Electrical Energy, Environment and Systems Reliability

The module will cover the following:

• Link between transfer function and differential equation
• Representation and continuous state feedback (eigenvalues, stability)
• Representation and sampled state feedback
• Status feedback control without and with full loopback, LQR control
• State Observers
• Non-linear control with examples

Practical work: implementation of the acquired knowledge on real examples (e.g. electric motors), programming in python (numpy and control libraries).

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This course completes a basic training in signal processing with a thorough knowledge of deterministic or random digital signals. This knowledge is essential in all engineering sciences, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

In a first part (10h30 lecture, 6h lab), the course deals with the sampling and quantization aspects of continuous signals and the relation between digital signals and original continuous signals. We define the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation and its use on real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9 hours lecture, 4.5 hours lab, 3 hours lab) is dedicated to random signals and how the properties of some random signals can be used either to reduce the random part of a signal whose deterministic part is to be privileged (filtering, increase of the signal-to-noise ratio, ...) or to improve the transmission of information or to identify complex linearized systems.

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• This course completes the basic training in analog electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification and modulation. This knowledge is indispensable for the understanding and realization of analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering sciences.
• The teaching is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials and practical work, with the possibility of mini projects.

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This teaching unit, devoted to the basics of digital electronics, is structured in an original way around a technical project, carried out individually or in pairs, whose progress will follow the progression of the associated courses.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the teaching unit.

The main notions of digital electronics will be deepened through lectures and practical work can complete the theoretical aspects to guide the progress of the project.

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This teaching unit is made up of several parts, the first of which deals with the power electronics structures required to supply an electronic system. The second part will deal with the current or voltage regulation of these structures. A third part will deal with the conversion functions necessary for the control of MCC and DC Brushless actuators.

The last part presents the topologies of actuators for robotics and their implementation. The control of a DC motor and the self-control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this last part.

Practical work will allow to observe the principle and the implementation of regulated systems for electronics and actuators. This UE could be the support of the M1 project subjects.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development and manufacture of computer systems, both hardware and software.

This discipline has become fundamental in the engineering sciences, whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, measurement, etc., due to the important role that computers have taken in all these fields.

This module aims at bringing students to develop computer code in a volume corresponding to the scale of a complete software. The quantity of code associated naturally gives rise to a need to structure the code so that it remains viable, and the concepts associated with code structuring will therefore be addressed or reinforced.
The teaching is therefore organized for the most part around practical work and projects. The context concerns for a large part deep themes of EEA: signal processing (acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data transmission by internet on embedded Linux platform. The theme of event-based programming through the development of graphical interfaces will also be addressed. The supporting languages will be Labview and Python. Portions of C/C++ can be used at the initiative of the students in the projects.

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- Controller synthesis.

- Robust synthesis and hazard management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entity, architecture, ...).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (SPLD, CPLD, FPGA).

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Specialized English and English for Communication courses aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, emphasizing the scientific skills, autonomy and adaptabilitý of the student.

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Electrical energy is one of the essential energy carriers in energy management. It is becoming more and more important in new applications allowing to reduce the carbon footprint, for example in electric propulsion. Electrical energy is produced by high power production (thermal power plants) but also by more and more intermittent sources due to renewable energies (photovoltaic, wind power...). This electrical energy produced must be transported and distributed and the global management of the transport and distribution networks is a major constraint.

This unit of instruction will:

• To provide theoretical knowledge of modeling of the elements of production, transport and distribution of electrical energy.
• To define the three-phase sinusoidal regime, the quality of electrical energy and the study of unbalanced networks by symmetrical components.
• To allow the implementation of the modeling of transformers, inductive elements (neutral point coil...), synchronous alternators and asynchronous generators. It will give the experimental methods of characterization of these elements.
• To give the conditions of connection of the generators to the electric networks, the setting in parallel and the associated adjustments.
• To allow the establishment of models for lines and cables for electrical distribution. It will give notions of power management, of the impact of short-circuit in high power networks. The use of network software will illustrate the phenomena.

