CPES BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN MODELING AND NUMERICS FOR LIFE SCIENCES

Atomistics: Periodic table, Lewis models and VSEPR
# Electronic Configuration
# Periodic table
# Description of molecular chemical entities: Lewis and VSEPR

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Basic Reaction Mechanisms
# BOM
# Stereochemistry
# Basics of Reactivity in Organic Chemistry
# Aliphatic nucleophilic substitutions
# β-eliminations
# Electrophilic addition on alkenes
# Nucleophilic addition on the example of organomagnesium

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Program of the first year of mathematics at the Lycée Joffre

# Reasoning and set vocabulary

# Complements of algebraic calculus, elementary analysis and geometry

# Enumeration

# Real analysis: numerical sequences, limits and continuity, differentiability, calculus of primitives and integrals.

# Complex numbers

# Differential equations

# Linear algebra: vectors, linear maps and matrices, bases and dimension,

# Asymptotic analysis

# Basics of statistics

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This modern language teaching is based on the written and oral practice of English, with particular emphasis on the scientific or socio-economic context.

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This is a first approach to the integrative biology of organisms.

This course, entitled "From Cells to Organisms", covers structure-function relationships at different scales, from the cell (or molecule) to the organism in its environment.

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The first-year program is as follows:

# Introduction to the problems of the contemporary world

# Introduction to economics Introduction to geopolitics

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The program below covers the two first-year computer science courses at the Lycée Joffre:

Algorithmics and Programming 1: Basic Concepts in Algorithmics and Programming:
• Notion of problem, problem instance, complexity, termination, proof of validity
• Algorithms and iterative processing
• Proof: validity, termination, complexity
• Linear structures: arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues
• Sorting: inserting, selecting, merging sorting, other sorting examples
• Introduction to recursive processing (dichotomous search, etc.)
• Python programming

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Use of computer systems: introduction to the main concepts of computer systems:
- Practical mastery of a Linux environment
- Knowledge of the main Linux commands
- Understanding of documentation pages (man)
- Sessions, files, directories, access rights
- Programs, processes, commands and command languages
- Console (terminal) vs. graphical execution mode
- Familiarization with shells, writing a few scripts

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Introduction to digital analysis 

# Basics, issues and limitations, representation of numbers in a machine

# Analytical add-ons for numerical analysis

# Numerical solution of nonlinear equations

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- Cell biology: cytoskeleton, membranes and membrane transport, extracellular matrix, organelles, origin of life and organization of viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

- Biochemistry: structure of biological macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and sugars), polymer chain definitions, classification and roles of biological polymers (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides), folding and structuring of biological macromolecules, intra- and inter-molecular physicochemical interactions, biosynthesis and stability of macromolecules.

- Integrative and organismal biology: Angiosperm nutrition, animal and plant physiology

- Ecology: introduction to ecology, biogeochemical cycles, paleoecology

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General culture (epistemology and philosophy):

# history of ideas

# Epistemology of science and digital technology

#argumentatition and communication

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Synthetic program:

– Probabilistic vocabulary

– Random variables and probability distributions

– Expectation and variance

–Applications

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The first-year program is as follows:

# Introduction to the problems of the contemporary world

# Introduction to Economics

# Introduction to geopolitics

See full page

Program of the first year of mathematics at the Lycée Joffre

# Reasoning and set vocabulary

# Complements of algebraic calculus, elementary analysis and geometry

# Enumeration

# Real analysis: numerical sequences, limits and continuity, differentiability, calculus of primitives and integrals.

# Complex numbers

# Differential equations

# Linear algebra: vectors, linear maps and matrices, bases and dimension,

# Asymptotic analysis

# Basics of statistics

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The introductory research project (one week to 10 days) at the end of the year is one of the original hallmarks of the CPES: it consists of immersion in a research laboratory, accompanied by presentations of research projects, with students participating for one or two half-days. The aim is to help students understand the challenges of a research project, and the contributions of modeling, computing and digital simulation. A poster or short report and an oral presentation before a panel of judges.

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The program below covers the two first-year computer science courses at the Lycée Joffre:

Algorithmics and Programming 1: Basic Concepts in Algorithmics and Programming:
• Notion of problem, problem instance, complexity, termination, proof of validity
• Algorithms and iterative processing
• Proof: validity, termination, complexity
• Linear structures: arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues
• Sorting: inserting, selecting, merging sorting, other sorting examples
• Introduction to recursive processing (dichotomous search, etc.)
• Python programming

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- Mendelian genetics

- Biology of animal and plant gametogenesis, animal and plant embryonic and post-embryonic development

- Post-embryonic development in animals (osteogenesis) and plants (primary and secondary growth)

- Genomics: eukaryotic, bacterial and viral genomes, expression of genetic information and protein addressing, replication.

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VBA Programming in Excel Development of VBA Macros in Excel:

# Practice macros in Excel

# Application of the basics of the VBA language in Excel

# Debugging VBA macros in Excel

# Writing custom functions

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General culture (epistemology and philosophy):

# history of ideas

# Epistemology of science and digital technology

#argumentatition and communication

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This modern language teaching is focused on the written and oral practice of English, with a particular emphasis on a scientific or socio-economic context.

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In this course, we cover each stage of the life cycle of organisms (mainly metazoans and angiosperms) through a series of practical exercises covering: embryonic development (including organ development, cell differentiation and growth processes), acquisition of reproductive capacity (including stages associated with meiosis and gametogenesis), and fertilization. This series of practical exercises is combined with a series of tutorials on the transmission of genetic information. 

