,
(5) different rheological and structural contexts (brittle and ductile structural levels, compressive and extensive regimes, homogeneous and stratified environments),
(6) presence of fluids and their role in deformation.

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This module aims to provide the basics of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and lithospheric. We will focus on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A case study seen during the lab will highlight the importance of combining these methods to best describe the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

See full page

See full page

This field training course comes at the beginning of the cycle of our Master's degree. It aims at characterizing the succession of the formation and dismantling processes of the Variscan orogen, through the thematic study of the Montagne Noire massif. Particular attention will be paid to (1) the study of the deformation of the sedimentary cover and the geodynamic evolution of the basins; (2) the analysis of the ductile deformation and the associated metamorphism in the deepest crustal levels; and (3) the study of the late-orogenic basins This teaching unit consists of three successive stages: the preparation phase based on the study of cartographic documents in the classroom, field work and the writing of a report, and finally a critical study of the bibliography.

See full page

This course aims at homogenizing the knowledge of students coming from various backgrounds. The training targets in particular knowledge in mineralogy, magmatic petrology and associated metallic deposits. These disciplines are approached with a synthetic and global approach, integrating the processes and making the link between the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The courses are supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny through the study of rock and mineralized samples, both macroscopic and microscopic.

See full page

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This course presents the mechanical behavior of rocks based on the results of laboratory-scale work. The different types of laboratory experiments are described and the various mechanical behaviors are discussed and illustrated with experimental data. Hydrostatic compression, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests are described. Elastic, plastic and viscous behaviors are considered and the combination of these behaviors is applied to the description of the behavior of rocks.
Notions related to the behavior of discontinuities, as well as fracture mechanics are discussed. The notions of creep and deferred behavior will also be addressed to consider the long-term behavior of rock masses.
In order to consider the mechanical behavior in a quantitative way, the notions of stress and strain tensor will be addressed. They will allow the introduction of elastic deformation calculations based on elastic moduli. The calculation of stresses on planes, from the knowledge of the stress tensor, will be discussed in the general case and will be illustrated by the Mohr representation.

See full page

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Contribution of geochemistry, geo-thermochronology and petrology in the knowledge of:
- the major stages of formation, deformation and evolution of sedimentary basins and their bedrock
- the formation, origin, age and evolution of metal deposits

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This teaching is divided into two parts, one part concerning surface and atmospheric waters, the other part concerning groundwater. This UE is in continuity with the UE Water cycle of S1, and allows to lay the essential bases for the specific teachings of hydrodynamics and physical hydrology which will take place in S2. It is thus a transitional course between fundamental knowledge on the water cycle and specific knowledge on the study and characterization of surface and groundwater resources.

Theoretical courses associated with integrated tutorials are complemented by practical work on computers and hydrogeological maps.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module focuses on presenting the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics, ocean dynamics and provides a critical and documented look at climate change. The teaching is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues and applications on case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational development of the coastline" and "Water and coastline" courses of the STPE and Water masters. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to weather and atmospheric processes.

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The course is organized in 3 main chapters with alternating tutorials applied to engineering problems. In the first part, after describing the large water reservoirs on a global scale and the basic principles of the water cycle, the effects of human activities on this cycle are discussed. The second part is dedicated to the aerial part of this cycle from precipitation to infiltration. The third part focuses on aquifers and groundwater from the pore scale to the catchment scale.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module focuses on presenting the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics, ocean dynamics and provides a critical and documented look at climate change. The teaching is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues and applications on case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational development of the coastline" and "Water and coastline" courses of the STPE and Water masters. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to weather and atmospheric processes.

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The "Introduction to risks and vulnerability" course aims to take a systemic approach to the problems of risks and natural disasters - from the nature of hazards to risk and crisis management - through the concepts and methods of geography. The organization of the courses will be based on :

• Lectures with the objective of laying the conceptual and theoretical foundations of geographic approaches (issues and vulnerabilities centered) but also to expose the framework of public policies for risk and crisis management in France
• Case studies demonstrating the application of concepts and methods developed in risk geography. Methods applied to field observations and surveys (tools, techniques and associated objectives).

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This module aims to provide the basics of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and lithospheric. We will focus on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A case study seen during the lab will highlight the importance of combining these methods to best describe the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

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This module aims to provide the basics of the principles of positioning and mapping of topography. The basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods are detailed in the course and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project work will allow students to implement the practical and theoretical knowledge seen at the beginning of the module and especially to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropic deformation...)
- Topography measurement (DTM, LIDAR, ...)

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also discuss the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software.

See full page

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This course includes a theoretical part allowing the understanding of transfers and a more practical part combining field work, numerical modeling and environmental studies. Quantitative hydrogeology is approached through analytical and numerical solutions allowing to account for the transfers in the underground environment.

