M1 - Water and Agriculture (WA) - APPRENTICESHIP

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The growing prominence of water issues in the world is accompanied by an exponential production of documentary films. These water documentaries, produced by television channels or independent producers, are for the most part freely available on the Internet. The power of the image makes it possible to combine both the materiality of water and its manifestations, and its societal or environmental consequences. This module will take place in several stages through which students will successively search the Internet for documentaries on subjects that interest them, work in pairs to produce a critical analysis of the selected film, give a three-minute presentation of the film in front of the students of the same course (followed by a short collective scientific discussion), and share the results with the other courses in the class.

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This course is focused on mastering the tools of communication with the world of work, i.e. learning: -(i) how to write a CV, a cover letter, an email for a spontaneous application; -(ii) how to present oneself in a very short time, either orally or in writing; -(iii) how to answer the questions of an interview, and how to avoid the traps.

Learning these tools involves a theoretical presentation of the tools, but also very quickly putting them into practice. To do this, students will be asked to work in small groups, simulating realistic situations such as job interviews and presentations .... This is to learn how to best master these different tools.

All the teaching is done in the form of practical work, with particular emphasis on :

• on "reality show" sessions, where everyone will have to introduce themselves to each other in less than 3 minutes, will be put in job interview conditions or will have to make spontaneous applications / presentations.
• On email, cover letter and resume writing workshops.

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Project management brings together all the methods, tools and techniques used to organize the progress of a project and achieve its objectives, from the project idea to its completion.

A practical situation is planned with the help of exercises or case studies so that the students acquire the right reflexes and manipulate the tools of project management.

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This course should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and to identify threats and vulnerability to local pressures and climate change.

It will also allow 1) to know the specificities of the functioning of benthic ecosystems and the ecological roles of its components, 2) to acquire in-depth knowledge in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, 3) to acquire knowledge on the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), of climate change and anthropization on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and on these components with socio-economic repercussions This EU will develop networks for monitoring the marine environment and the health of exploited marine animals by addressing mortality issues.

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This teaching is divided into two parts, one part concerning surface and atmospheric waters, the other part concerning groundwater. This UE is in continuity with the UE Water cycle of S1, and allows to lay the essential bases for the specific teachings of hydrodynamics and physical hydrology which will take place in S2. It is thus a transitional course between fundamental knowledge on the water cycle and specific knowledge on the study and characterization of surface and groundwater resources.

Theoretical courses associated with integrated tutorials are complemented by practical work on computers and hydrogeological maps.

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The lessons consist essentially of a presentation of the foundations of regional planning: the main legal frameworks are presented and analyzed (in a participative manner) legal frameworks and their constant evolution (Codes, Laws, Texts), the " doctrines We present and analyze (in a participatory manner) the main legal frameworks and their constant evolution (Codes, Laws, Texts), the "doctrines" that condition their application, but also the different technical "tools", whether they are procedures or file set-ups (Urban Planning Documents, or public or private construction or development projects). The tools and conditions for dialogue and consultation (examination of the different operating modes), the land approaches (land control and tools for this control), the evaluation of the multiple issues (financial, socio-economic and political), and finally the processes of decision making. The different aspects mentioned above are put forward as factors that condition the success - and therefore the successful spatial translation - of all development projects, whatever their nature and the dimension.

Focused on all the territories, the module is also focused on the specific problems of coastal areass and similar areas. Because coastal areas have their own specificities, a specific approach to these areas is essential to complete the general approaches (Coastal Law, Water Law, easements, evolution of frameworks and texts).

Finally, the backdrop of this module is the systematic highlighting of the multiple debates and issues involved in the confrontation between theemergency (or priority) socio-economic and the emergency (or priority) environmental emergencywith an understanding of the trade-offs and adjustments that this confrontation gives rise to. The topicality of the ecological and transitional emergency as well as the acceleration of confrontations / conflicts of interest are examined and put into perspective.

With respect to the management As regards the "management" of territories, presented in the title of the EU (" From planning to management of the territory") as a consequence of the planning stage, this theme is also described and analysed for each of the points declined that fall under planning, both as a consequence of the actions carried out and as a condition for success -in the medium and long term- of the projects implemented on a territory, whatever the scale.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and contradictory issues, visions and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated management (IWRM) and regulation (in particular by public policies), of the balance between collective and private values, and of decision-making processes concerning collective issues, in short, of governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive, financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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This course introduces students to the contaminants in the aquatic environment, which are essential for the evaluation of risks to the health of ecosystems and humans and for the management of water resources. This is why the program integrates the presentation of the various contaminants of the environment and the regulations.

This course is taught by research professors and researchers (multidisciplinary course) who develop their research activities around the problems of contaminants in aquatic environments.

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The course is organized in 3 main chapters with alternating tutorials applied to engineering problems. In the first part, after describing the large water reservoirs on a global scale and the basic principles of the water cycle, the effects of human activities on this cycle are discussed. The second part is dedicated to the aerial part of this cycle from precipitation to infiltration. The third part focuses on aquifers and groundwater from the pore scale to the catchment scale.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module focuses on presenting the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics, ocean dynamics and provides a critical and documented look at climate change. The teaching is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues and applications on case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational development of the coastline" and "Water and coastline" courses of the STPE and Water masters. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to weather and atmospheric processes.