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Second year mathematics program, part taught at Lycée Joffre :

# Reminders of linear algebra and complements of Euclidean geometry

# Advanced probability

# Analysis of functions of one variable

# Functions of several variables

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This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.

The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment

Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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This course provides an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors in the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the value of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of experiments, etc.

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Linear Algebra Complements, Reduction Theory, and Applications 

# Complements of linear algebra, the notion of direct sum

# Determinants

# Reduction: diagonalization and applications to the study of discrete and continuous dynamical systems in physics, chemistry, biology or economics.

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This course continues the training of students in applied mathematics with a focus on numerical methods.

Program (may be modified depending on the year and the time available):

# Matrix Numerical Analysis

# Digital Integration

# numerical solution of diffential equations

# Introduction to the qualitative study of nonlinear differential equations

.

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The 2nd year computer science course taught at the Lycée is focused on advanced concepts in algorithmics and programming:

# Tree data structures: binary trees, heaps, ABRs, priority queues

# Sort by heap, lower bound on sorting

# Graph structure: representations (adjacency matrices, edge lists, neighbor lists)

# Basic algorithms (connectedness, depth and width paths, topological sorting)

# Distance calculation (Dijkstra, heap implementation)

# Introduction to object programming (encapsulation, late binding, classes, methods, etc.)

# Programming in Python

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This course completes the training in computer science by opening up to the study of information systems and databases (design of processing in an information system and the management of relational databases):

# Information systems: introduction of the entity/association model, relational model, processing modeling (conceptual processing model, organizational processing model)

# Databases: creation, manipulation and querying of relational databases.

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This module will enable students to acquire :

Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Immunology basics :

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

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This modern language teaching is focused on the written and oral practice of English, with a particular emphasis on oral expression.

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This course covers the theoretical concepts of plant biology, using the spermatophyte group as a model. It aims to define the notions and specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.

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The EU aims to describe the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, and to explain their origin and the dynamics of their appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will focus on the origin of metazoans and the main divisions, diploblastic and triploblastic, as well as basic notions of phylogenetic positioning and relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence, etc.). The course is classically divided into lectures, tutorials aimed primarily at illustrating and supporting aspects of taxon biodiversity, and practical work in sessions aimed at acquiring skills, particularly and necessarily in dissection.

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General culture (epistemology and philosophy):

# history of ideas

# Epistemology of science and digital technology

#argumentatition and communication

See full page

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Second year mathematics program, part taught at Lycée Joffre :

# Reminders of linear algebra and complements of Euclidean geometry

# Advanced probability

# Analysis of functions of one variable

# Functions of several variables

See full page

This is a cross-disciplinary L2 SV course designed to provide Biology students with a basic knowledge of how plants function, enabling them to understand current issues in plant agro-sciences.

The following basic notions of Plant Physiology / Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the main stages in angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone in plant development and response to the abiotic environment

Practical work sessions will enable students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and analyze their mineral nutrition using various biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

See full page

This course provides an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors in the distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the value of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of experiments, etc.

See full page

Linear Algebra Complements, Reduction Theory, and Applications 

# Complements of linear algebra, the notion of direct sum

# Determinants

# Reduction: diagonalization and applications to the study of discrete and continuous dynamical systems in physics, chemistry, biology or economics.

See full page

This course continues the training of students in applied mathematics with a focus on numerical methods.

Program (may be modified depending on the year and the time available):

# Matrix Numerical Analysis

# Digital Integration

# numerical solution of diffential equations

# Introduction to the qualitative study of nonlinear differential equations

.

See full page

The 2nd year computer science course taught at the Lycée is focused on advanced concepts in algorithmics and programming:

# Tree data structures: binary trees, heaps, ABRs, priority queues

# Sort by heap, lower bound on sorting

# Graph structure: representations (adjacency matrices, edge lists, neighbor lists)

# Basic algorithms (connectedness, depth and width paths, topological sorting)

# Distance calculation (Dijkstra, heap implementation)

# Introduction to object programming (encapsulation, late binding, classes, methods, etc.)

# Programming in Python

See full page

This course completes the training in computer science by opening up to the study of information systems and databases (design of processing in an information system and the management of relational databases):

# Information systems: introduction of the entity/association model, relational model, processing modeling (conceptual processing model, organizational processing model)

# Databases: creation, manipulation and querying of relational databases.

See full page

This module will enable students to acquire :

Physiology basics : concept of homeostasis; levels of organization of the human body; compartments of the internal environment; study of the endocrine system; acid-base and hydro-mineral balance; anatomical and functional studies of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Immunology basics :

General presentation of the immune system; study of T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells; study of antimicrobial immunity and complement.

See full page

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This modern language teaching is focused on the written and oral practice of English, with a particular emphasis on oral expression.

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General culture (epistemology and philosophy):

# history of ideas

# Epistemology of science and digital technology

#argumentatition and communication

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- Physiology of major functions: anatomy and functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and digestive systems.

- Cell and molecular biology 3: cytoskeleton function, cell adhesion, protein trafficking and study methods, cell cycle regulation, immunoprecipitation, fluorescence videomicroscopy, RNA interference, overexpression, regulation of gene expression: transcriptional regulation (repressor, activator) and attenuation in prokaryotes, mechanisms of expression regulation in eukaryotes.