This EU addresses in particular:

1) mathematical tools and fundamental equations at the basis of analytical and numerical modelling;

2) Principles of numerical modeling (FDM); 

3) the typical methodology allowing the realization of a 3D numerical model for the simulation of flows and ;

4) analysis of scenarios integrating climatic or anthropic forcings for an optimal management of the water resource.

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The three major irrigation models worldwide - large-scale irrigation, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth literature review and case illustrations, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through different concrete cases, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The different main references of each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analysis through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development as applied to irrigation systems.

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The content of the module is organized into six sequences:

1) EU Introduction: scientific and operational issues of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of phytosanitary products;

4) Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycling and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD : Evaluation of the nitrogen balance in a catchment area, diagnosis of the contamination of surface water

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The status of a river according to the WFD includes two aspects: a chemical status and an ecological status. To define the ecological status, several parameters will have to be taken into account, including parameters related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) of the watercourse. In this course, students will be asked to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters in the determination of the state of a river or more generally used in hydrological studies (floods, evaluation of the resource...).

4 components will be addressed:

- Hydrometry, with the use of different gauging techniques (point by point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine the saturation conductivity, the sampling of soil cylinders for determination after drying of the porosity, dry density, and water content of the soil.

- the Hydrochemistry component, with :

• a part on the field (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, ...)
• a part in laboratory (analysis and quantification of the presence of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the presence of emerging contaminants of the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds present in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- the Hydrobiology component, with the presence or absence of certain species taken into account: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), in order to determine specific indices (RPI, NBI, RMI, DBI) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This course presents the fundamental concepts for understanding the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity production are discussed in detail and are the subject of real case studies. An overview on a global scale is proposed in order to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The course will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases through numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of the reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between the stored fluids and the surrounding rocks, will be highlighted in order to consider the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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The content of the course is organized in 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives*:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis of the influence of climate on
plant production. The competences aimed at are the knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge to the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for the edition of DFN (discrete fracture networks).
Intervention of Bertrand Gauthier from Total free of charge over 2 days: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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The content of the module is structured in 3 sequences:

1) a sequence of definition of concepts, handling of a tool (R) and reminders on the vocabulary in statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation of a design office executive who will present the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also discuss the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software.

See full page

See full page

This course includes a theoretical part allowing the understanding of transfers and a more practical part combining field work, numerical modeling and environmental studies. Quantitative hydrogeology is approached through analytical and numerical solutions allowing to account for the transfers in the underground environment.

This EU addresses in particular:

1) mathematical tools and fundamental equations at the basis of analytical and numerical modelling;

2) Principles of numerical modeling (FDM); 

3) the typical methodology allowing the realization of a 3D numerical model for the simulation of flows and ;

4) analysis of scenarios integrating climatic or anthropic forcings for an optimal management of the water resource.

See full page

The three major irrigation models worldwide - large-scale irrigation, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth literature review and case illustrations, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through different concrete cases, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The different main references of each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analysis through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development as applied to irrigation systems.

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

The content of the module is organized into six sequences:

1) EU Introduction: scientific and operational issues of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of phytosanitary products;

4) Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycling and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD : Evaluation of the nitrogen balance in a catchment area, diagnosis of the contamination of surface water

See full page

The status of a river according to the WFD includes two aspects: a chemical status and an ecological status. To define the ecological status, several parameters will have to be taken into account, including parameters related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) of the watercourse. In this course, students will be asked to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters in the determination of the state of a river or more generally used in hydrological studies (floods, evaluation of the resource...).

4 components will be addressed:

- Hydrometry, with the use of different gauging techniques (point by point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine the saturation conductivity, the sampling of soil cylinders for determination after drying of the porosity, dry density, and water content of the soil.

- the Hydrochemistry component, with :

• a part on the field (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, ...)
• a part in laboratory (analysis and quantification of the presence of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the presence of emerging contaminants of the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds present in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- the Hydrobiology component, with the presence or absence of certain species taken into account: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), in order to determine specific indices (RPI, NBI, RMI, DBI) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

See full page

See full page

This course presents the fundamental concepts for understanding the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity production are discussed in detail and are the subject of real case studies. An overview on a global scale is proposed in order to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The course will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases through numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of the reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between the stored fluids and the surrounding rocks, will be highlighted in order to consider the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

See full page

See full page

The content of the course is organized in 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives*:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis of the influence of climate on
plant production. The competences aimed at are the knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production

See full page

This module aims to provide the basics of the principles of positioning and mapping of topography. The basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods are detailed in the course and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project work will allow students to implement the practical and theoretical knowledge seen at the beginning of the module and especially to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropic deformation...)
- Topography measurement (DTM, LIDAR, ...)

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge to the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for the edition of DFN (discrete fracture networks).
Intervention of Bertrand Gauthier from Total free of charge over 2 days: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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The content of the module is structured in 3 sequences:

1) a sequence of definition of concepts, handling of a tool (R) and reminders on the vocabulary in statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation of a design office executive who will present the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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