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The Bibliographic Project course consists of training in documentary research, including the use of search engines, databases and bibliographic reference management tools. Students work in pairs on a subject they have defined themselves, in connection with their training. This documentary research is valued by the writing of a synthesis and a poster.

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Program :

• Reminder of soil physics
• General principles of hydrostatics (notions of adsorption, capillarity, energy potential of water, principles of conservation of matter, retention curves of soils)
• Flow in saturated and unsaturated soils (Darcy's law, Richards' equation...)
• Notions of numerical solution of Richards' equation
• Water flow dynamics in the field
• Methodology for measuring the hydrodynamic properties of soils

The EU gives an important part to the directed lessons and practical work. Experiments will be conducted during sessions on agricultural plots. Calculation or simple modeling exercises will be carried out to illustrate the numerical application of all the physical concepts presented in lectures. The examples treated during these exercises will be based on these experimental results on the one hand, and on specific problems of the agricultural environment on the other. 

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The course is based on the fundamentals of physics (conservation of mass, energy, momentum) to address the problems of hydraulics in rivers (flooding, habitats, ecological continuity) and water transport networks (irrigation, drainage, sanitation).
The teaching is largely based on experimentation at the Supagro hydraulic hall where uniform flows, flows at control structures, and transition regimes are addressed. The analysis of the processes leads to the mobilization of the theoretical knowledge acquired during the module and of the resolution tools allowing the diagnosis of real situations.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Sciences program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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The content of the course is organized in 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives*:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis of the influence of climate on
plant production. The competences aimed at are the knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production

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The GIS Practice course consists of a training in the practice of Geographic Information Systems, integrating the basic concepts concerning geographic information and the mastery of the free software QGIS. The majority of the course is devoted to an initiation through alternating lectures and practical exercises. At the end of the course, a personalized cartographic project allows students to remobilize the concepts seen previously. An introductory lecture with professionals allows to put into perspective the interest of GIS approaches in general hydrology.

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The module is structured around 4 sequences. Sequence 1 presents the basic concepts and frameworks for analyzing a farm and its functioning, with its bio-physical, technical and economic determinants. In sequence 2, the decision-making processes of the farmer that underlie the constitution and management of cropping systems within the farm are examined in depth. The last two sequences deal with the territory scale. Sequence 3 deals with the representation of the diversity of cropping systems and farms, and its application to the analysis of the joint dynamics of agricultural uses and water resources in a territory. Sequence 4 addresses the issue of the coordination of technical choices of farms within a territory, with an application to the management of a watershed.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Sciences program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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Optimized management and protection of water resources (surface or groundwater) requires taking into account water quality. The assessment of the quality status of water bodies, particularly with regard to the legislative frameworks in force, is based on precise chemical and microbiological quality criteria, as well as standards adapted to the types of use envisaged for these resources.

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In the framework of this course, the students will be led : - (1) to couple the analysis of hydrodynamic measurements with hydrochemical or geophysical information acquired in situ; - (2) to process and analyze them jointly with the appropriate software; - (3) to interpret them by integrating the knowledge acquired in the UE "Field internship", "Hydrogeophysics", "Water Quality and Microbiology" and "Underground Hydrodynamics".

This course will include a short theoretical introduction, followed by practical lessons given in a dedicated room (Hydraulic Hall) and a field trip to link the various concepts of hydrodynamics and hydraulics in the context of the implementation of a water collection and treatment system for drinking water supply (AEP).

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This module aims to bring students to a concrete understanding of the implementation of IWRM and participation in water management through an active pedagogical approach.

It is based on the "Cooplage" system for supporting the implementation of participatory approaches to water management, developed by researchers from the GEAU research unit, and the associated Agreenium MOOC Terr'eau & co.

The students will work in small groups, associating students from the different courses of the Water Master, on case studies resulting from the ongoing research projects of the lecturers. The learning will be done through the implementation of some tools of the "Cooplage" device on their case study, including modeling and participatory simulation in the form of a role play. In order to anchor their work, students will be put in contact with the holders of these case studies. 

In view of the health constraints, this year the EU will take place entirely remotely. The modeling and the games will be done on a virtual table.

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In water sciences, the use of probability and statistics for the treatment of hydroclimatic or water quality data is essential. Lectures and practical sessions will help students to refresh their knowledge (problems for the Baccalaureate, Licence), and then some new notions will be introduced (test for membership of a law in particular).

The course is structured around these chapters:

1. Elementary probability theory, combinatorial analysis. (course session n°1, TD1)
2. Discrete and continuous random variables. Law of probability and probability density function. Expectation, variance, covariance. (class session n°2, TD2)
3. Simple linear regression (covered in TD3)
4. Multiple linear regression (covered in TD3)
5. Some usual probability laws (binomial law, Poisson's law, normal law, Gamma, Gumbel) and their application (class session 3, TD4)
6. Tests for membership in a law (covered in TD5)

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