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General culture (epistemology and philosophy):

# history of ideas

# Epistemology of science and digital technology

#argumentatition and communication

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Introduction to the use of data mining methods:

# Motivations, areas of application

# Data mining tasks (classification, estimation, prediction, etc.)

# Processing on the data (pre/post-processing)

# Supervised learning (Bayes method, k nearest neighbors, neural networks, etc.)

# Unsupervised learning (k-means)

# Evaluation of methods

# Data mining software (R, Scikit, Weka, etc.)

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The Physiology of major functions course in semester 4 of the CPES is designed to complement the course devoted to the study of the role and interactions of the various systems of the organism that contribute to keeping the internal environment constant. This course is taught through practical work and tutorials.

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Second year mathematics program, part taught at Lycée Joffre :

# Reminders of linear algebra and complements of Euclidean geometry

# Advanced probability

# Analysis of functions of one variable

# Functions of several variables

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The aim of this course is to take a more in-depth look at the fundamental molecular and cellular processes seen in BMC2 and BMC3, using more concrete concepts in small groups. Lessons will be based on real data (experimental results, scientific articles) to explain the main scientific approaches in simple terms, and to learn how to analyze and interpret results (Example 1: show an interaction in cellulo by expression of tagged proteins in cell lines followed by immunoprecipitation and western-blot. Example 2: principle of immunofluorescence, intracellular distribution of an antigen. Example 3: in vitro transcription and translation and GST-pull down interaction studies.) Practical exercises will illustrate some of these basic approaches: cell culture, expression vector construction, transfection, immunolabeling, fluorescence microscopy.   

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The aim of this course is to broaden previously acquired knowledge in various areas of microbiology, in particular microbial ecology.

She will focus on pathogenic relationships, but will also present examples of symbiotic associations. Applications of microorganisms in biotechnology will be discussed. It will describe the mode of action of antibiotics and associated resistance phenomena, as well as their impact.

This course will introduce the notion of viral ecology, presenting the place and role of viruses in ecosystems. The case of bacteriophages will be dealt with more specifically, and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phagic infection will be detailed. The different types of viral infection in animals will be presented (acute and persistent infections) and illustrated by studying the pathogenesis of selected viral infections.

Our knowledge of microorganisms will be extended by the study of Archaea and a model eukaryotic organism, yeast.

Practical work will focus on carrying out an antibiogram and its interpretation, and on bacteriophage titration.

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This course continues the training of students in applied mathematics, in particular the use of statistical tools:

# Notions of populations and random samples.

# Estimators.

#Erreur mean square and bias-variance decomposition.

# Empirical estimators of mean and variance. Construction of estimators by the method of moments. Maximum plausibility.
Interval estimation.

# Hypothesis tests: null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis. Errors of the first and second kinds. Power of a test. Test Statistic, Rejection Region. Examples of classic tests.

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The aim of this course is to understand evolutionary processes on both micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Using examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the aim of the lessons is to present, in a concrete and quantitative way, the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating on the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes on larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (tree reading and construction), making it possible to study macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and trace changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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The 2nd year computer science course taught at the Lycée is focused on advanced concepts in algorithmics and programming:

# Tree data structures: binary trees, heaps, ABRs, priority queues

# Sort by heap, lower bound on sorting

# Graph structure: representations (adjacency matrices, edge lists, neighbor lists)

# Basic algorithms (connectedness, depth and width paths, topological sorting)

# Distance calculation (Dijkstra, heap implementation)

# Introduction to object programming (encapsulation, late binding, classes, methods, etc.)

# Programming in Python

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This modern language teaching is focused on the written and oral practice of English, with a particular emphasis on oral expression.

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This compulsory UE will enable students to deepen their skills acquired in "S3 biochemistry". It will enable them to understand cellular metabolism through:

-understanding bioenergetics to study the processes by which living cells transport, transmit, use, accumulate and release energy;
-studying the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids, and the metabolic interactions between these pathways.

- description of metabolic pathologies.

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In this introductory course to genetic analysis, the objectives are to learn about the terms, principles, concepts and methods used in formal genetics, as well as their fields of application, particularly in human and medical genetics. The course covers the genetics of transmission (Mendelian or non-Mendelian), quantitative genetics and notions of population genetics. Throughout the course, close links are established between classical genetics and molecular genetics.

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This course, similar in spirit to the first-year project, is an introduction to the research approach, more advanced than in the first year: it includes immersion in a research laboratory, a bibliographical study, and the realization of a project involving the study of a biological context, the acquisition of experimental or observational data, and the implementation of a modeling and/or digital simulation approach.

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This practical course aims to apply students' knowledge of microbiology and molecular biology to the identification of environmental bacteria.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the bacterial population present in a soil sample is classically done by identifying species using conventional bacteriological methods in successive stages: 1) isolation of bacterial flora; 2) diagnosis of family and genus using conventional media and tests; 3) diagnosis of species using API System galleries.

Molecular biology techniques now make it possible to identify the bacteria present in a sample without the need for cultivation. This approach requires access to a sequencing platform and will also be carried out as part of the practical work, enabling the two approaches to be compared. The sequencing results obtained will enable bioinformatic analysis of the rrsA gene specifying the RNA16S of isolated bacteria.

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This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.

Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.

These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.

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This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.

 Key words

Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity

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Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.

The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.

In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.

At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.

TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.

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This course is designed to deepen the knowledge of microbiology for students wishing to continue their studies in this discipline.

