M2 - Electrical Energy, Environment, and System Reliability

Reliability is one of the four components of SdF, which are Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, and Safety. This fundamental component of SdF is taught in this course unit, covering both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

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The electrical power transmission industry and high-voltage equipment design industry are faced with the challenge of finding solutions to insulation constraints. They are seeking to improve the reliability and service life of their components (cables, insulators, circuit breakers, etc.). They are seeking to develop innovative transport solutions to reduce the visual pollution of overhead lines such as high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power lines. To do this, it is necessary to characterize and develop new insulators and take environmental constraints into account.

This teaching unit covers the different properties of insulating and conductive materials, such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric breakdown, etc. It defines the theory behind the physical origin of the various phenomena associated with these properties.

Part of the course is also devoted to measurement techniques, characterization, and data analysis related to the various properties of dielectrics.

This teaching unit also includes a course on the specific features of high voltage use and applications in high voltage equipment. It will define the functions, characteristics, and constraints of this equipment.

A presentation of HVDC networks is provided, covering converter and link architectures (single-pole, double-pole), characteristics, and constraints.

A practical component involving measurements and data analysis for the characterization of dielectrics will be carried out as part of a mini-project.

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Photovoltaic solar energy is a clean energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases. It produces electrical energy (ground-based production) that contributes to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy can also be used in mobile or embedded solutions, combined with storage solutions if necessary.

This teaching unit:

• Will provide the scientific skills necessary to understand how photovoltaic energy systems work to generate electricity.
• Will define the technologies and characteristics of photovoltaic cells, panels, and generators (ground-based, onboard, space-based, etc.).
• Will define portable, mobile energy sources based on photovoltaic systems that enable energy savings and a certain degree of autonomy depending on the situation.
• Will define the architectures, control, and command of terrestrial and space-based photovoltaic power generation systems.
• Will introduce the study of photovoltaic projects, resources, regulations, and the issue of connection to the distribution network.

An environmental aspect taking into account the overall impact of photovoltaic energy in the energy transition will be presented, introducing the advantages and disadvantages compared to other intermittent or non-intermittent energy sources.

Practical work will illustrate the key points introduced during this teaching unit. This topic may be proposed as a Master's 2 project.

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When designing energy conversion systems, for example as part of a feasibility study, it is essential to use scientific calculation and/or simulation software, which will save a considerable amount of time.

This teaching unit will:

• Provide knowledge of numerical calculation methods used in commercial software for solving problems applied to electrical engineering.
• Introduce optimization concepts for finding an optimal solution under constraints in a problem related to electrical engineering.
• Enable the implementation and application of digital techniques for processing data derived, for example, from reliability studies of electrical systems or power electronics.
• Present finite element methods and software used to solve physical or multiphysics problems.
• Address thermal issues related to energy conversion and provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand and model thermal phenomena in electrical engineering components and systems (power electronics, HF transformers, distribution cables, etc.).

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Electric power plays a key role in the development of transportation systems such as aeronautics and automotive. The significant environmental and economic constraints in these fields make it imperative to design and develop high-power-density converters with a high reliability rate.

This teaching unit will:

• Provide students with the key elements for the design, sizing, study, and simulation of power converters used in embedded systems and other applications, such as electrical energy management in renewable and non-renewable energy production, transport, and control systems.
• Present the benefits of converters for embedded systems, which are continually evolving toward all-electric operation, and discuss the issues posed by the current reliability rates of power electronics.
• Introduce concepts for calculating carbon footprints and eco-design. These design elements are now essential for designing high-performance products and contributing to the success of the energy transition.
• Provide students with skills in current power electronics devices and enable them to better understand emerging converter structures.
• Present the constraints associated with the use of passive components, particularly magnetic components operating at high frequencies, which are absolutely necessary for the operation of these converters.

Students must be able to complete an entire project based on specific specifications, which will require them to study a regulated conversion structure in its entirety.

The practical work associated with the course will provide a better understanding of the technological barriers in the design of high-performance power electronics structures.

This teaching unit will serve as a basis for Master's 2 projects.

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To reduce our CO2 emissions, key transport industries (automotive, aeronautics, etc.) are seeking to develop innovative transportation solutions. Most of these solutions are electric, and these electric motors are mainly based on synchronous motors.

This Teaching Unit will:

• Provide students with the scientific and technological knowledge needed to model and size a synchronous actuator for specific applications related to the field of electric propulsion.
• Provide the theoretical knowledge necessary to understand the physical phenomena intrinsic to the operation of synchronous motors (electromagnetic, electrical, thermal, mechanical).
• Define and study the different topologies and configurations of synchronous actuators (windings, rotors, etc.).
• Develop modeling methods that enable understanding of synchronous motor control.
• Will present a method for sizing a synchronous magnet actuator. She will combine this method with finite element software to verify the sizing.
• Provide knowledge in order to see the impact of such an actuator on the energy transition and the environment.

Finally, the practical part will implement the measurement methods and techniques necessary for the study, modeling of electromagnetic components, and control of synchronous motors. Application work, in which the measurements taken are subsequently used with scientific software (Excel, Matlab, FEMM, etc.), will serve to apply the course material. This topic may be offered as a Master 2 project.

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Reliability Engineering (RE) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course teaches the approach and quantitative aspects of RE.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptability.

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5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or within a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for professional integration.

Teaching provided by a senior HR consultant, former HR manager for large corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

Teaching approach that encourages sharing experiences and responding to students' situations and questions.

General information on recruitment from A to Z, how to be more effective in your search, insight into the approaches of final recruiters, recruitment agencies, and service companies.

Simulated job interviews in small groups with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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Tutorial courses in specialized English and English for communication, aimed at developing professional autonomy in the English language.

Reinforce and consolidate the knowledge acquired in Master 1.

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