Sensors, Electronics, and Connected Objects

The module will cover the following points:

• Transfer function link and differential equation
• Representation and continuous status feedback (eigenvalues, stability)
• Representation and sampled status feedback
• Feedback control without and with full-loop feedback, LQR control
• State observers
• Nonlinear control with examples

Practical work: applying knowledge to real-world examples (e.g., electric motors), programming in Python (numpy and control libraries).

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This teaching unit complements basic training in signal processing with in-depth knowledge of deterministic or random digital signals. This knowledge is essential in all engineering sciences, as digital signal processing is currently used in the majority of applications.

In the first part (10.5 hours of lectures, 6 hours of practical work), the course covers the sampling and quantification of continuous signals and the relationship between digital signals and the original continuous signal. It defines the discrete Fourier transform of digital signals, its estimation, and its use on real deterministic signals.

The second part of the course (9 hours of lectures, 4.5 hours of tutorials, 3 hours of practical work) is dedicated to random signals and how the properties of certain random signals can be used either to reduce the random part of a signal whose deterministic part we wish to favor (filtering, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) or to improve information transmission or even identify complex linearized systems.

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• This teaching unit complements basic training in analog electronics with in-depth knowledge of signal filtering, amplification, and modulation. This knowledge is essential for understanding and implementing analog electronic systems in all fields of engineering science.
• Teaching is organized in the form of lectures, tutorials, and practical work, opening up the possibility for mini-projects.

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This teaching unit, devoted to the fundamentals of digital electronics, is structured in an original way around a technical project, carried out individually or in pairs, the progress of which will follow the progression of the associated courses.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the teaching unit.

The main concepts of digital electronics will be explored in depth through lectures, and practical work may supplement the theoretical aspects to guide the progress of the project.

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This teaching unit consists of several parts, the first of which deals with the power electronics structures required to power an electronic system. The second part will focus on the current or voltage regulation of these structures. A third part will deal with the conversion functions required to control MCC and DC Brushless actuators.

The last section presents actuator topologies for robotics and their implementation. DC motor control and autopilot control of a synchronous motor will illustrate this last section.

Practical work will enable students to observe the principle and implementation of regulated systems for electronics and actuators. This course unit may serve as a basis for M1 project topics.

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Computer engineering is the discipline that deals with the design, development, and manufacture of computer systems, both hardware and software.

This discipline has become fundamental in engineering sciences, whether in electronics, robotics, signal processing, measurement, etc., due to the important role that computers now play in all these fields.

This module aims to encourage students to develop computer code on a scale corresponding to that of a complete software program. The quantity of code involved naturally creates a need to structure the code so that it remains viable, and the concepts associated with code structuring will therefore be addressed or reinforced.
Teaching is therefore organized mainly around practical work and projects. The context largely concerns the core themes of the EEA: signal processing (acquisition chain), instrument interfacing, and data retrieval via the internet on an embedded Linux platform. The topic of event-driven programming through the development of graphical interfaces will also be covered. The languages used will be Labview and Python. Portions of C/C++ may be used in projects at the students' initiative.

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- Controller summary.

- Robust synthesis and risk management.

- Representation and synthesis of synchronous machines.

- Description/synthesis language.

- The basics of the VHDL language (entity, architecture, etc.).

- Behavioral and structural descriptions.

- Simulation (Testbench).

- Reprogrammable circuits (CPLD, FPGA).

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Tutorial courses in specialized English and English for communication, aimed at developing professional autonomy in the English language.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptability.

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The internship or final project should highlight the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability:

• Internship lasting 2 to 3 months (maximum 5 months) to be carried out in a research laboratory or within a company;
• or a 3-month final project in a research laboratory or teaching project room.

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Description:

1 - The aim is to enable students to understand the importance of a well-prepared application that is tailored to a specific internship or job advertisement, or linked to the activities of a professional organization in the case of a speculative application; to write resumes and cover letters; to gain a better understanding of their personality; to use new technologies (social networks and job boards) and to tailor their search to their career plans. Finally, to know how to prepare for and behave during job interviews.

2 - The aim is to enable students to write a scientific article following the completion of a project. To do this, they must be familiar with the objectives and characteristics of the article, the plan to be followed, the different stages of completion, and the rules of presentation. Next, in order to present their project orally, students must know and be able to apply the general presentation structure; define appropriate and relevant visual aids; follow the rules of oral expression in order to express themselves correctly and professionally (vocabulary, syntax, etc.); and adopt behaviors that energize their speech and engage their audience.

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Acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of sensors (vocabulary, definitions, composition, implementation, instrumentation), as well as capacitive, inductive, and resistive measurement. These measurement techniques will be applied to temperature, humidity, stress, and displacement sensors. In addition, conditioning electronics and the instrument chain will be addressed, with a particular focus on wireless transmission using technologies used in connected objects (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE, Zigbee, Lora, RFID).