It will cover molecular genetics applied to prokaryotes (mobile genetic elements and resistance, CRISPR, 2-component systems, quorum sensing, horizontal transfers...) and the specificities of bacterial metabolism.

Bacteria with special morphology will be presented.  

In virology, the pathophysiology of viral infections and the prevention and control of viral diseases will be presented. Mechanisms of escape from the immune system will be detailed. Viral evolution mechanisms will be described and related to viral emergence.

The parasitic lifestyle of certain eukaryotic microorganisms will be illustrated by describing their obligatory intracellular development and the host cell modifications induced by these parasites.

Lastly, the EU will look at the concept of the microbiota and present the latest data on the nature of the human microbiota and its role in health.

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This UE is a specialization module in Functional Plant Biology, covering the mechanisms underlying the major stages in plant development.

It is based on knowledge derived mainly from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and covers the following concepts from a molecular, cellular and physiological point of view:

• Roles and functions of the main phytohormones.
• Development of male and female gametes, fertilization.
• Embryo, seed and fruit development.
• Functioning of root and stem meristems (vegetative and floral).
• Flower architecture.
• Adaptive development mechanisms in response to abiotic factors: light, gravity, cold.

Certain aspects of development will also be analyzed from an evolutionary perspective, by studying the role of developmental genes in the diversification and evolution of developmental processes in land plants (evolution of the root system, floral architecture, etc.).

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This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.

Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.

These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.

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Bioinformatics is a discipline at the crossroads of computer science, mathematics and the life sciences. It is based in particular on the use and development of computer tools for the analysis of massive biological data. Eventually, these megadata can be organized into searchable online databases, enabling users to extract data relevant to a biological problem.

The aim of the "Bioinformatics applied to plant biology" teaching unit is to introduce students to the use of databases and to offer a first approach to data mining using R software.

Virtually all teaching will take the form of practical case studies in the computer room, in student sub-groups.

In the first part, students will learn the rudiments of the R computer language, enabling them to organize and clean up their raw data to make it fully exploitable for further analysis. They will then learn how to propose explicit graphical representations based on biological data. Particular attention will be paid to writing reusable scripts and choosing the graphics associated with the calculations according to the biological question at hand.

In the second part, students will use general databases such as NCBI, or databases devoted exclusively to the model plant Arabidopsis (TAIR), to carry out data mining.

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Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.

The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.

In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.

At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.

TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.

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Functional genetics aims to better understand the relationships between genotype and phenotype. This course integrates various aspects of the analysis of gene and genome function at the whole-genome level using in vivo approaches, as well as transcriptional and expression regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The course is illustrated by concrete examples of developmental genetics in physiological and pathological contexts.

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This course offers an in-depth look at the structural biochemistry of biomolecules, with a particular focus on proteins and nucleic acids.

The basic concepts and nomenclature used to analyze 3D protein structures are briefly reviewed (Ramachandran diagram, structural motif and domain, folding, family, superfamily, etc......). These notions are complemented by a study of the stability and dynamics of biomolecules.

The structural classification of proteins is detailed according to the 4 main types of folding. Structure-function relationships are illustrated using examples of proteins. Specificities of membrane protein structures (integral proteins, membrane-bound proteins) are discussed.

The main tools for modeling and predicting secondary and tertiary structures are presented.

The different structures and functions of nucleic acids are studied. Protein-nucleic acid complexes are described from a structural point of view (main recognition motifs, ...) and the notions of recognition specificity are detailed.

This course is illustrated by tutorials. These involve familiarizing students with the main databases used in structural biology, as well as with PyMol software for 3D structure analysis.

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This course provides fundamental knowledge of formal and structural enzymology.

- The first part of this course deals with formal kinetics (study of reaction rates, determining the order of a reaction, equilibrium and kinetics, reversible and balanced reactions). Experimental aspects are presented in parallel (determination of kinetic constants by spectrophotometry, fluorescence, radioactivity, immunoassays, etc.).

- The second part of the course concerns the study of single-substrate enzyme kinetics.

Definition of an enzyme, catalyst. Enzyme nomenclature (E.C)

Michaelian kinetics. Michaelis-Menten equation. Definition of enzymatic parameters,_KM, maximum speed, catalytic constant, turn-over. Various graphical representations (Lineweaer-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee). 

The different types of inhibition (competitive, incompetent, non-competitive, mixed) and their graphical representation are also studied.

Determining inhibition constancy. Irreversible inhibitors.

Reaction speed. Arrhenius' law.

- The third section describes multi-substrate enzymatic kinetics from a formal point of view. With ternary complex. Random or ordered mechanism.

No ternary complex. Ping-Pong, Theorell-Chance mechanism. Cleland representation.

Graphical determination.

- The fourth part deals with equilibrium bonding and allostery.

Receptor-Ligand / Enzyme-Substrate binding. Determination of dissociation (or association) constant. Specific and non-specific binding.

Scatchard demonstration and graphical representation. Allosteric receptors (or enzymes). Non-Michaelian enzyme. Notion of cooperativity. Positive and negative cooperativity. Hill number, Hill graph.

Models of allosteric regulation are presented. Allostery. Cooperative models, concerted (Monod-Wyman-Changeux), sequential (Koshland-Nemethy-Filmer). Role of effectors: activator or inhibitor. Example of hemoglobin and oxygen uptake.

- The fifth part of the course relates enzyme structures to their function, using several examples. Description of the 3D structures and catalytic mechanisms of acetylcholine esterase, proteases and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Notion of catalytic triad, binding pocket, etc. 

