MASTER OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT

The aim of this course is to recall and complete the knowledge on fundamental notions concerning the formation of the oceanic crust and the relationships with magnetism and hydrothermalism, the origin, functioning and dynamics of subduction zones (formation of active margins and back-arc basins), the mechanisms of subduction and continental collision (formation of the orogenic prism, post-orogenic extension and exhumation). The couplings between tectonics and surface processes will also be addressed.

These notions will be supported by theoretical and physical models, largely illustrated by natural case studies (Himalayas-Tibet, Taiwan, Alps, Western Pacific, Sumatra, Mediterranean). A course will be dedicated to the Archean (geodynamics and georesources).

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This teaching unit introduces the fundamentals of structural geology at Master's level. It covers the analysis of the various objects and mechanisms of deformation in the Earth's crust, from the surface to the base of the crust. Deformation is presented using field examples, samples, thin sections and experiments. These observations are compared with theory and analog, analytical and numerical modeling.
Key points covered:
(1) analysis of deformation at all scales, and associated tectonic regimes
(2) typology and kinematics of structural objects (eg: faults, fractures, folds, shear zones),
(3) balanced structural cross-section,
(4) links between different scales and depths of deformation,
(5) different rheological and structural contexts (brittle and ductile structural levels, compressive and extensive regimes, homogeneous and stratified environments),
(6) presence of fluids and their role in deformation.

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Analysis of the formation of sedimentary basins by the interaction of internal forcings (lithospheric processes) and external forcings (processes in the Earth's outer envelopes).
Analysis of the post-deposition evolution that leads to the formation of natural resources (energy and mineral).

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This module is an in-depth training in sedimentology that includes a lecture (course) and a practical (field) part. After a framing on the mechanisms of sedimentary recording, hydrodynamic processes and associated sedimentary figures and structures. The different environments of terrigenous and then carbonate detrital deposits are reviewed by scanning the sedimentary landscape from upstream to downstream.

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and on a lithospheric scale. The focus is on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A practical case study will highlight the importance of combining these methods to provide the best possible description of the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

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This field placement comes at the beginning of our Master's program. Its aim is to characterize the succession of formation and dismantling processes of the Variscan orogen, through a thematic study of the Montagne Noire massif. Particular attention will be paid to (1) the study of the deformation of the sedimentary cover and the geodynamic evolution of the basins; (2) the analysis of ductile deformation and associated metamorphism in the deepest crustal levels; and (3) the study of late-orogenic basins. This teaching unit is made up of three successive stages: the preparation phase based on the study of cartographic documents in the classroom, field work and the drafting of a report, and finally a critical study of the bibliography.

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The aim of this course is to harmonize the knowledge of students from different backgrounds. The course focuses in particular on mineralogy, magmatic petrology and associated metal deposits. These disciplines are approached with a synthetic and global approach, integrating processes and linking the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The course is supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny, involving the study of macroscopic and microscopic rock and mineral samples.

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The contribution of geochemistry, geo-thermochronology and petrology to our knowledge of:
- the major stages in the formation, deformation and evolution of sedimentary basins and their bedrock
- the formation, origin, age and evolution of metal deposits

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Notions concerning the economics of primary resources and the history of mineral resources are addressed in the introduction. This training then consists of understanding the main metallogenic processes in connection with my geodynamic contexts. The notions of metallotects are detailed through the understanding (description, formation process) of the main exogenous and endogenous mineral deposits. The practical work allows you to deepen the specific mineralogy of metalliferous mineralization.

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The main points covered were the concept of sea level, the sedimentary recording of sea level variations, the notion of deposition sequences, the origin of sequences, sequence recognition and fields of application (basin/reservoir architecture, reservoir prediction).

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Case study of the Montpellier straddle front, SW zone of St Paul-et-Valmalle: Mas d'Arnaud – Mas de Fabre – Le Castellas.
Structural geology, classical and digital terrain mapping, facies sedimentology, GIS, detailed geological map.

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Putting into practice in the field the knowledge acquired in the analysis of sedimentary basins by a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale approach combining sedimentology and tectonics. This work is done by integrating field observations and sub-surface data in the case of a forechain basin.

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This course presents the mechanical behavior of rocks, based on the results of laboratory-scale work. The different types of laboratory experiments are described, and the various mechanical behaviors are discussed and illustrated with experimental data. Hydrostatic, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests are described. Elastic, plastic and viscous behaviors are considered, and the combination of these behaviors is applied to the description of rock behavior.
Notions relating to the behavior of discontinuities and fracture mechanics are addressed. The notions of creep and deferred behavior will also be covered, in order to consider the long-term behavior of rock masses.
In order to consider mechanical behavior quantitatively, the notions of stress and strain tensors will be covered. These will be used to introduce elastic deformation calculations based on elastic moduli. The calculation of stresses on planes, based on knowledge of the stress tensor, will be covered in the general case and illustrated by Mohr's representation.

