M2 - Water and Agriculture (EA)

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The content of the module is structured in 3 sequences:

1) a sequence of definition of concepts, handling of a tool (R) and reminders on the vocabulary in statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation of a design office executive who will present the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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This course covers the concepts of mass and heat transfer in aquifers as well as the characteristics of low to high energy geothermal energy.                                                                                                                                                                                                             

The vulnerability of the groundwater resource will be assessed and, if necessary, methods to protect the aquifer from pollution will be evaluated. Different techniques to clean up aquifers will also be discussed, in particular through the answers provided by numerical simulation tools.

The principles of geothermal energy will also be discussed through examples of specific devices based on the three types of geothermal energy (from shallow to very deep, from low temperature to very high temperature).

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This course will cover project planning and estimation of work time per task, the SWOT matrix/sabotage exercise, risk management, organization and facilitation of meetings and oral presentation of the project. Other elements of project management can be addressed on a case-by-case basis such as financial management, the role of the project manager, relationships with partners, the use of tools such as the to-do list, Kanban, the shared calendar, etc.

In the continuity of the Project Management UE of the Master 1, the Project Management UE of the Master 2 aims at verifying the assimilation of the skills acquired the previous year and at going further by relying on a longer project (a few weeks to a few months), individual or in group, study project or personal project.

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The three major irrigation models worldwide - large-scale irrigation, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth literature review and case illustrations, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through different concrete cases, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The different main references of each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analysis through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development as applied to irrigation systems.

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Every future Master's graduate, whether in a "Professional" or "Research" profile, must master the tools and codes of effective scientific written communication. Improving one's scientific writing skills is essential to enhance one's work and communicate it to one's peers, colleagues, clients...

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This course focuses on surface-atmosphere water and energy fluxes observations and modeling, integrated in catchments or irrigated perimeters, to estimate and predict crops water needs and water stress in drought contexts. Attention is given to the effect of spatial heterogeneities on fluxes, from the plot scale to the catchment scale. Effects of topography on surface fluxes are also covered. The course contains two main steps:

1. Water and energy fluxes within the SPAC at the plot scale: review of basic concepts of micro-meteorology, modeling surface-atmosphere fluxes for homogeneous crops ("big-leaf" approach), coupling with soil water transfers in the rooting zone, water stress indicators at the plot scale
2. Water and energy fluxes within the SPAC at the catchment scale: spatial heterogeneity, effect of advection on the fluxes, topographical effects on radiative and convective fluxes, water stress indicators at the catchment scale.

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This course is based on the analysis of the processes carried out during the "Field camp" course, as well as on the data acquired there. It aims at developing a simulation approach in response to a finalized question. It consists of several phases:
- Experimental study in the laboratory and in the field: measurement of a water line, of a hydraulic propagation dynamic
- Realization of a simple numerical model (resolution of differential equation of order 1)
- Implementation of a model (description of topology-geometry, hydraulic scenarios in steady state and transient,
calibration, simulation of scenarios
- Design of a hydraulic management scenario, implementation on a miniature network in the form of a role-play: calculation of delay time, calibration of rating curves, identification of attenuation and delay dynamics, management of control structures, evaluation of hydraulic performance.

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Geoprospecting is a discipline linked to geography whose aim is to anticipate the future in order to imagine and design more resilient landscapes. The tools resulting from geoprospecting, combined with cartographic tools and tools for simulating the behaviors of the actors in the territory, make it possible to test the impact of more or less virtuous behaviors with respect to the water resource. A large part of the time spent in this course will be devoted to the use of modeling platforms so that students can manipulate these tools.

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The EU aims to accompany students to the practice and the high level of hindsight on the hydrological modeling of watersheds dominated by agricultural activities and subject to climate change. The UE is articulated around 4 points of view:

1. Watershed hydrology and its place in the history of science,

2. Specificities of agricultural landscapes and implications for modeling ,

3. The problem of changing scales,

4. Practice and critique of hydrological modeling.

The course will provide advanced knowledge on production functions, transfer functions, global and distributed modeling. It will lead the students to the autonomous practice of different hydrological models (Green and Ampt, reservoir, Curve Number, unit hydrograph, cascade of reservoirs, etc.) and to step back on the parameterization, calibration and validation of hydrological models.