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This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.

Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.

These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.

See full page

Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.

The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.

In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.

At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.

TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.

See full page

Functional genetics aims to better understand the relationships between genotype and phenotype. This course integrates various aspects of the analysis of gene and genome function at the whole-genome level using in vivo approaches, as well as transcriptional and expression regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The course is illustrated by concrete examples of developmental genetics in physiological and pathological contexts.

See full page

This course enables students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This course provides a global vision of human metabolism. It will emphasize the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how different tissues communicate to maintain overall energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this metabolism, at the origin of certain pathologies, will be presented.

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Students will be asked to carry out a bibliographical analysis on a topic of their choice, validated by the UE supervisors. Under the tutelage of a teacher-researcher, students will have to answer the problem they have set themselves by analyzing the available bibliography. They will have to assess the state of the art in the field they are working on, identifying areas of uncertainty and controversy, and open questions that remain to be resolved. They will have to carry out a genuine critical scientific analysis of the available bibliography, and not simply report on it. They will have to follow the conventions of scientific article writing, involving citation of sources, synthesis of information through illustration, problematization and synthesis of scientific results.

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This course is an extension of the "Fundamentals of Evolution" course, and introduces the main concepts of evolutionary ecology in order to understand and formalize in a simple way the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that shape biodiversity at different scales of integration.

This course is designed as a coherent whole, with lectures, tutorials and practical work complementing each other. Notions are approached by example, then formalized using mathematical models, which are compared with experience and real data.

It will deal with population dynamics (intra- and interspecific competition), ecological niches and will detail the mechanisms of evolution and their genetic consequences on a population scale: natural selection (including sexual selection), influence of reproductive regimes, genetic drift. The practical sessions will enable students to master the mathematical formalization of notions seen in class and their simple computer modeling, as well as the analysis of data sets. Practical work will enable students to carry out and analyze in small groups 2 experiments lasting 1 month each (with report writing and oral presentation), in order to develop methodology and scientific reasoning.

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The EU is organized into five main themes:

Theme 1: Gene mapping and recombination. Notions of molecular biology related to gene expression, DNA repair and epigenetic processes.

Theme 2: Introduction to molecular evolution: Measuring the intensity of selection in genetic divergence. Molecular clock and variation in evolutionary rates created by the action of natural selection. Neutralist theory of evolution.

Theme 3: Introduction to genomics: composition and size of genomes. Importance of repeated elements. Notion of genetic linkage and local effect of selection. Influence of demography.

Theme 4: Molecular tools for biodiversity: Barcoding, eDNA, metabarcoding. Molecular taxonomy. Limitations of hybridization. Conservation applications.

Theme 5: Extranuclear heredity. Symbiosis, parasitism and co-evolution (intra-cellular: e.g. Wolbachia). Notion of extended phenotype.

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This teaching unit will cover the elements needed to understand the way of life of the major groups of unicellular organisms at the basis of ecosystem functioning (viruses, bacteria, archaea and unicellular eukaryotes....). The course covers the biological organization of each type of organism, its modes of reproduction and diversity, leading to notions of ecology. We will look at the role of these microorganisms in the functioning and dynamics of ecosystems, considering the interactions that these organisms maintain with other living beings (the notion of "symbiosis" in all its variations).

Practical work will :

 - implementation of techniques for bacterial enumeration (CFU), identification of a particular strain from an environmental sample

 - highlighting the diversity of phytoplankton (unicellular algae) in aquatic environments (freshwater)

 - demonstrating the specificity of interactions between bacteria and bacteriophages

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The main objective is to learn the basics of comparative anatomy of chordates, so as to be able to compare and classify them, before tracing the key stages in their evolutionary history. Teaching is integrative in the sense that it draws on both present-day organisms and the fossil record, so as to document the evolutionary history of the clade in its entirety and in all its aspects. Anatomical, biomechanical, phylogenetic and ecomorphological approaches will be addressed in lectures to illustrate the diversity and major characteristics of chordates. Practical work (and practical sessions) will illustrate the evolution of the diversity of integuments, skeleton, musculature, digestive and respiratory systems over long time scales.

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This course is a natural continuation of the " Quantifying Hazards " course (HAV424B) presented in S4. It should provide the concepts for constructing experimental protocols that answer biological questions, and for associating appropriate models for analyzing variability. The first part will be devoted to the construction of experimental protocols that can answer a multitude of questions in the life sciences, i.e. taking into account the inevitable dependence of statistical individuals, such as pairing and the spatial or temporal structure of populations. This part of the course will also introduce the notion of fluctuation, replication and pseudo-replication, which will be taken into account in the models built in the second part of the course. The second part of the course will show the link between the experimental protocol and the modeling of the variability of a quantitative response variable, through the construction of models including several qualitative or quantitative variables. Particular attention will be paid to the conditions of application of these methods, to type I and type II errors, to methods for estimating the parameters of the models constructed (including likelihood) and to the interpretation of the estimated parameters. Each notion will be illustrated by the analysis of real biological data from a variety of themes, helping students to discover not only modern and current biological questions, but also the tools developed to answer them. Practical work in R will enable students to independently carry out analyses on published biological cases.

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This course describes the methodology used by life science researchers to communicate the results of their experiments, both orally and in writing. As English is the common language of international researchers, a large part of this course is taught in this language.

Written communication is addressed through the study of the (macro) structuring of a research article, as well as through a study of the publication process in scientific journals. Several elements of written structuring (micro) are examined in order to understand the differences between scientific and literary English: clarity, cohesion, coherence.