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Seismic reflection is widely used in exploration, both at sea and on land, regardless of the geological context. Although it was initially developed by the oil industry, it is now used by industry (oil and mining) as well as by research and design offices. It can be deployed to image the subsurface on both a local and regional scale. Students will therefore learn to interpret the sedimentary, structural and fluid objects identified on the 2D and 3D seismic profiles. Particular attention will be paid to the resolution of the interpretation according to the initial data.

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Free 2-day talk by Bertrand Gauthier from Total: Static and dynamic properties of fractured petroleum reservoirs.

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Training in the evaluation and numerical simulation of fractured reservoirs.
Workflow from structural model construction under Petrel from seismic tapping, to the construction of DFN (discrete fault/fracture network), including the integration of structural data of wells and the restoration of the structural model.

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Organic matter (OM) represents only a small part of the sedimentation. Unlike other deposited particles, it can evolve rapidly during burial by interacting with the grains of the host rock and producing fluids (gases and liquids) that will be very mobile. Because of its degradation by bacteria, its preservation depends on many parameters but above all on the fine grain size of the grains deposited at the same time. Thus, clays represent the most favourable environment for the preservation of OM, but their complex mineralogy makes them a particular material that will also be transformed during burial. The products of their interactions have of interest to the mining and then to the oil industry, of course, since these processes are at the origin of large series of coal and the production of hydrocarbons. But recently, studies have been increasingly interested in these two elements as tracers of the origin of sediments and as markers of burial, which is of major interest in understanding the filling of basins and their post-deposition evolution.

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Mineral deposits, exploration techniques, geostatistics, mining economics. The training is mainly focused on interventions by professionals (mining and quarrying). Two days of field work illustrate certain exploration methods, in particular through the study of uranium mineralization and gypsum.

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• Introduction and reminders of the objectives of a diagraphic interpretation
• Data pre-processing and correction
• Determination of tanks and roofs
• Conventional deterministic approach (clay volume, porosity, saturation)
• Quicklook processing chain
• Final estimate (cutoff, "net to gross")
• Implementation using tutorials and then Techlog software (Schlumberger).

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• Presentation of the methods for carrying out a deep borehole, taking into account both the technological aspects of drilling and the control of mud and chips ("mud logging").
• Presentation of geophysical methods in drilling or "deferred logging" (electrical, nuclear, acoustic and seismic methods as well as the techniques developed for in-situ temperature, pressure or permeability measurements).
• Use of these methods for petroleum and environmental applications.

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Major points addressed: Petrophysics, carbonate rocks, silico-clastic rocks, oil flows, diagenesis

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The emphasis will be on alteration processes and fluid/rock interactions, but above all on structural and textural constraints to propose constrained, innovative and original deposit models. In this course, we will insist on the structural specificity of each deposit and on the dangers of the sometimes blind application of book models.

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This course introduces the fundamental concepts needed to understand the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

Initially, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low-energy to high-energy geothermal energy for electricity production, are discussed in detail, with real-life case studies. A global overview is provided to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The UE will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases using numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as interactions between stored fluids and surrounding rocks, will be highlighted, with the aim of considering the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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This course details the internal structure, mineralogical composition and petrophysical properties of faults as well as the geological conditions (stresses) that control their tightness and integrity in faulted reservoir environments. We discuss the different types of fault seals and the tools commonly used in the geological reservoir industry to predict fault permeability.
Major points discussed:
- Fault and top seals (juxtaposition, SGR, mechanical and diagenetical seals).
- Fault zoning,
- Deformation mechanisms,
- Deformation bands in porous sandstones,
- Permeability of fault zones.

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This course consists of the realization of two resource evaluation projects based on case studies applied in the mining and petroleum fields. The student will have access to the digital imaging platform. They will be introduced to the use of specific interpretation and evaluation software that will allow them to manipulate the data sets provided (software such as Techlog, Coralis, Petrel, etc.). The results resulting from the interpretation of these data will be relocated in a synthetic and argued way in the form of two reports or presentations.

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5-6 month internship in a company, design office or laboratory.

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This teaching unit introduces the fundamentals of structural geology at Master's level. It covers the analysis of the various objects and mechanisms of deformation in the Earth's crust, from the surface to the base of the crust. Deformation is presented using field examples, samples, thin sections and experiments. These observations are compared with theory and analog, analytical and numerical modeling.
Key points covered:
(1) analysis of deformation at all scales, and associated tectonic regimes
(2) typology and kinematics of structural objects (eg: faults, fractures, folds, shear zones),
(3) balanced structural cross-section,
(4) links between different scales and depths of deformation,
(5) different rheological and structural contexts (brittle and ductile structural levels, compressive and extensive regimes, homogeneous and stratified environments),
(6) presence of fluids and their role in deformation.