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Manufacturing processes

- Concept of technological stages

- Manufacturing masks

Analog circuit design:

- Basic CMOS cells

- CMOS amplifiers: 1 stage, 2 stages, 3 stages; advanced structures

- Electrical simulation of cells and AOPs

Digital circuit design:

- Simple logic gates - Complex ANDORI gates

- Domino logic

- Speed optimization

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The course provides a progressive introduction to the main physical phenomena that enable students to understand how electronic components work and how they are used in electronic circuits. The first part introduces the physics of semiconductor materials, followed by the second part, which deals with the characteristics of materials at equilibrium. The third part explains the main electronic transport phenomena. Finally, the fourth and fifth parts present the most important electronic components: diodes and transistors.

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This teaching unit, devoted to sensor manufacturing methods, is structured around a technology project, carried out in pairs, the progress of which will follow the progression of the associated courses.

Each project topic will be assigned at the beginning of the teaching unit.

The proposed projects will focus on the manufacture and characterization of elementary microsystems. The main manufacturing and characterization techniques will be presented through lectures and practical work will enable the project to progress.

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Acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of thermal, mechanical, acoustic, and optical sensors. Implement these sensors within an automated instrumentation chain.

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This course covers a wide range of topics, from the fundamentals of Boolean logic to the architecture of systems-on-chips (SoCs), including logic synthesis flows, processor architecture, and the basics of embedded software. VHDL, a hardware description language, also plays an important role in this course and will be studied in class and used in practical work, as well as in an "Embedded Systems" project.

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This course covers a wide range of topics ranging from fundamentals of Boolean logic to digital SoC (Systems-on-Chips) architecture, including digital design flows, computer architecture, and embedded software basics. VHDL will be studied in this lecture, for both logic synthesis and modeling/simulation purposes. Labs include hands-on VHDL exercises (design of a simple stack processor), and an "Embedded system" student project makes it possible to deepen knowledge in the area.

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This course is divided into three parts, including the IoT part, which will be taught by an industry professional.

Wireless sensors section

- Different types of wirelessly connected sensors,

- reminder about communications

(Technologies, related electronics, how to make a choice based on specifications)

- RFID and sensors.

- Sensor networks

(General information, physical layer and hardware architecture, example of the Internet of Things).

- A mini project will be proposed.

Internet of Things (IoT) section

- Description of connected objects

- Communication protocols: BLE, LoRa, NB-IoT, 5G

- IoT electronic architecture

- Consumption management

- Definition of the antenna and range of the systems

- Applications (autonomous vehicles, smart buildings, digital factories)

LabVIEW section

- Summary of LabVIEW basics

- Project management, executable generation, advanced programming (events, execution speed, memory management, waveform manipulation, etc.)

- Advanced acquisition techniques, implementation of signal processing libraries

- Internet tools (email, web, remote control, etc.), Matscript/Matlab

- IMAQ Vision (real-time image and video acquisition, image processing)

- LabVIEW embedded systems programming

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- Understand the characteristics of radiation environments in space and avionics, significant quantities, and the interaction between radiation and matter.

- Understand and evaluate the various effects of radiation on electronic components and systems.

- Know and understand testing methods

- Understanding future industrial challenges: reliability of electric and autonomous vehicles, press space, nuclear decommissioning, etc.

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• Know the characteristics of space and avionics radiative environments, important quantities, and radiation-matter interaction.
• Understand and evaluate the different effects of radiation on electronic components and systems.
• Know and understand test methods
• understand future industrial challenges: reliability of electric and autonomous vehicles, new space, nuclear dismantling, etc.

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Reliability Engineering (RE) is the science of failures. It focuses on predicting, measuring, and, more broadly, controlling them. This course teaches the approach and quantitative aspects of RE.

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Project in partnership with a research laboratory and/or a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, autonomy, and adaptability.

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5- to 6-month internship to be completed in a research laboratory or within a company, highlighting the student's scientific skills, independence, and adaptability.

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Preparation for professional integration.

Teaching provided by a senior HR consultant, former HR manager for large corporations, who draws on her extensive recruitment experience in her teaching.

Teaching approach that encourages sharing experiences and responding to students' situations and questions.

General information on recruitment from A to Z, how to be more effective in your search, insight into the approaches of final recruiters, recruitment agencies, and service companies.

Simulated job interviews in small groups with personalized debriefing led by the instructor.

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Tutorial courses in specialized English and English for communication, aimed at developing professional autonomy in the English language.

Reinforce and consolidate the knowledge acquired in Master 1.

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