These studies are supplemented by a tutored project during the semester, during which students analyze a research article recently published in the scientific literature and transcribe it into an oral presentation (conference) in English.

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Through practical work sessions, study of different physiological regulations on animals.

Acquisition of operating techniques in rats to determine blood volume, osmotic diuresis and renal permeability, the action of adrenaline and insulin on blood glucose levels, inulin clearance and the mechanisms of glucose transport through the intestinal wall.

Study of the mechanical and electrical functioning of the frog heart.

Learn all the elements needed to carry out the required laboratory protocol in order to obtain results and prepare a report.

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This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.

 Key words

Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity

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The aim of this course is to provide an integrated approach to the functioning of the nervous system, drawing on several neuroscience disciplines (Neurodevelopment, Functional Neuroanatomy, Neuroimaging, Cognitive Neuroscience) and focusing on complex brain functions.

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This course focuses on the morpho-functional study of cells in the nervous system (neurons, glial cells), mainly by describing the mechanisms involved in neuronal excitability (generation and propagation of action potentials) and neurotransmission (mechanisms of neurotransmitter release and synthesis, and the structure and function of neurotransmitter receptors). The concepts of synaptic plasticity are also developed.

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The Cardiovascular Physiology UE aims to describe and acquire knowledge of the functioning of the cardiovascular system, from the whole animal to the molecular and cellular levels. Topics covered include cardiac contraction, regulation of cardiac electrical activity (electrocardiogram and ion channels), regulation of blood pressure and baroreflex, and regulation of cardiovascular functions by the autonomic nervous system.

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This course is a continuation of the Structural Biochemistry course in S5. Students will learn the basic concepts of the different approaches used for multi-scale structural characterization and macromolecular interaction analysis. The advantages and limitations of all the tools will be highlighted, so that students can understand the complementarity of these tools and know how to use them in an integrative way to answer a given biological question. 

TDs will be a mix of structural analysis applications using visualization tools (such as Pymol) and article analysis using a combination of the approaches studied in CM. Students will then be asked to conceptualize their own experimental project in response to a given problem.

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The course provides an overview of the concepts required for mathematical modeling in biology. The focus is on linear and non-linear dynamical systems, in dimension one and two. The course begins with essential notions of linear algebra: matrices, systems of linear equations, geometric interpretation of the solutions of these systems as vectors and subspaces (line, plane, etc.). The theory of vectors and eigenvalues of matrices is introduced in relation to linear dynamical systems. For non-linear dynamical systems, the qualitative theory of differential equations (attractors, phase portraits, zero-level isoclines) is presented, as an alternative to the often complicated calculation of solutions. The TD covers a wide range of biological models used in ecology, epidemiology, oncology and systems biology.

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This course enables students to consolidate and deepen their practical management of numerous experimental data obtained over a week of practical work during a blocked period (5 consecutive days). These data are obtained following the elaboration of many different protocols, keeping in mind to ensure the best reproducibility of the preparations carried out and to have the best speed of execution in the preparation, realization and analysis of the different experiments. A high degree of autonomy in setting up protocols will be encouraged, leading ultimately to experimental mastery and autonomy. This practical work will also enable students to work in groups (in pairs or trios, depending on capacity and number of students), and to write a report recording the protocols carried out, all the experimental data obtained and their analysis, in order to determine a wide range of biochemical parameters. A significant part of the assessment will be based on the students' ability to generate, manage, exploit and analyze raw experimental data with the utmost rigor.

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In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:

1. Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.

The TDs will consist of :

- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.

- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.

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Systems biology offers the possibility of understanding how living organisms function at different scales of organization. This course will focus on the sub-cellular scale. At this scale, systems biology models integrate several levels of interaction from the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. The predictions of in silico models can be used in biomedical research to understand multi-factorial diseases and optimize drug treatments, in bioengineering to synthesize genomes with optimized properties and functions (synthetic biology), as well as to guide fundamental research into the principles of how living organisms function. The course comprises a theoretical component (lectures and practical sessions on modeling gene, signaling and metabolic networks) and a practical component (computer-based practical exercises using Matlab software).

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After defining intensive agriculture and analyzing its risks/benefits, this module will enable students to reflect on the various possible ways of moving agriculture towards an agroecological approach. Examples include biopesticides, ecological intensification and soil management. A visit to a company involved in sustainable agriculture is also organized. The sites visited vary from year to year, depending on the wishes of the students and the availability of the companies. Examples of visits made as part of this module: Bayer, Vilmorin, Geves, CTIFL, sudExpé...

Licenciales.

Students will be asked to present a project or business start-up developing innovative proposals for changing cultivation practices, or any other use of plant products to reduce environmental impact.

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This course presents the major functions of carbon, mineral and water nutrition in plants, which ensure their autotrophy (the production of their own biomass). It will provide the basis for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of nutrient absorption, distribution and assimilation. The course will be divided into two main parts, one dedicated to mineral nutrition and the other to carbon nutrition.

After a review of the properties of plant membranes and walls and the concepts of transmembrane transport, the part of the course dedicated to mineral nutrition will teach the mechanisms of water absorption and circulation, root uptake, subcellular compartmentalization and mineral distribution, as well as nitrogen assimilative metabolism.

The chapter dedicated to carbon nutrition will present the functioning of the chloroplast in the plant cell, photosynthesis (capture of light energy and synthesis of the first carbon compounds), the production of organic compounds and their allocation in the plant.