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This UE is conducted in groups or individually. It takes place in two stages:
- Preparation: identify a subject from one's professional project
- Formalize a question from the bibliographic research and present it in the form of a bibliographic synthesis highlighting the question that will be treated
- Build the experimental plan by identifying the data and means necessary to carry out the project

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The content of the module is organized into six sequences:

1) EU Introduction: scientific and operational issues of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of phytosanitary products;

4) Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycling and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD : Evaluation of the nitrogen balance in a catchment area, diagnosis of the contamination of surface water

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The content of the module is structured in 5 sequences:

1) Irrigation equipment and infrastructure ;

2) Irrigation control;

3) Socio-economic analysis, consultation methods;

4) Professional conferences;

5) Case study: conversion of an irrigated system

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The content of the module depends on the structure chosen by the student, which may be a company, an association, an NGO, a public or international organization.

It is expected to include a phase of formalization of a problematic based on a rigorous state of the art, a phase of implementation of an approach, a phase of realization and analysis of results.
The whole is to be returned according to the modalities defined between the host structure and the pedagogical referent. A thesis, built around a problematic, is required for the academic evaluation. This dissertation, which is in no way an activity report, may be completed by deliverables requested by the host organization, which may or may not be integrated into the dissertation.
The confidentiality of the evaluations (written or oral) is possible.

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The content of the module depends on the structure chosen by the student, which is generally a research laboratory, in France or abroad, or a company for its research and development activities.

It is expected to include a phase of formalization of a problem based on a rigorous state of the art, a phase of implementation of an approach, a phase of realization and analysis of results.
The whole is to be returned according to the terms defined between the host structure and the educational referent. A scientific dissertation, built around a problematic, is required for the academic evaluation. This dissertation, which is in no way an activity report, may be completed by deliverables requested by the host organization, which may or may not be integrated into the dissertation.
The confidentiality of the evaluations (written or oral) is possible.

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This course is the preparatory phase for a research internship in a laboratory. It aims at defining the problematic on the basis of the state of the art. It leads to the writing of a bibliographic synthesis and a research methodology that will be pursued during the research internship.

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The objective of this course is to present the current and future impacts on all sectors associated with water.

What is the evolution of all the climatic extremes such as droughts or floods, and of the regions impacted by these extremes? How does this impact on groundwater and surface water resources, on agricultural surfaces and irrigation methods?

What evolution on the rise of sea water and on the coastline? How does this impact the movement of current and future populations, what solution to propose on the management of the coastline ...?

Through various conferences given by specialists in different fields, and affecting all the courses of the Master Water, this EU will present the latest advances on this subject.

Through the sessions of TD and TP, the students will be brought to work in group on a topic in particular (this through an example) associating Climate Change with a domain of Water, to present in a synthetic way this subject. This work will be presented in the form of a mini-seminar, and will be the subject of the evaluation of this UE.

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The objective of this cross-disciplinary course is to offer students from several courses the possibility of organizing an event project on a current theme related to water, in connection with their commitments, their professional project, society's issues, and the challenges of transitions and global changes. ....

The project is led by the students, from its definition to its implementation during the event, with the punctual support of the pedagogical teams at key stages of the project.

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The objective of this course, which is shared with the post-master's specialized master's degree in "Water Management" at AgroParisTech, is to provide students with a development profile with reference points on the challenges and organization of development projects on the theme of water (drinking water, sanitation, agricultural water).

This course alternates between testimonies, feedback from experts and professional development actors on water issues and testimonies from students (Specialized Masters in Water Management) or students who already have international experience in the field of water or agriculture.

This UE is opened in option for the students of the master sciences of water according to a numerus clausus of students.

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We often approach water resources and their management through knowledge and principles established in developed countries of the temperate zone. However, the countries of the South, starting with the Mediterranean and Africa, offer us an extreme diversity of social and environmental situations that force us to significantly modify our points of view and to question the validity of certain approaches that are too far removed from the reality of the field.

Researchers working mainly in southern countries use their concrete experiences to reflect on the specificity of hydrological and geochemical processes in very dry or very wet tropical regions, the consequences of anthropization and the challenges of sustainable management of water resources.

A significant amount of time is devoted to the critical analysis of scientific articles dealing with water resources and their management in the South.

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This course is conducted in groups or individually. It follows the UE "Scientific project 1". It takes place in 3 stages:
- Realization: the students carry out the experiments and analyze the results (rooms and means necessary for the experiments provided).
- Restitution : they prepare the restitution (oral + article in English of 5 pages) of their experimentation, bring
a critical look and expose it in front of the sponsors, the pedagogical team and the other students.
- Critical analysis : the students evaluate the other articles (peer-reviewing process) and finalize their article from the comments received.

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