Electrical Power, Environment, and System Reliability - Apprenticeship

The module will cover the following topics:

• The Relationship Between Transfer Functions and Differential Equations
• Representation and Continuous Status Feedback (Eigenvalues, Stability)
• Sampled State Representation and Feedback
• Feedback Control Without and With Full-Loop Control, LQR Control
• State observers
• Nonlinear Control with Examples

Practical exercises: applying what you've learned to real-world examples (e.g., electric motors), programming in Python (using the NumPy and Control libraries).

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This course complements a basic education in signal processing with in-depth knowledge of deterministic and random digital signals. This knowledge is essential in all engineering disciplines, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

In the first part (10:30 a.m. lectures, 6 hours of lab work), the course covers the sampling and quantization of continuous signals and the relationship between digital signals and the original continuous signal. It defines the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation, and its application to real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9 hours of lectures, 4 hours and 30 minutes of tutorials, 3 hours of lab) is devoted to random signals and how the properties of certain random signals can be used either to reduce the random component of a signal when the deterministic component is of primary interest (filtering, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.), to improve information transmission, or to identify linearized complex systems.

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• This course complements the foundational training in analog electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification, and modulation. This knowledge is essential for understanding and designing analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering.
• Instruction is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials, and lab sessions, which provide opportunities for mini-projects.

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This course, which focuses on the fundamentals of digital electronics, is structured in a unique way around a technical project—carried out individually or in pairs—whose progress will follow the pace of the associated lectures.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the course.

The key concepts of digital electronics will be explored in depth through lectures, and lab sessions will supplement the theoretical aspects to guide the project’s progress.

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This course consists of several sections. The first section covers the power electronics structures required to power an electronic system. The second section will focus on current- or voltage-based control of these structures. A third section will cover the conversion functions required to control MCC and brushless DC actuators.

The final section presents actuator topologies for robotics and their implementation. The control of a DC motor and the self-driving control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this final section.

Hands-on exercises will allow students to observe the principles and implementation of controlled systems for electronics and actuators. This course unit may serve as the basis for M1 project topics.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development, and manufacture of computer systems, from both a hardware and software perspective.

This field has become fundamental to engineering sciences—whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, or measurement—due to the significant role that computers have come to play in all of these areas.

This module aims to help students develop computer code on a scale commensurate with that of a complete software application. The volume of code involved naturally creates a need to structure the code so that it remains manageable, and the concepts related to code structuring will therefore be introduced or reinforced.
Instruction is thus organized primarily around practical exercises and projects. The context largely involves core topics of the EEA program: signal processing (data acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data transmission over the Internet via an embedded Linux platform. The topic of event-driven programming through the development of graphical user interfaces will also be covered. The programming languages used will be LabVIEW and Python. Students may choose to incorporate elements of C/C++ into their projects.

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- Controller overview.

- Robust synthesis and risk management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entities, architecture, etc.).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (SPLDs, CPLDs, FPGAs).

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A tutorial course in specialized English and communicative English designed to foster professional autonomy in the English language.

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A project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student’s scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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The internship or final project should highlight the student’s scientific skills, independence, and adaptability:

• A 2- to 3-month internship (maximum 5 months) to be completed in a research laboratory or at a company;
• or a 3-month final project in a research laboratory or an educational project room.

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Description*:

1 - The goal is to help students understand the importance of a well-prepared application that matches an internship or job posting, or aligns with the activities of a professional organization in the case of an unsolicited application; to write resumes and cover letters; to gain a better understanding of their own personalities; to use new technologies (social media and job boards); and to tailor their job search to their career goals. Finally, to know how to prepare for and conduct themselves during job interviews.

2 - The goal is to enable students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do so, they must understand the article’s objectives and characteristics, the outline to follow, the various stages of the writing process, and the formatting guidelines. Next, to present their project orally, students must understand and be able to apply the general structure of a presentation; select appropriate and relevant visual aids; follow the rules of oral communication to express themselves correctly and professionally (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); and adopt behaviors that energize their speech and help engage their audience.

