Electrical Energy, Environment and Systems Reliability

The module will cover the following:

• Link transfer function and differential equation
• Continuous state representation and feedback (eigenvalues, stability)
• Representation and Sampled State Feedback
• Status feedback control without and with full loopback, LQR control
• State Observers
• Non-linear control with examples

Practical work: implementation of knowledge on real examples (e.g. electric motors), programming in python (numpy and control libraries).

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This course supplements basic training in signal processing with in-depth knowledge of deterministic or random digital signals. This knowledge is indispensable in all engineering sciences, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

The first part (10:30 h lecture, 6 h hands-on) covers the sampling and quantization of continuous signals, and the relationship between digital signals and the original continuous signal. We define the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation and its use on real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9h Lecture, 4h30 TD, 3h TP) is dedicated to random signals and how the properties of certain random signals can be used either to reduce the random part of a signal whose deterministic part we wish to emphasize (filtering, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) or to improve the transmission of information or identify complex linearized systems.

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• This teaching unit complements the basic training in analogue electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification and modulation. This knowledge is essential for the understanding and realization of analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering sciences.
• Teaching is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials and practical work opening the possibility of mini-projects.

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This teaching unit, dedicated to the basics of digital electronics, is structured in an original way around a technical project, carried out individually or in pairs, the progress of which will follow the progress of the associated courses.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the teaching unit.

The main notions of digital electronics will be deepened through lectures and practical work may complement the theoretical aspects to guide the progress of the project.

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This teaching unit is made up of several parts, the first of which deals with the structures of the power electronics necessary to power an electronic system. The second will focus on the current or voltage regulation of these structures. A third part will focus on the conversion functions required to control MCC and DC Brushless actuators.

The last part presents actuator topologies for robotics and their implementation. The regulation of a DC motor and the self-pilot control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this last part.

Practical work will be carried out to observe the principle and implementation of regulated systems for electronics and actuators. This UE can be the support of the M1 project subjects.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development and manufacture of computer systems, both from a hardware and software point of view.

This discipline has become fundamental in engineering sciences, whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, measurement, etc. due to the important role that the computer has taken in all these areas.

This module aims to lead students to develop computer code in a volume corresponding to the scale of a complete software. The amount of code associated with it naturally creates a need to structure the code to keep it viable, and the concepts associated with structuring the code will therefore be addressed or reinforced.
Teaching is therefore mainly organised around practical work and projects. The context largely concerns deep themes of the EEA: signal processing (acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data transmission via the Internet on an embedded Linux platform. The topic of event-based programming through the development of graphical interfaces will also be addressed. The languages serving as support will be Labview and Python. Portions of C/C++ can be used at the initiative of the students in the projects.

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- Controller Summary.

- Robust synthesis and contingency management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entity, architecture, ...).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (SPLD, CPLD, FPGA).

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TD courses in English for Specialization and English for Communication and which aims at professional autonomy in the English language.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability.

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Electrical energy is one of the essential energy vectors in energy management. It is becoming more important in new applications that reduce the carbon footprint, for example in electric propulsion. Electrical energy is produced by high-power production (thermal power plants) but also increasingly by intermittent sources due to renewable energies (photovoltaic, wind, etc.). This electrical energy produced must be transported and distributed, and the overall management of the transmission and distribution networks is a major constraint.

This teaching unit will :

• To provide theoretical knowledge of modelling the elements of production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy.
• To define the three-phase sinusoidal regime, the quality of electrical energy and the study of networks unbalanced by symmetrical components.
• Enable the implementation of the modeling of transformers, inductive elements (neutral point coil, etc.), synchronous alternators and asynchronous generators. It will give experimental methods for characterizing its elements.
• Give the conditions for connecting the generators to the electricity grids, the paralleling and the associated settings.
• To enable the establishment of models for lines and cables for electrical distribution. It will give notions of power management and the impact of short circuits in high-power networks. The use of network software will illustrate the phenomena.

