M2 - Electrical Energy, Environment, and System Reliability

Reliability is one of the four components of the SdF, which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, and Security. This fundamental component of the SdF is covered in this course unit, addressing both its qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical power transmission industry and the high-voltage equipment design sector are faced with the challenge of finding solutions to insulation constraints. They are seeking to improve the reliability and service life of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers, etc.). They are also working to develop innovative transmission solutions to reduce the visual impact of overhead lines, such as high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power lines. To achieve this, it is necessary to characterize and develop new insulating materials while taking environmental constraints into account.

This course covers the various properties of insulating and conductive materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, and dielectric breakdown. It explains the theory behind the physical origins of the various phenomena related to these properties.

Part of the course also focuses on measurement techniques, characterization, and data analysis related to the various properties of dielectrics.

This course also includes a module on the specific aspects of high-voltage systems and their applications in high-voltage switchgear. It will define the functions, characteristics, and limitations of this switchgear.

This section provides an overview of HVDC systems, covering converter and interconnection architectures (unipolar, bipolar), as well as their characteristics and constraints.

A practical component involving measurements and data analysis for the characterization of dielectrics will be carried out as part of a mini-project.

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Solar photovoltaic energy is a clean energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases. It generates electricity (on-site production), which helps improve the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in portable or onboard systems, combined with storage solutions as needed.

This course unit:

• Will provide the scientific knowledge necessary to understand how photovoltaic energy systems work to generate electricity.
• Will define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels, and generators (ground-based, onboard, space-based, etc.).
• Will define portable, mobile energy solutions based on photovoltaic systems that enable energy savings and a certain degree of autonomy depending on the situation.
• Will define the architectures, control, and operation of ground-based and space-based photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, resources, regulations, and the challenges of connecting to the power grid.

An environmental perspective that takes into account the overall impact of photovoltaic energy on the energy transition will be presented, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages compared to other energy sources, whether intermittent or not.

Practical exercises will be used to illustrate the key concepts introduced during the lectures in this course. This topic may be proposed as a Master’s 2 project.

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When designing energy conversion systems—for example, as part of a feasibility study—it is essential to use scientific computing software and/or simulation software, which can result in substantial time savings.

This course unit will:

• To provide knowledge of the numerical calculation methods used in commercial software to solve applied problems in electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for finding an optimal solution subject to constraints in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of digital techniques for processing data derived, for example, from reliability studies of electrical systems or power electronics.
• Present the finite element methods and software used to solve physical or multiphysical problems.
• This course addresses thermal issues related to energy conversion and provides the theoretical knowledge necessary for understanding and modeling thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformers, distribution cables, etc.).

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Electric power plays a pivotal role in the development of transportation sectors such as, for example, the aerospace and automotive industries. The significant environmental and economic constraints in these fields make it imperative to design and develop power converters with high power density and a high reliability rate.

This course unit will:

• To provide students with the key concepts for the design, sizing, analysis, and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems as well as other applications, such as electrical energy management in systems for the generation, transmission, and control of renewable and non-renewable energy.
• Discuss the benefits of converters for embedded systems, which are continually evolving toward all-electric designs, and draw a connection to the challenges posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts for calculating a carbon footprint and applying eco-design principles. These design elements are now essential for creating high-performance products and contributing to the success of the energy transition.
• Equipping students with knowledge of current power electronics systems will enable them to better understand emerging converter architectures.
• Describe the limitations associated with the use of passive components—and, more specifically, magnetic components operating at high frequencies—which are absolutely essential to the operation of these converters.

Students must be able to carry out a complete project based on specific project requirements, which will require them to study a regulated conversion structure in its entirety.

The hands-on exercises associated with the course will provide a better understanding of the technological challenges involved in designing high-performance power electronics structures.

This course will serve as a foundation for Master's 2 projects.

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To reduce our CO2 emissions, key transportation industries (automotive, aerospace, etc.) are seeking to develop innovative transportation solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric powertrains are primarily based on synchronous motors.

This Course Unit will:

• To provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge needed to model and design a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the field of electric propulsion.
• To provide the theoretical knowledge necessary for understanding the physical phenomena inherent in the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, and mechanical).
• Define and study the various topologies and configurations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods for understanding the control of a synchronous motor.
• This paper will present a method for sizing a synchronous magnet-based actuator. It will combine this method with finite element software to verify the sizing results.
• To provide insights into the impact of such an actuator on the energy transition and the environment.

Finally, the practical component will cover the measurement methods and techniques required for the study, modeling of electromagnetic components, and control of synchronous motors. The course will be reinforced through applied projects in which the measurements taken are subsequently analyzed using scientific software (Excel, MATLAB, FEMM, etc.). This topic may be offered as a Master’s 2 project.

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Reliability (SdF) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course covers the methodology and quantitative aspects of reliability.

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A project conducted in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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A 5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or at a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for entering the workforce.

The course is taught by a senior HR consultant, a former HR manager at major corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

A teaching approach that encourages the sharing of experiences and addresses students' situations and questions.

General insights on recruitment from A to Z, how to conduct a more effective job search, and perspectives on the approaches taken by end-hiring companies, recruitment firms, and staffing agencies.

Small-group mock job interviews with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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A tutorial course in specialized English and communicative English designed to foster professional autonomy in the English language.

To reinforce and consolidate the knowledge gained in the first year of the master's program.

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