Sensors, Electronics, and Connected Devices

The module will cover the following topics:

• The Relationship Between Transfer Functions and Differential Equations
• Representation and Continuous Status Feedback (Eigenvalues, Stability)
• Sampled State Representation and Feedback
• Feedback Control Without and With Full-Loop Control, LQR Control
• State observers
• Nonlinear Control with Examples

Practical exercises: applying what you've learned to real-world examples (e.g., electric motors), programming in Python (using the NumPy and Control libraries).

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This course complements a basic education in signal processing with in-depth knowledge of deterministic and random digital signals. This knowledge is essential in all engineering disciplines, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

In the first part (10:30 a.m. lectures, 6 hours of lab work), the course covers the sampling and quantization of continuous signals and the relationship between digital signals and the original continuous signal. It defines the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation, and its application to real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9 hours of lectures, 4 hours and 30 minutes of tutorials, 3 hours of lab) is devoted to random signals and how the properties of certain random signals can be used either to reduce the random component of a signal when the deterministic component is of primary interest (filtering, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.), to improve information transmission, or to identify linearized complex systems.

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• This course complements the foundational training in analog electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification, and modulation. This knowledge is essential for understanding and designing analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering.
• Instruction is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials, and lab sessions, which provide opportunities for mini-projects.

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This course, which focuses on the fundamentals of digital electronics, is structured in a unique way around a technical project—carried out individually or in pairs—whose progress will follow the pace of the associated lectures.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the course.

The key concepts of digital electronics will be explored in depth through lectures, and lab sessions will supplement the theoretical aspects to guide the project’s progress.

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This course consists of several sections. The first section covers the power electronics structures required to power an electronic system. The second section will focus on current- or voltage-based control of these structures. A third section will cover the conversion functions required to control MCC and brushless DC actuators.

The final section presents actuator topologies for robotics and their implementation. The control of a DC motor and the self-driving control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this final section.

Hands-on exercises will allow students to observe the principles and implementation of controlled systems for electronics and actuators. This course unit may serve as the basis for M1 project topics.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development, and manufacture of computer systems, from both a hardware and software perspective.

This field has become fundamental to engineering sciences—whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, or measurement—due to the significant role that computers have come to play in all of these areas.

This module aims to help students develop computer code on a scale commensurate with that of a complete software application. The volume of code involved naturally creates a need to structure the code so that it remains manageable, and the concepts related to code structuring will therefore be introduced or reinforced.
Instruction is thus organized primarily around practical exercises and projects. The context largely involves core topics of the EEA program: signal processing (data acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data transmission over the Internet via an embedded Linux platform. The topic of event-driven programming through the development of graphical user interfaces will also be covered. The programming languages used will be LabVIEW and Python. Students may choose to incorporate elements of C/C++ into their projects.

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- Controller overview.

- Robust synthesis and risk management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entities, architecture, etc.).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (CPLDs, FPGAs).

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A tutorial course in specialized English and communicative English designed to foster professional autonomy in the English language.

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A project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student’s scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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The internship or final project should highlight the student’s scientific skills, independence, and adaptability:

• A 2- to 3-month internship (maximum 5 months) to be completed in a research laboratory or at a company;
• or a 3-month final project in a research laboratory or an educational project room.

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Description*:

1 - The goal is to help students understand the importance of a well-prepared application that matches an internship or job posting, or aligns with the activities of a professional organization in the case of an unsolicited application; to write resumes and cover letters; to gain a better understanding of their own personalities; to use new technologies (social media and job boards); and to tailor their job search to their career goals. Finally, to know how to prepare for and conduct themselves during job interviews.

2 - The goal is to enable students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do so, they must understand the article’s objectives and characteristics, the outline to follow, the various stages of the writing process, and the formatting guidelines. Next, to present their project orally, students must understand and be able to apply the general structure of a presentation; select appropriate and relevant visual aids; follow the rules of oral communication to express themselves correctly and professionally (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); and adopt behaviors that energize their speech and help engage their audience.

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Acquire the theoretical and practical fundamentals in the field of sensors (vocabulary, definitions, construction, implementation, instrumentation), as well as capacitive, inductive, and resistive measurement. These measurement techniques will be applied to temperature, humidity, strain, and displacement sensors. In addition, signal conditioning electronics and the measurement chain will be covered, with a particular focus on wireless transmission using technologies found in connected devices (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE, Zigbee, LoRa, RFID).