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and on a lithospheric scale. The focus is on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A practical case study will highlight the importance of combining these methods to provide the best possible description of the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

See full page

See full page

This field placement comes at the beginning of our Master's program. Its aim is to characterize the succession of formation and dismantling processes of the Variscan orogen, through a thematic study of the Montagne Noire massif. Particular attention will be paid to (1) the study of the deformation of the sedimentary cover and the geodynamic evolution of the basins; (2) the analysis of ductile deformation and associated metamorphism in the deepest crustal levels; and (3) the study of late-orogenic basins. This teaching unit is made up of three successive stages: the preparation phase based on the study of cartographic documents in the classroom, field work and the drafting of a report, and finally a critical study of the bibliography.

See full page

The aim of this course is to harmonize the knowledge of students from different backgrounds. The course focuses in particular on mineralogy, magmatic petrology and associated metal deposits. These disciplines are approached with a synthetic and global approach, integrating processes and linking the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The course is supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny, involving the study of macroscopic and microscopic rock and mineral samples.

See full page

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This course presents the mechanical behavior of rocks, based on the results of laboratory-scale work. The different types of laboratory experiments are described, and the various mechanical behaviors are discussed and illustrated with experimental data. Hydrostatic, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests are described. Elastic, plastic and viscous behaviors are considered, and the combination of these behaviors is applied to the description of rock behavior.
Notions relating to the behavior of discontinuities and fracture mechanics are addressed. The notions of creep and deferred behavior will also be covered, in order to consider the long-term behavior of rock masses.
In order to consider mechanical behavior quantitatively, the notions of stress and strain tensors will be covered. These will be used to introduce elastic deformation calculations based on elastic moduli. The calculation of stresses on planes, based on knowledge of the stress tensor, will be covered in the general case and illustrated by Mohr's representation.

See full page

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The contribution of geochemistry, geo-thermochronology and petrology to our knowledge of:
- the major stages in the formation, deformation and evolution of sedimentary basins and their bedrock
- the formation, origin, age and evolution of metal deposits

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This course is divided into 2 parts, one dealing with surface and atmospheric water, the other with groundwater. This course is a continuation of the Water Cycle course in S1, and lays the essential foundations for the specific hydrodynamics and physical hydrology courses that will take place in S2. It is therefore a transitional course between fundamental knowledge of the water cycle and knowledge specific to the study and characterization of surface and groundwater resources.

Theoretical courses combined with integrated tutorials are complemented by hands-on work on computers and hydrogeological maps.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module introduces the fundamental principles of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, and provides a critical, documented look at climate change. Teaching is based on analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational coastal development" and "Water and coastline" courses in the STPE and Water masters programs. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to meteorological and atmospheric processes.

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The course is organized into 3 main chapters, alternating with tutorials applied to engineering problems. In the first part, after describing the planet's major water reservoirs and the basic principles of the water cycle, the effects of human activities on the cycle are discussed. The second part focuses on the aerial part of the cycle, from precipitation to infiltration. The third part deals with aquifers and groundwater, from the pore to the catchment scale.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module introduces the fundamental principles of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, and provides a critical, documented look at climate change. Teaching is based on analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational coastal development" and "Water and coastline" courses in the STPE and Water masters programs. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to meteorological and atmospheric processes.

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The "Introduction to risks and vulnerability" course aims to take a systemic approach to the problems of risks and natural disasters - from the nature of hazards to risk and crisis management - using the concepts and methods of geography. Teaching is organized around :

• Lectures aimed at laying the conceptual and theoretical foundations for geographical approaches (focusing on issues and vulnerabilities), as well as outlining the public policy framework for risk and crisis management in France.
• Case studies demonstrating the application of concepts and methods developed in risk geography. Methods applied to field observations and surveys (tools, techniques and associated objectives).

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near-surface and on a lithospheric scale. The focus is on seismic methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A practical case study will highlight the importance of combining these methods to provide the best possible description of the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

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This module aims to provide a basic understanding of the principles of topographic positioning and mapping. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is covered in detail in lectures, followed by fieldwork and practical exercises. Finally, project work will enable students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the start of the module, and above all to gain a better understanding of the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Measuring topography (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) as well as to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also look at the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software packages.

See full page

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This course is divided into a theoretical part, which provides an understanding of groundwater transfer, and a more practical part, which combines field work, numerical modeling and environmental studies. Quantitative hydrogeology is approached through analytical and numerical solutions to account for transfers in the underground environment.