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The energy transition is often associated with objectives for the implementation of production means from renewable energies (wind, photovoltaic, hydraulic...). The use of intermittent sources of energy generates particular constraints for the electrical transmission and distribution networks. This teaching unit will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical part on the networks. A second part on the means of production and renewable energies, with a focus on wind energy. Finally, a third part will focus on the digital evolution of electrical networks: smart grids.

This unit of instruction will:

• Define the technology of all the elements of a HV and LV electrical distribution network.
• To provide the necessary knowledge to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical networks (architectures, overhead, underground, voltage levels, powers, transformers, alternators...) and
• To allow the choice and the implementation of devices according to the needs (insulation, protections, control...).
• Define the electrical safety rules for interventions allowing to understand and apply the consignment procedures.
• To allow to determine, to choose and to adjust the protections from the characteristics of the network and the equipments by explaining the calculation of the fault currents and the basic use of the professional software of calculation.
• To detail the choice of the grounding schemes answering a specification and given economic criteria, constraints of availability, quality...
• To make a state of the art of the means of storage of the electric energy and to present the use of the hydrogen as energy vector associated with the electric energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and develop the principle of conversion for wind and water power production.
• Introduce the methods of studying wind projects, analysis of the resource, regulations, the problem of connection and the impact on the environment.
• Introduce Smart-Grid and the use of internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of electrical networks.

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The internship or end-of-study project should emphasize the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptabilitý :

• Internship of 2 to 3 months (maximum 5 months) to be carried out in a research laboratory or in a company;
• or 3-month end-of-study project in a research laboratory or teaching project room.

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Description*:

1 - The aim is to enable students to understand the importance of a well-prepared application in line with an internship or job advertisement or in relation to the activities of a professional structure in the case of an unsolicited application; to write CVs and cover letters; to get to know themselves better in terms of personality; to use new technologies (social networks and job boards) and to orient their research in line with their professional project Finally, to know how to prepare and behave during job interviews.

2 - The aim is to enable students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do so, they must know the objectives and characteristics of the project, the plan to be applied, the different stages of realization as well as the rules of presentation. Then, to present their project orally, students must know and be able to apply the general structure of the presentation; define appropriate and relevant visual aids; respect the rules of oral expression in order to express themselves correctly and professionally (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); adopt behaviors that energize the speech and enable the audience to be hooked.

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Reliability is part of the 4 components of SoTL which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability and Safety. This fundamental component of SoTL is taught in this course on both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical power transmission industry and the design of high voltage switchgear are confronted with the need to find solutions for insulation constraints. They are looking to improve the reliability and lifetime of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers ...). They seek to develop innovative solutions for the transport to reduce the visual pollution of overhead lines such as high voltage direct current (HVDC). For this purpose, it is necessary to characterize and develop new insulators and to take into account environmental constraints.

This course covers the different properties of insulating and conducting materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric breakdown, etc. It defines the theory of the physical origin of the different phenomena related to these properties.

A part of the course is also devoted to measurement techniques, characterizations and data analysis related to the various properties of dielectrics.

This unit also includes a course on the particularities of high voltage use and applications to high voltage equipment. It will define the functions, characteristics and constraints of this equipment.

A presentation of the HVDC networks is given, it gives the architectures of the converters and the links (unipolar, bipolar), the characteristics and the constraints.

A practical part including measurements and data analysis for dielectric characterization will be performed during a mini project.

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Solar photovoltaic energy is a clean energy that does not emit greenhouse gases. It produces electrical energy (terrestrial production) which contributes to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in nomadic or embedded solutions associated if necessary with storage solutions.