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This UE is a module designed to introduce students to scientific research in fundamental or applied plant agro-sciences. Students must complete an internship of 10 weeks or more (which may continue over the summer) in a research laboratory (CNRS, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD), in an applied research organization such as GEVES, CTIFL, SudExpe, Serfel, IFV or in a private company such as Staphyt, AgroXp, Vilmorin. Montpellier offers a wide range of internship opportunities in this field.

This is a module for integration into the professional world, enabling students to make contact with players in the world of plant-based Agro-Sciences:

• apply the techniques learned in the various courses of the BiPAgro Bachelor's degree.
• exposure to the professional world
• develop your own professional project and enhance your CV

Students write a dissertation which they defend in front of a jury made up of teacher-researchers, researchers and/or field technicians/engineers. 

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Bacteriology :

Through various examples, students will gain a better understanding of the notion of pathogenicity in relation to bacterial virulence. The means and mechanisms used to manipulate the organism's cells at mucosal level in order to penetrate the internal environment, i.e. invasiveness, will be discussed, as well as the perception of environmental signals and the integration of these signals in order to coordinate the response of prokaryotes so that they adopt group behavior. The description of some examples of toxins and modulins in relation to colonization and/or invasion will provide a better understanding of the differences in strategies between prokaryotic pathogens. Finally, we'll look at the notion of the microbiota and its influence on the functioning of the organism, as well as its implication in the development of certain pathologies.

Immunology:

The Immunology section outlines the workings of the immune system during infection. From the establishment and development of the inflammatory reaction upon recognition of non-self signals by natural immunity (PRR-PAMP), to the mechanisms of cell activation and the cellular responses generated, we can appreciate the diversity of possibilities offered by the different players in the immune system. In addition, the sequence of events leading to the orientation of the immune response and the acquisition of lasting protection during the adaptive phase will provide a better understanding of vaccine strategy. Finally, immunity of the intestinal mucosa will be addressed in the context of the relationship between the host and the microbiota.

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The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.

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Lessons will cover the basics and application principles of microbial ecology (microbial biodiversity; cultivable/non-cultivable microorganisms; major microbial groups, main microbial functions and biogeochemical cycles, microbial metabolisms in the environment and environmental applications, basics of ecology applicable to microorganisms (microbial interactions, free life, competition, collaboration, symbiosis, parasitism and their applications). In particular, the following topics will be covered by way of illustration

- viruses: the notion of emergence and re-emergence

-vibrios, virulence factors, host adaptation and horizontal transfer

-streptococci, comparative genomics, genomic reduction, specialization

 Applications of microbial ecology to biotechnologies will include: detection, inocula production, bioproductions, bioremediation, water treatment using concrete examples (development of mutation-aware multipathogen detection tools, production of a flavor enhancer by a soil corynebacterium, applications of microbial interaction studies to cheese flavor selection, quality index of a wine-growing soil, etc.).

Practical water analysis, principles, standards, applications: total 6h

TD/ personal work based on the results of the practical work: design of a water purification model in a real-life situation (cadastral data, topological survey, fecal streptococcal total coliform load from the practical work, student presentation on the different types of (micro)purification plants....) the aim is to propose a conceptual solution adapted to the field case.

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In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:

1. Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.

The TDs will consist of :

- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.

- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.

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The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.

The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).

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The aim of the course is to provide an overview of Angiosperm diversity, approached through the prism of the most recent phylogenies proposed by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). This phylogenetic framework will be supported throughout the course of the course by concrete observation of the vegetative and floral characters of a selection of taxa spread across the entire phylogeny, so as to identify the synapomorphies of the main clades, any homoplasies, and adaptations (floral biology, pollination, trophic interactions, etc.).

Students also learn about the diversity of Angiosperms from a floristic point of view, by creating a herbarium of generally Mediterranean species. They also learn how to use a flora and digital identification tools (Pl@ntNet e-Flore from Tela Botanica, etc.).

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Through 5 main themes, we will make the link between the principles of evolution and evolutionary ecology seen in the previous E.U. in a fundamental way and current societal applications.

The 5 main themes are: human evolution, biodiversity conservation, domestication of animal and plant species, evolutionary medicine, and major global crises and disruptions.

Two sessions on the comprehension and oral presentation of scientific articles are held in conjunction with the "Evolutionary ecology and its applications" UE.

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At the end of this course, students will have acquired the basic knowledge needed to prepare and carry out a scientific communication operation adapted to a target audience, both orally and in writing. They will also be able to design educational material and awareness-raising workshops for the general public.

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Universities are often perceived as inaccessible places for large sections of society. As part of the UniverlaCité program, which aims to bring the university to life in disadvantaged neighborhoods, the students will be setting up scientific workshops for schoolchildren in disadvantaged areas. 

The EU will offer students the opportunity to :

1- share their own experiences and enhance the value of the knowledge they have acquired at the University, with a view to responding as effectively as possible to the needs of society.

2- Reveal and develop scientific communication skills through the design and production of teaching aids adapted to the target audience.

The course will take the form of tutorials and project follow-up (SPS) on pre-defined themes. The socio-cultural situation of sensitive urban areas will be addressed in the first class. This first TD will also serve to lay the foundations for the UE, present the UniverlaCité system in detail and give a broad overview of scientific mediation.

The following TDs will serve as sessions during which students, divided into groups, will have to propose activities to be set up. The constraints given to them by the teaching team will be: the target audience, the theme (which will be defined by the teaching team and renewed each year) and the need to propose activities "outside the classroom".

