Geodynamics and Geomaterials

This teaching unit presents the fundamentals of structural geology at master's level. It focuses on the analysis of the various objects and mechanisms involved in the deformation of the Earth's crust from the surface to the base of the crust. Deformation is presented using examples from the field, samples, thin sections, and experiments. These observations are compared with theory and analogical, analytical, and numerical modeling.
Key topics covered:
(1) analysis of deformation at all scales and associated tectonic regimes
(2) typology and kinematics of structural features (e.g., faults, fractures, folds, shear zones),
(3) balanced structural section,
(4) link between different scales and depths of deformation,
(5) different rheological and structural contexts (brittle and ductile structural levels, compressive and extensive regimes, homogeneous and stratified environments),
(6) presence of fluids and their role in deformation.

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This module aims to provide the basics of geophysical imaging of geological formations, both near the surface and at the lithosphere scale. We will focus here on seismological methods (volume and surface wave tomography, receiver functions, ambient noise), gravimetry, and magnetotellurics. We will also present the basics of seismic reflection (acquisition and processing). A case study seen in practical work will highlight the importance of combining these methods to best describe the environment and its properties, particularly in terms of fluids.

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This fieldwork internship takes place at the beginning of our Master's program. It aims to characterize the succession of processes involved in the formation and subsequent dismantling of the Variscan orogen, through a thematic study of the Montagne Noire massif. Particular attention will be paid to (1) the study of sedimentary cover deformation and the geodynamic evolution of basins; (2) the analysis of ductile deformation and associated metamorphism in the deepest crustal levels; and (3) the study of late-orogenic basins. This teaching unit consists of three successive stages: the preparation phase based on the study of cartographic documents in the classroom, fieldwork and the writing of a report, and finally a critical study of the bibliography.

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This EU presents the mechanical behavior of rocks based on the results of laboratory work. The different types of laboratory experiments are described and the various mechanical behaviors are discussed and illustrated with experimental data. Hydrostatic compression, uniaxial compression, and triaxial compression tests are described. Elastic, plastic, and viscous behaviors are considered, and the combination of these behaviors is applied to describe the behavior of rocks.
Concepts related to the behavior of discontinuities and fracture mechanics are discussed. The concepts of creep and delayed behavior will also be discussed in order to consider the long-term behavior of rock masses.
In order to quantitatively consider mechanical behaviors, the concepts of stress tensor and deformation will be discussed. These will enable the introduction of elastic deformation calculations based on elastic moduli. The calculation of stresses on planes, based on knowledge of the stress tensor, will be discussed in general terms and illustrated using Mohr's representation.

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Contribution of geochemistry, geothermochronology, and petrology to our understanding of:
- the major stages in the formation, deformation, and evolution of sedimentary basins and their substratum
- the formation, origin, age, and evolution of metal deposits

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The content of the EU is organized into three parts:

1) Water cycle and water balance
• Main reservoirs
• Mechanisms of the water cycle
• Water circulation: from the global scale to the watershed scale
• Humans: their influence on the water cycle

2) The atmospheric phase of the water cycle – Hydrology
• The watershed
• Atmospheric circulation and precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
• Infiltration
• Runoff

3) The underground phase of the water cycle – Hydrogeology
• Porous media and their hydrodynamic properties
• Different types of aquifers
• Piezometric levels and maps

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module presents the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics and ocean dynamics, and provides a critical and well-documented perspective on climate change. The course is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

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