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Manufacturing Processes

- The Concept of Technological Stages

- Manufacturing masks

Analog Circuit Design:

- Basic CMOS cells

- CMOS amplifiers: 1-stage, 2-stage, 3-stage; advanced structures

- Electrical simulation of cells and AOP

Digital Circuit Design:

- Simple logic gates - Complex AND-OR gates

- Domino Logic

- Speed optimization

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This course provides a step-by-step introduction to the key physical phenomena necessary for understanding how electronic components work and how they are used in electronic circuits. The first part introduces the physics of semiconductor materials, followed by the second part, which covers the characteristics of materials at equilibrium. The third part covers the main phenomena of electron transport. Finally, the fourth and fifth parts present the most important electronic components: diodes and transistors.

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This course, which focuses on sensor manufacturing methods, is structured around a technology project carried out in pairs, the progress of which will follow the progression of the associated classes.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the course

The proposed projects will focus on the fabrication and characterization of basic microsystems. The main fabrication and characterization techniques will be presented through lectures, and lab sessions will facilitate the project’s progress.

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Acquire the theoretical and practical fundamentals in the field of thermal, mechanical, acoustic, and optical sensors. Integrate these sensors into an automated instrumentation system.

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This course covers a broad range of topics, from the fundamentals of Boolean logic to the architecture of systems-on-chip (SoC), including logic synthesis flows, processor architecture, and the basics of embedded software. VHDL, a hardware description language, also plays a significant role in this course unit and will be studied in lectures and used in lab sessions, as well as in the context of an “Embedded Systems” project.

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This course covers a wide range of topics, from the fundamentals of Boolean logic to digital SoC (Systems-on-Chip) architecture, including digital design flows, computer architecture, and the basics of embedded software. VHDL will be covered in this course for both logic synthesis and modeling/simulation purposes. Lab sessions include hands-on VHDL exercises (design of a simple stack processor), and a student project on “Embedded Systems” allows students to deepen their knowledge in this area.

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This course is divided into three parts, including the IoT section, which will be taught by an industry professional in the field.

Wireless Sensors Section

- Various types of wireless sensors,

- Reminder about communications

(Technology, related electronics, how to make a choice based on specifications)

- RFID and sensors.

- Sensor networks

(Overview, physical layer and hardware architecture, example of the Internet of Things).

- A mini-project will be proposed.

Internet of Things (IoT) Section

- Description of connected devices

- Communication protocols: BLE, LoRa, NB-IoT, 5G

- IoT Electronic Architecture

- Energy consumption management

- Defining the antenna and the range of the systems

- Applications (autonomous vehicles, smart buildings, digital factories)

LabVIEW Section

- Summary of LabVIEW Basics

- Project management, executable generation, advanced programming (events, execution speed, memory management, waveform manipulation, etc.)

- Advanced data acquisition techniques, implementation of signal processing libraries

- Internet tools (email, web, remote control, etc.), MATSCRIPT/MATLAB

- IMAQ Vision (real-time image and video acquisition, image processing)

- LabVIEW Embedded Systems Programming

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- Understand the characteristics of radiation environments in space and avionics, the relevant quantities, and the interaction between radiation and matter

- Understand and evaluate the various effects of radiation on electronic components and systems.

- Know and understand testing methods

- Understanding future industrial challenges: the reliability of electric and autonomous vehicles, press facilities, nuclear decommissioning, etc.

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• Understand the characteristics of space and avionics radiative environments, key parameters, and the interaction between radiation and matter
• Understand and evaluate the various effects of radiation on electronic components and systems.
• Know and understand test methods
• understand future industrial challenges: the reliability of electric and autonomous vehicles, NewSpace, nuclear decommissioning, …

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Reliability (SdF) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course covers the methodology and quantitative aspects of reliability.

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A project conducted in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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A 5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or at a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for entering the workforce.

The course is taught by a senior HR consultant, a former HR manager at major corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

A teaching approach that encourages the sharing of experiences and addresses students' situations and questions.

General insights on recruitment from A to Z, how to conduct a more effective job search, and perspectives on the approaches taken by end-hiring companies, recruitment firms, and staffing agencies.

Small-group mock job interviews with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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A tutorial course in specialized English and communicative English designed to foster professional autonomy in the English language.

To reinforce and consolidate the knowledge gained in the first year of the master's program.

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