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Electricity is one of the key energy carriers in energy management. It is becoming increasingly important in new applications that help reduce the carbon footprint—for example, in electric propulsion. Electricity is generated by high-capacity power plants (thermal power plants) but also, increasingly, by intermittent sources derived from renewable energy (solar, wind, etc.). This generated electricity must be transmitted and distributed, and the overall management of transmission and distribution networks poses a major challenge.

This course unit will:

• Provide theoretical knowledge of modeling the components of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.
• Enables the definition of three-phase sinusoidal operation, the quality of electrical power, and the analysis of unbalanced networks using symmetrical components.
• Enable the modeling of transformers, inductive components (neutral-point coils, etc.), synchronous alternators, and asynchronous generators. It will provide experimental methods for characterizing these components.
• Provide the conditions for connecting generators to power grids, parallel operation, and the associated settings.
• This course will enable students to develop models for power distribution lines and cables. It will provide an introduction to power management and the impact of short circuits in high-power networks. Network simulation software will be used to illustrate these phenomena.

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The energy transition is often associated with goals for deploying renewable energy generation sources (wind, solar, hydroelectric, etc.). The use of intermittent sources creates specific challenges for electricity transmission and distribution networks. This course will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical section on power grids; a second section on power generation and renewable energy sources, with a focus on wind power; and finally, a third section on the digital evolution of power grids: smart grids.

This course unit will:

• Define the technology used in all components of a high- and low-voltage electrical distribution network.
• To provide the knowledge necessary to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical power systems (architectures, overhead and underground lines, voltage levels, power ratings, transformers, alternators, etc.) and
• Enable the selection and installation of equipment based on specific needs (insulation, protective devices, controls, etc.).
• Define electrical safety rules for work activities, thereby enabling workers to understand and follow lockout procedures.
• Enable students to determine, select, and set protection parameters based on the characteristics of the power system and equipment, by explaining how to calculate fault currents and the basic use of professional calculation software.
• Describe the selection of grounding schemes that meet specific technical specifications and economic criteria, as well as constraints related to availability, quality, and so on…
• To provide an overview of the current state of the art in electrical energy storage technologies and to present the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier in conjunction with electrical energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and explain the conversion principle for wind and hydroelectric power generation.
• Introduce methods for studying wind power projects, analyzing wind resources, understanding regulations, addressing grid connection issues, and assessing environmental impacts.
• Introduce smart grids and the use of the Internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of power grids.

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Reliability is one of the four components of the SdF, which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, and Security. This fundamental component of the SdF is covered in this course unit, addressing both its qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical power transmission industry and the high-voltage equipment design sector are faced with the challenge of finding solutions to insulation constraints. They are seeking to improve the reliability and service life of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers, etc.). They are also working to develop innovative transmission solutions to reduce the visual impact of overhead lines, such as high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power lines. To achieve this, it is necessary to characterize and develop new insulating materials while taking environmental constraints into account.

This course covers the various properties of insulating and conductive materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, and dielectric breakdown. It explains the theory behind the physical origins of the various phenomena related to these properties.

Part of the course also focuses on measurement techniques, characterization, and data analysis related to the various properties of dielectrics.

This course also includes a module on the specific aspects of high-voltage systems and their applications in high-voltage switchgear. It will define the functions, characteristics, and limitations of this switchgear.

This section provides an overview of HVDC systems, covering converter and interconnection architectures (unipolar, bipolar), as well as their characteristics and constraints.

A practical component involving measurements and data analysis for the characterization of dielectrics will be carried out as part of a mini-project.

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Solar photovoltaic energy is a clean energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases. It generates electricity (on-site production), which helps improve the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in portable or onboard systems, combined with storage solutions as needed.