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The major human and animal health issues linked to global change, i.e. :

• degradation of natural environments, leading to loss of quality of natural resources (various forms of pollution) and loss of biodiversity
• climate change
• the artificialization of living environments
• new therapeutic approaches
• the globalization of trade
• standardized lifestyles

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Through 5 main themes, we will make the link between the principles of evolution and evolutionary ecology seen in the previous E.U. in a fundamental way and current societal applications.

The 5 main themes are: human evolution, biodiversity conservation, domestication of animal and plant species, evolutionary medicine, and major global crises and disruptions.

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This course provides an introduction to the ecology of continental freshwater and marine ecosystems, as well as to the interface between these two compartments, i.e. mangroves, estuaries and deltas. They will be approached both from the point of view of their structure and from the point of view of their functioning, emphasizing both their similarities and their differences, and the abiotic and biotic factors that govern the organization of the communities of organisms that inhabit them.

They should provide an overview of these ecosystems or hydrosystems and how they function at different scales.

The first part of the course is devoted entirely to theory, while the second includes introductory sessions for field trips, the field trips themselves and practical sessions for analyzing and pooling the data collected in the field.

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Molecular tools are an integral part of studies aimed at describing and characterizing biodiversity. The aim of the course is to present various molecular approaches (barcoding, metabarcoding and environmental DNA, etc.) for (1) describing, characterizing and quantifying this diversity at intra- or interspecific, population or ecosystem levels, and (2) presenting their fields of application at different scales of time and space. The course will include practical aspects aimed at familiarizing students with these techniques, implementing them, analyzing the resulting data and reporting on them. Priority will be given to group work in interaction with researchers and teacher-researchers.

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ORPAL is an APP ecology course (1/3 fieldwork and 2/3 laboratory work). Based on Ecology concepts and methods, this course aims to introduce students to historical ecology (the study of interactions between man and his environment over variable chronological periods) and its main applications in paleoecology, from problem definition, field sampling and data acquisition to interpretation and the writing of a scientific article (see https://biologie-e cologie.com/exemples-travaux/). This course is an interesting theoretical and experimental prerequisite for the ACCES, CEPAGE, PALEONTOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS or BIOGET courses.

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Adaptations to the "parasitic" lifestyle are studied on all parasitic organisms (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes), including different scales of analysis "from molecules to populations".

Thus, the coevolution between hosts and parasites will be considered from the point of view of host-parasite molecular and cellular dialogues (immunity-escapement-exploitation of host resources, etc.), but also from the point of view of morpho-anatomical structures involved in adaptation to the sub-host site or in survival in the external environment, and finally from the point of view of behavioral adaptations for encountering the host (promotion).

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One of the aims of this course is to synthesize notions and knowledge acquired in animal biology (anatomy, systematics) and ecology to describe and understand the morphology and evolution of vertebrate morphologies. In addition to present-day groups, this course will focus on extinct fossil groups, in particular their contribution to understanding the various eco-morphological adaptations (e.g. acquisition or return to aquatic life, acquisition of flight) that have marked the evolutionary history of clades.

This course also aims to provide a theoretical and practical grounding in phylogeny (cladistics) for tracing the evolution of a clade (distance, parsimony and likelihood methods), both for molecular and phenotypic traits (present-day and fossil).

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Introduce students to an integrated approach to plants by studying the morpho-anatomical characteristics of stems and roots. They will discover the spatio-temporal coordinated construction of root and stem architectures through adaptations of Mediterranean and tropical species. Reproductive structures and the diversity of biological types will also be taken into account. This course is designed to prepare students for a Master's degree in BioGET, and is based on the natural environment and local and regional infrastructures (Serre Amazonienne, Villa Thuret, Jardin Château La Pérouse).

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The mechanism of action of drugs is based on interaction with a target cell structure in the body, leading to modulation of its function. This course is divided into 2 main parts. The^1st part will introduce students to the different modes of cellular communication, the different chemical messengers, their targets and their modes of action. The 2nd part will give students a basic understanding of pharmacology, i.e. how drugs work and what happens to them in the body. To this end, the concepts of pharmacodynamics (ligand-receptor interaction, effect-dose relationship) and pharmacokinetics (ADME: absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion) will be covered. Drug targets, intracellular signaling and therapeutic indications will also be covered.

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The EU provides an introduction to the main diseases affecting the nervous system, both neurological and psychiatric. Pathologies are treated from a multidisciplinary angle, from the molecular to the symptomatic. This basic knowledge of neuropathology will serve as a foundation for the fields of research addressed later in the Master's program.

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The aim of the Muscular and Cardiac Pathologies course is to build on the knowledge of cardiovascular physiology acquired in the previous semester to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies (various rhythm disorders including atrial fibrillation, heart failure, etc.) and muscular pathologies (myopathies, etc.).

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The Sensory and Motor Neurophysiology course covers the anatomical and functional organization of the main sensory systems: vision, hearing and somesthesia. On the other hand, it deals with motricity and its central control at the spinal and supra-spinal levels: brain stem, motor cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia.

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The aim of this course is to provide students with fundamental and in-depth knowledge and skills in the physiology of the endocrine system. By studying the morphological and functional organization of the endocrine system, the student will be able to grasp the multitude of hormonal systems (endocrine glands, hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, reproductive system) and their essential roles in the realization of major physiological functions and homeostasis.

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