Electric Power, Environment, and System Reliability

The module will cover the following points:

• Transfer function link and differential equation
• Representation and continuous status feedback (eigenvalues, stability)
• Representation and sampled status feedback
• Feedback control without and with full-loop feedback, LQR control
• State observers
• Nonlinear control with examples

Practical work: applying knowledge to real-world examples (e.g., electric motors), programming in Python (numpy and control libraries).

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This teaching unit complements basic training in signal processing with in-depth knowledge of deterministic or random digital signals. This knowledge is essential in all engineering sciences, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

In the first part (10.5 hours of lectures, 6 hours of practical work), the course covers the sampling and quantification of continuous signals and the relationship between digital signals and the original continuous signal. It defines the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation, and its use on real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9 hours of lectures, 4.5 hours of tutorials, 3 hours of practical work) is dedicated to random signals and how the properties of certain random signals can be used either to reduce the random part of a signal whose deterministic part we wish to favor (filtering, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) or to improve information transmission or even identify complex linearized systems.

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• This teaching unit complements basic training in analog electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification, and modulation. This knowledge is essential for understanding and implementing analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering science.
• Teaching is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials, and practical work, opening up the possibility for mini-projects.

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This teaching unit, devoted to the fundamentals of digital electronics, is structured in an original way around a technical project, carried out individually or in pairs, the progress of which will follow the progression of the associated courses.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the teaching unit.

The main concepts of digital electronics will be explored in depth through lectures, and practical work may supplement the theoretical aspects to guide the progress of the project.

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This teaching unit consists of several parts, the first of which deals with the power electronics structures required to power an electronic system. The second part will focus on the current or voltage regulation of these structures. A third part will deal with the conversion functions required to control MCC and DC Brushless actuators.

The last section presents actuator topologies for robotics and their implementation. DC motor control and autopilot control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this last section.

Practical work will enable students to observe the principle and implementation of regulated systems for electronics and actuators. This course unit may serve as a basis for M1 project topics.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development, and manufacture of computer systems, both hardware and software.

This discipline has become fundamental in engineering sciences, whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, measurement, etc., due to the important role that computers now play in all these fields.

This module aims to encourage students to develop computer code on a scale corresponding to that of a complete software program. The quantity of code involved naturally creates a need to structure the code so that it remains viable, and the concepts associated with code structuring will therefore be addressed or reinforced.
Teaching is therefore organized mainly around practical work and projects. The context largely concerns the core themes of the EEA: signal processing (acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data retrieval via the internet on an embedded Linux platform. The topic of event-driven programming through the development of graphical interfaces will also be covered. The languages used will be Labview and Python. Portions of C/C++ may be used in projects at the students' initiative.

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- Controller summary.

- Robust synthesis and risk management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entity, architecture, etc.).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (SPLD, CPLD, FPGA).

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Tutorial courses in specialized English and English for communication, aimed at developing professional autonomy in the English language.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptability.

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The internship or final project should highlight the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability:

• Internship lasting 2 to 3 months (maximum 5 months) to be carried out in a research laboratory or within a company;
• or a 3-month final project in a research laboratory or teaching project room.

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Description:

1 - The aim is to enable students to understand the importance of a well-prepared application that is tailored to a specific internship or job advertisement, or linked to the activities of a professional organization in the case of a speculative application; to write resumes and cover letters; to gain a better understanding of their personality; to use new technologies (social networks and job boards) and to tailor their search to their career plans. Finally, to know how to prepare for and behave during job interviews.

2 - The aim is to enable students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do this, they must be familiar with the objectives and characteristics of the article, the plan to be followed, the different stages of completion, and the rules of presentation. Next, in order to present their project orally, students must know and be able to apply the general presentation structure; define appropriate and relevant visual aids; follow the rules of oral expression in order to express themselves correctly and professionally (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); and adopt behaviors that energize their speech and engage their audience.

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Electrical energy is one of the key energy vectors in energy management. It is becoming increasingly important in new applications that reduce carbon footprints, such as electric propulsion. Electricity is generated by high-power plants (thermal power stations) but also, increasingly, by intermittent sources using renewable energies (photovoltaic, wind, etc.). This electricity must be transported and distributed, and the overall management of transmission and distribution networks is a major constraint.

This teaching unit will:

• Provide theoretical knowledge of modeling the elements of electrical energy production, transmission, and distribution.
• Enable the definition of the three-phase sinusoidal regime, the quality of electrical energy, and the study of unbalanced networks by symmetrical components.
• Enable the modeling of transformers, inductive elements (neutral point coil, etc.), synchronous alternators, and asynchronous generators. It will provide experimental methods for characterizing these elements.
• Provide the conditions for connecting generators to electrical grids, parallel connection, and associated settings.
• Enable the establishment of models for power distribution lines and cables. It will provide an introduction to power management and the impact of short circuits in high-power networks. The use of network software will help illustrate these phenomena.

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The energy transition is often associated with objectives for implementing means of production based on renewable energies (wind, solar, hydro, etc.). The use of intermittent sources creates particular constraints for electricity transmission and distribution networks. This teaching unit will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical section on networks; a second section on production methods and renewable energies, with a focus on wind energy; and finally, a third section on the digital evolution of electricity networks: smart networks and smart grids.