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The energy transition is often associated with the objectives of setting up means of production from renewable energies (wind, photovoltaic, hydro, etc.). The use of intermittent sources creates particular constraints for transmission and distribution power systems. This teaching unit will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical part on networks. A second part on the means of production and renewable energies, highlighting wind energy. Finally, a third part will focus on the digital evolution of electricity networks: smart grids and smart grids.

This teaching unit will :

• Define the technology of all the elements of an HV and LV distribution electrical network.
• To provide the necessary knowledge to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical networks (architecture, aerial, underground, voltage level, power, transformer, alternator, etc.) and
• To allow the choice and implementation of devices according to needs (insulation, protection, control, etc.).
• Define electrical safety rules for interventions, thus making it possible to understand and apply lockout procedures.
• To make it possible to determine, choose and adjust the protections based on the characteristics of the network and the equipment by explaining the calculation of fault currents and the basic use of professional calculation software.
• Detail the choice of earthing connection schemes that meet given specifications and economic criteria, availability and quality constraints, etc.
• To provide a state of the art of electrical energy storage and to present the use of hydrogen as an energy vector associated with electrical energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and develop the conversion principle for wind and hydropower production.
• Introduce methods for the study of wind projects, analysis of the resource, regulations, connection problems and environmental impact.
• Introduce Smart-Grids and the use of the internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of power grids.

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The internship or end-of-study project must highlight the student's scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability:

• Internship of 2 to 3 months (maximum 5 months) to be carried out in a research laboratory or within a company;
• or 3-month end-of-study project in a research laboratory or in a teaching project room.

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Description* :

1 - The aim is to allow students to understand the importance of a well-prepared application that is in line with an internship or job advertisement or in connection with the activities of a professional structure in the case of an unsolicited application; write CVs and cover letters; to know oneself better in terms of personality; use new technologies (social networks and job boards) and orient their research according to their professional project. Finally, to know how to prepare and behave during job interviews.

2 - It is a question of allowing students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do this, they must know the objectives and characteristics, the plan to be applied, the different stages of implementation and the rules of presentation. Then, to present their project orally, students must know and be able to apply the general presentation structure; define appropriate and relevant visual aids; respect the rules of oral expression in order to express oneself correctly and in a professional manner (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); adopt behaviours that energize the discourse and allow you to hook your audience.

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Reliability is one of the 4 components of the SdF which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability and Security. This fundamental component of the SdF is taught in this UE both on the qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical energy transmission and high-voltage switchgear design industry is faced with the need to find solutions for insulation constraints. They seek to improve the reliability and lifespan of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers, etc.). They are seeking to develop innovative solutions for transport to reduce visual pollution of overhead lines such as high-voltage direct voltage (HVDC) electrical links. To do this, it is therefore necessary to characterize and develop new insulation materials and to take into account environmental constraints.

This teaching unit addresses the different properties of insulating and conductive materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric break... It defines the theory of the physical origin of the various phenomena related to these properties.

Part of the course is also devoted to measurement techniques, characterizations and data analysis related to the different properties of dielectrics.

This teaching unit also includes a course on the particularities of the use of high voltage as well as applications to high voltage switchgear. It will define the functions, characteristics and constraints of this apparatus.

A presentation of HVDC networks is processed, it gives the architectures of converters and links (unipolar, bipolar), characteristics and constraints.

A practical part including measurements and data analysis for the characterization of dielectrics will be carried out during a mini project.

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Photovoltaic solar energy is a clean energy that does not emit greenhouse gases. It produces electrical energy (terrestrial production) contributing to the increase in the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in nomadic or embedded solutions associated with storage solutions if necessary.

This teaching unit:

• Will provide the scientific skills necessary to understand the operation of photovoltaic energy systems for the production of electrical energy.
• Define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels and generators (terrestrial, on-board, space, etc.).
• Define portable, nomadic energies based on photovoltaic systems allowing energy savings and a certain autonomy depending on the situation.
• Define the architectures, control and command of terrestrial and space photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, resources, regulations, and the issue of connection to the distribution network.