This teaching unit:

• Will provide the scientific skills necessary to understand the operation of photovoltaic energy systems for the production of electrical energy.
• Define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels and generators (terrestrial, embedded, space...).
• Will define portable, nomadic energy based on photovoltaic systems allowing energy savings and a certain autonomy depending on the situation.
• Will define the architectures, control and command of terrestrial and space photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, the resource, the regulations, and the problem of connection to the distribution network.

An environmental aspect taking into account the global impact of photovoltaic energy in the energy transition will be presented by introducing the advantages and disadvantages compared to other energy sources, intermittent or not.

Practical work will illustrate the essential points introduced during the course of this teaching unit. This theme could be proposed as a Master 2 project.

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In the design of energy conversion systems, within the framework of a feasibility study for example, it is essential to use scientific calculation software and/or simulation software which will allow a substantial saving of time.

This unit of instruction will:

• To provide knowledge of numerical calculation methods used in commercial software used to solve problems applied to electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for the search of an optimal solution under constraints in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of numerical techniques for the processing of data from, for example, the study of the reliability of an electrical system or power electronics.
• Present the finite element methods and software used to solve physical or multiphysical problems.
• To deal with thermal problems related to energy conversion and to provide theoretical knowledge necessary for the understanding and modeling of thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformers, distribution cables...).

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The role of electrical energy is preponderant in the development of transportation such as, for example, aeronautics and automobiles. The strong environmental and economic constraints of these fields make it imperative to design and develop high power-to-weight converters with a high reliability rate.

This unit of instruction will:

• To provide students with the key elements for the design, sizing, study and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems as well as other applications, such as electrical energy management in renewable and non-renewable energy production, transmission and control systems.
• Present the interest of converters for embedded systems that are continuously evolving towards all-electricity and make the link with the problems posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts that allow for the calculation of a carbon footprint and for eco-design. These elements of design are now essential for designing efficient products and helping to make the energy transition a success.
• Provide students with skills on current power electronics devices and will enable them to better understand emerging converter structures.
• To present the constraints related to the use of passive components and more particularly magnetic components operating at high frequencies and which are absolutely necessary for the operation of these converters.

The students will have to be able to carry out a complete project from a specific specification which will lead them to study in its totality a regulated conversion structure.

The practical work associated with the course will allow a better understanding of the technological barriers in the design of efficient structures in power electronics.

This teaching unit will be used as a support for the Master 2 projects.

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In order to reduce our CO2 emissions, the key transport industries (automotive, aeronautics...) are seeking to develop innovative travel solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric motors are mainly based on synchronous motors.

This Teaching Unit will:

• To provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge to model and dimension a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the fields of electric propulsion.
• To provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand the physical phenomena intrinsic to the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, mechanical).
• Define and study the different topologies and organizations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods to understand the control of a synchronous motor.
• Will present a method for sizing a synchronous magnet actuator. It will associate this method with finite element software allowing to verify this sizing.
• To bring knowledge to see the impact of such an actuator in the energy transition and on the environment.

Finally, the practical part will implement the methods and techniques of measurements necessary for the study, modeling of electromagnetic components and control of synchronous motors. Application work where the measurements made are subsequently used with scientific software (Excel, Matlab, femm ...) will be used to apply the course. This topic could be proposed as a Master 2 project.

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Dependability is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring and, more broadly, controlling them. In this course, the approach and the quantitative aspects of FS are taught.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, emphasizing the scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability of the student.

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5 to 6 month internship in a research laboratory or in a company, emphasizing the scientific skills, autonomy and adaptability of the student.

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Preparation for professional integration.

The course is taught by a senior HR consultant and former HRM of large groups, who brings to the teaching her rich experience in recruitment.

A pedagogical approach that favors the sharing of experience and the response to students' situations and questions.

General information on recruitment from A to Z, how to be more efficient in your search, vision on the approaches of final recruiters, recruitment firms, service companies.

Simulated recruitment interviews in small groups with personalized debriefing orchestrated by the teacher.

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Specialized English and English for Communication courses aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

Reinforce and consolidate the knowledge acquired in Master 1.

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