This course unit:

• Will provide the scientific knowledge necessary to understand how photovoltaic energy systems work to generate electricity.
• Will define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels, and generators (ground-based, onboard, space-based, etc.).
• Will define portable, mobile energy solutions based on photovoltaic systems that enable energy savings and a certain degree of autonomy depending on the situation.
• Will define the architectures, control, and operation of ground-based and space-based photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, resources, regulations, and the challenges of connecting to the power grid.

An environmental perspective that takes into account the overall impact of photovoltaic energy on the energy transition will be presented, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages compared to other energy sources, whether intermittent or not.

Practical exercises will be used to illustrate the key concepts introduced during the lectures in this course. This topic may be proposed as a Master’s 2 project.

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When designing energy conversion systems—for example, as part of a feasibility study—it is essential to use scientific computing software and/or simulation software, which can result in substantial time savings.

This course unit will:

• To provide knowledge of the numerical calculation methods used in commercial software to solve applied problems in electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for finding an optimal solution subject to constraints in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of digital techniques for processing data derived, for example, from reliability studies of electrical systems or power electronics.
• Present the finite element methods and software used to solve physical or multiphysical problems.
• This course addresses thermal issues related to energy conversion and provides the theoretical knowledge necessary for understanding and modeling thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformers, distribution cables, etc.).

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Electric power plays a pivotal role in the development of transportation sectors such as, for example, the aerospace and automotive industries. The significant environmental and economic constraints in these fields make it imperative to design and develop power converters with high power density and a high reliability rate.

This course unit will:

• To provide students with the key concepts for the design, sizing, analysis, and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems as well as other applications, such as electrical energy management in systems for the generation, transmission, and control of renewable and non-renewable energy.
• Discuss the benefits of converters for embedded systems, which are continually evolving toward all-electric designs, and draw a connection to the challenges posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts for calculating a carbon footprint and applying eco-design principles. These design elements are now essential for creating high-performance products and contributing to the success of the energy transition.
• Equipping students with knowledge of current power electronics systems will enable them to better understand emerging converter architectures.
• Describe the limitations associated with the use of passive components—and, more specifically, magnetic components operating at high frequencies—which are absolutely essential to the operation of these converters.

Students must be able to carry out a complete project based on specific project requirements, which will require them to study a regulated conversion structure in its entirety.

The hands-on exercises associated with the course will provide a better understanding of the technological challenges involved in designing high-performance power electronics structures.

This course will serve as a foundation for Master's 2 projects.

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To reduce our CO2 emissions, key transportation industries (automotive, aerospace, etc.) are seeking to develop innovative transportation solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric powertrains are primarily based on synchronous motors.

This Course Unit will:

• To provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge needed to model and design a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the field of electric propulsion.
• To provide the theoretical knowledge necessary for understanding the physical phenomena inherent in the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, and mechanical).
• Define and study the various topologies and configurations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods for understanding the control of a synchronous motor.
• This paper will present a method for sizing a synchronous magnet-based actuator. It will combine this method with finite element software to verify the sizing results.
• To provide insights into the impact of such an actuator on the energy transition and the environment.

Finally, the practical component will cover the measurement methods and techniques required for the study, modeling of electromagnetic components, and control of synchronous motors. The course will be reinforced through applied projects in which the measurements taken are subsequently analyzed using scientific software (Excel, MATLAB, FEMM, etc.). This topic may be offered as a Master’s 2 project.

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Reliability (SdF) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course covers the methodology and quantitative aspects of reliability.

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A project conducted in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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A 5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or at a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for entering the workforce.

The course is taught by a senior HR consultant, a former HR manager at major corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

A teaching approach that encourages the sharing of experiences and addresses students' situations and questions.

General insights on recruitment from A to Z, how to conduct a more effective job search, and perspectives on the approaches taken by end-hiring companies, recruitment firms, and staffing agencies.

Small-group mock job interviews with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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A tutorial course in specialized English and communicative English designed to foster professional autonomy in the English language.

To reinforce and consolidate the knowledge gained in the first year of the master's program.

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