This teaching unit will:

• Define the technology of all components of a high-voltage and low-voltage electrical distribution network.
• Provide the knowledge necessary to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical networks (architectures, overhead, underground, voltage levels, power ratings, transformers, alternators, etc.) and
• Allow the selection and implementation of devices according to requirements (insulation, protection, control, etc.).
• Define electrical safety rules for interventions, thereby enabling understanding and application of lockout procedures.
• Enable the determination, selection, and adjustment of protections based on network and equipment characteristics by explaining fault current calculations and the basic use of professional calculation software.
• Detail the choice of grounding schemes that meet specific specifications and economic criteria, availability constraints, quality requirements, etc.
• Provide an overview of the current state of the art in electrical energy storage and present the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier associated with electrical energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and develop the principle of conversion for wind and hydroelectric power generation.
• Introduce methods for studying wind power projects, analyzing resources, regulations, connection issues, and environmental impact.
• Introduce smart grids and the use of the internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of electrical networks.

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Reliability is one of the four components of SdF, which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, and Safety. This fundamental component of SdF is taught in this course unit, covering both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical power transmission industry and high-voltage equipment design industry are faced with the challenge of finding solutions to insulation constraints. They are seeking to improve the reliability and service life of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers, etc.). They are seeking to develop innovative transport solutions to reduce the visual pollution of overhead lines such as high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power lines. To do this, it is necessary to characterize and develop new insulators and take environmental constraints into account.

This teaching unit covers the different properties of insulating and conductive materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric breakdown, etc. It defines the theory behind the physical origin of the various phenomena associated with these properties.

Part of the course is also devoted to measurement techniques, characterization, and data analysis related to the various properties of dielectrics.

This teaching unit also includes a course on the specific features of high voltage use and applications in high voltage equipment. It will define the functions, characteristics, and constraints of this equipment.

A presentation of HVDC networks is provided, covering converter and link architectures (single-pole, double-pole), characteristics, and constraints.

A practical component involving measurements and data analysis for the characterization of dielectrics will be carried out as part of a mini-project.

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Photovoltaic solar energy is a clean energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases. It produces electrical energy (ground-based production) that contributes to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in mobile or embedded solutions, combined with storage solutions if necessary.

This teaching unit:

• Will provide the scientific skills necessary to understand how photovoltaic energy systems work to generate electricity.
• Will define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels, and generators (ground-based, onboard, space-based, etc.).
• Will define portable, mobile energy sources based on photovoltaic systems that enable energy savings and a certain degree of autonomy depending on the situation.
• Will define the architectures, control, and command of terrestrial and space-based photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, resources, regulations, and the issue of connection to the distribution network.

An environmental aspect taking into account the overall impact of photovoltaic energy in the energy transition will be presented, introducing the advantages and disadvantages compared to other intermittent or non-intermittent energy sources.

Practical work will illustrate the key points introduced during this teaching unit. This topic may be proposed as a Master's 2 project.

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When designing energy conversion systems, for example as part of a feasibility study, it is essential to use scientific calculation and/or simulation software, which will save a considerable amount of time.

This teaching unit will:

• Provide knowledge of numerical calculation methods used in commercial software for solving problems applied to electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for finding an optimal solution under constraints in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of digital techniques for processing data derived, for example, from reliability studies of electrical systems or power electronics.
• Present finite element methods and software used to solve physical or multiphysics problems.
• Address thermal issues related to energy conversion and provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand and model thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformers, distribution cables, etc.).

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Electric power plays a key role in the development of transportation systems such as aeronautics and automotive. The significant environmental and economic constraints in these fields make it imperative to design and develop high-power-density converters with a high reliability rate.

This teaching unit will:

• Provide students with the key elements for the design, sizing, study, and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems and other applications, such as electrical energy management in renewable and non-renewable energy production, transport, and control systems.
• Present the benefits of converters for embedded systems, which are continually evolving toward all-electric operation, and discuss the issues posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts for calculating carbon footprints and eco-design. These design elements are now essential for designing high-performance products and contributing to the success of the energy transition.
• Provide students with skills in current power electronics devices and enable them to better understand emerging converter structures.
• Present the constraints associated with the use of passive components, particularly magnetic components operating at high frequencies, which are absolutely necessary for the operation of these converters.

Students must be able to complete an entire project based on specific specifications, which will require them to study a regulated conversion structure in its entirety.

The practical work associated with the course will provide a better understanding of the technological barriers in the design of high-performance power electronics structures.

This teaching unit will serve as a basis for Master's 2 projects.

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To reduce our CO2 emissions, key transport industries (automotive, aeronautics, etc.) are seeking to develop innovative transportation solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric motors are mainly based on synchronous motors.

This Teaching Unit will:

• Provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge needed to model and size a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the field of electric propulsion.
• Provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand the physical phenomena intrinsic to the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, mechanical).
• Define and study the different topologies and configurations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods that enable understanding of synchronous motor control.
• Will present a method for sizing a synchronous magnet actuator. She will combine this method with finite element software to verify the sizing.
• Provide knowledge in order to see the impact of such an actuator on the energy transition and the environment.

Finally, the practical part will implement the measurement methods and techniques necessary for the study, modeling of electromagnetic components, and control of synchronous motors. Application work, in which the measurements taken are subsequently used with scientific software (Excel, Matlab, FEMM, etc.), will serve to apply the course material. This topic may be offered as a Master 2 project.

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Reliability Engineering (RE) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course teaches the approach and quantitative aspects of RE.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptability.

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5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or within a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for professional integration.

Teaching provided by a senior HR consultant, former HR manager for large corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

Teaching approach that encourages sharing experiences and responding to students' situations and questions.

General information on recruitment from A to Z, how to be more effective in your search, insight into the approaches of final recruiters, recruitment agencies, and service companies.

Simulated job interviews in small groups with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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Tutorial courses in specialized English and English for communication, aimed at developing professional autonomy in the English language.

Reinforce and consolidate the knowledge acquired in Master 1.

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