An environmental aspect taking into account the overall impact of photovoltaic energy in the energy transition will be presented by introducing the advantages and disadvantages compared to other intermittent or non-intermittent energy sources.

Practical work will illustrate the essential points introduced during the course of this teaching unit. This theme may be proposed as a Master 2 project.

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In the design of energy conversion systems, in the context of a feasibility study for example, it is essential to use scientific computing software and/or simulation software which will allow substantial time savings.

This teaching unit will:

• To provide knowledge of numerical calculation methods used in commercial software used to solve problems applied to electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for the search for an optimal solution under constraint in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of digital techniques for the processing of data from, for example, the reliability study of an electrical system or power electronics.
• Present the finite element methods and software used for the resolution of physical or multi-physics problems.
• Deal with thermal problems related to energy conversion and will provide theoretical knowledge necessary for the understanding and modeling of thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformer, distribution cables, etc.).

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The place of electrical energy is preponderant in the development of transport such as, for example, aeronautics and automobiles. The strong environmental and economic constraints of these fields make it imperative to design and develop high power density converters with a high reliability rate.

This teaching unit will:

• To provide students with the key elements for the design, sizing, study and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems as well as other applications, such as the management of electrical energy in renewable or non-renewable energy production, transmission and control systems.
• Present the interest of converters for embedded systems that are continuously evolving towards all-electric and will make the link with the problems posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts for calculating a carbon footprint and eco-design. These design elements are now essential to design high-performance products and help the success of the energy transition.
• To give students skills on current power electronics devices and will allow them to better understand emerging converter structures.
• Present the constraints related to the use of passive components and more particularly magnetic components operating at high frequencies and which are absolutely necessary for the operation of these converters.

Students will have to be able to carry out a complete project based on a specific specification, which will lead them to study a regulated conversion structure in its entirety.

The practical work associated with the course will allow a better understanding of the technological barriers in the design of high-performance structures in power electronics.

This Teaching Unit will serve as a support for Master 2 projects.

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To reduce our CO2 emissions, key transport industries (automotive, aeronautics, etc.) are seeking to develop innovative travel solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric motors are mainly made from synchronous motors.

This Teaching Unit will:

• To provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge to model and size a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the fields of electric propulsion.
• To provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand the physical phenomena intrinsic to the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, mechanical).
• Define and study the different topologies, organizations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods to understand the control of a synchronous motor.
• Will present a method for sizing a synchronous actuator with magnets. It will associate this method with finite element software to verify this dimensioning.
• To provide knowledge in order to see the impact of such an actuator in the energy transition and on the environment.

Finally, the practical part will implement the measurement methods and techniques necessary for the study, the modeling of electromagnetic components and the control of synchronous motors. Application work where the measurements made are then exploited with scientific software (Excel, Matlab, femm...) will be used to apply the course. This theme may be proposed as a Master 2 project.

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Dependability (SDF) is the science of failures. It is committed to predicting, measuring and, more broadly, controlling them. In this course, the approach and quantitative aspects of the SdF are taught.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability of the student.

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Internship of 5 to 6 months to be carried out in a research laboratory or within a company, highlighting the scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability of the student.

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Preparation for professional integration.

Teaching provided by a senior HR consultant, former HR manager of large groups, who uses her rich experience in recruitment to serve her teaching.

Pedagogical approach promoting the sharing of experience and the response to students' situations and questions.

General contributions on recruitment from A to Z, how to be more efficient in your search, vision on the approaches of final recruiters, recruitment agencies, service companies.

Simulations of recruitment interviews in small groups with personalized debriefing orchestrated by the teacher.

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TD courses in English for Specialization and English for Communication and which aims at professional autonomy in the English language.

Strengthen and consolidate the achievements of Master 1.

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