This UE covers in particular:

1) mathematical tools and fundamental equations underlying analytical and numerical modelling;

2) the principles of numerical modeling ; 

3) a typical methodology for creating a 3D numerical model for flow simulation and ;

4) analysis of scenarios integrating climatic and anthropogenic forcings for optimal management of water resources.

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The three main models of irrigation worldwide - large-scale hydraulics, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth documentary analysis and illustrations of concrete cases, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through various case studies, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The main references for each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analyses through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models linked to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of dualistic development theory, applied to irrigation systems.

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The content of the module is divided into six sequences:

1) Introduction to EU: scientific and operational challenges of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physico-chemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of plant protection products;

4) Biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycle and balance in agricultural watersheds ;

6) TD: Assessment of nitrogen balance in a watershed, diagnosis of surface water contamination

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The status of a watercourse as defined by the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical and ecological. To define the ecological status, several parameters need to be taken into account, including those related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used to determine the state of a watercourse or, more generally, those used in hydrological studies (flooding, resource assessment, etc.).

4 aspects will be covered:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine saturation conductivity, and the sampling of soil cylinders to determine soil porosity, dry density and water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, with :

• a field section (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory part (analysis and quantification of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the trace presence of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, which takes into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), with a view to determining specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This course introduces the fundamental concepts needed to understand the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

Initially, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low-energy to high-energy geothermal energy for electricity production, are discussed in detail, with real-life case studies. A global overview is provided to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The UE will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases using numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as interactions between stored fluids and surrounding rocks, will be highlighted, with the aim of considering the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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The course content is organized into 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major Earth climates
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives* :

The aim of the module is to provide a theoretical basis for the influence of climate on
plant production. Target skills include knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production.

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Free 2-day talk by Bertrand Gauthier from Total: Static and dynamic properties of fractured petroleum reservoirs.

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The content of the module is divided into 3 sequences:

1) a sequence to define concepts, get to grips with a tool (R) and review the vocabulary of statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods, and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation from a design office executive on the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) as well as to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also look at the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software packages.

See full page

See full page

This course is divided into a theoretical part, which provides an understanding of groundwater transfer, and a more practical part, which combines field work, numerical modeling and environmental studies. Quantitative hydrogeology is approached through analytical and numerical solutions to account for transfers in the underground environment.

This UE covers in particular:

1) mathematical tools and fundamental equations underlying analytical and numerical modelling;

2) the principles of numerical modeling ; 

3) a typical methodology for creating a 3D numerical model for flow simulation and ;

4) analysis of scenarios integrating climatic and anthropogenic forcings for optimal management of water resources.

See full page

The three main models of irrigation worldwide - large-scale hydraulics, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth documentary analysis and illustrations of concrete cases, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through various case studies, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The main references for each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analyses through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models linked to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of dualistic development theory, applied to irrigation systems.

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

See full page

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The content of the module is divided into six sequences:

1) Introduction to EU: scientific and operational challenges of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physico-chemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of plant protection products;

4) Biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycle and balance in agricultural watersheds ;

6) TD: Assessment of nitrogen balance in a watershed, diagnosis of surface water contamination

See full page

The status of a watercourse as defined by the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical and ecological. To define the ecological status, several parameters need to be taken into account, including those related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used to determine the state of a watercourse or, more generally, those used in hydrological studies (flooding, resource assessment, etc.).

4 aspects will be covered:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine saturation conductivity, and the sampling of soil cylinders to determine soil porosity, dry density and water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, with :

• a field section (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory part (analysis and quantification of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the trace presence of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, which takes into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), with a view to determining specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

See full page

See full page

This course introduces the fundamental concepts needed to understand the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

Initially, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low-energy to high-energy geothermal energy for electricity production, are discussed in detail, with real-life case studies. A global overview is provided to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The UE will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases using numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as interactions between stored fluids and surrounding rocks, will be highlighted, with the aim of considering the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

See full page

See full page

The course content is organized into 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major Earth climates
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives* :

The aim of the module is to provide a theoretical basis for the influence of climate on
plant production. Target skills include knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production.

See full page

This module aims to provide a basic understanding of the principles of topographic positioning and mapping. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is covered in detail in lectures, followed by fieldwork and practical exercises. Finally, project work will enable students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the start of the module, and above all to gain a better understanding of the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Measuring topography (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Free 2-day talk by Bertrand Gauthier from Total: Static and dynamic properties of fractured petroleum reservoirs.

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The content of the module is divided into 3 sequences:

1) a sequence to define concepts, get to grips with a tool (R) and review the vocabulary of statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods, and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation from a design office executive on the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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