M1 - Water-Resource (ER)

Project management brings together all the methods, tools and techniques used to organize the progress of a project and achieve its objectives, from the project idea to its completion.

A practical situation is planned with the help of exercises or case studies so that the students acquire the right reflexes and manipulate the tools of project management.

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The Bibliographic Project course consists of training in documentary research, including the use of search engines, databases and bibliographic reference management tools. Students work in pairs on a subject they have defined themselves, in connection with their training. This documentary research is valued by the writing of a synthesis and a poster.

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The course is based on the fundamentals of physics (conservation of mass, energy, momentum) to address the problems of hydraulics in rivers (flooding, habitats, ecological continuity) and water transport networks (irrigation, drainage, sanitation).
The teaching is largely based on experimentation at the Supagro hydraulic hall where uniform flows, flows at control structures, and transition regimes are addressed. The analysis of the processes leads to the mobilization of the theoretical knowledge acquired during the module and of the resolution tools allowing the diagnosis of real situations.

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This course should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and to identify threats and vulnerability to local pressures and climate change.

It will also allow 1) to know the specificities of the functioning of benthic ecosystems and the ecological roles of its components, 2) to acquire in-depth knowledge in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, 3) to acquire knowledge on the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), of climate change and anthropization on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and on these components with socio-economic repercussions This EU will develop networks for monitoring the marine environment and the health of exploited marine animals by addressing mortality issues.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and contradictory issues, visions and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated management (IWRM) and regulation (in particular by public policies), of the balance between collective and private values, and of decision-making processes concerning collective issues, in short, of governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive, financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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This course introduces students to the contaminants in the aquatic environment, which are essential for the evaluation of risks to the health of ecosystems and humans and for the management of water resources. This is why the program integrates the presentation of the various contaminants of the environment and the regulations.

This course is taught by research professors and researchers (multidisciplinary course) who develop their research activities around the problems of contaminants in aquatic environments.

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The course is organized in 3 main chapters with alternating tutorials applied to engineering problems. In the first part, after describing the large water reservoirs on a global scale and the basic principles of the water cycle, the effects of human activities on this cycle are discussed. The second part is dedicated to the aerial part of this cycle from precipitation to infiltration. The third part focuses on aquifers and groundwater from the pore scale to the catchment scale.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module focuses on presenting the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics, ocean dynamics and provides a critical and documented look at climate change. The teaching is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues and applications on case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational development of the coastline" and "Water and coastline" courses of the STPE and Water masters. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to weather and atmospheric processes.

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The content of the module is structured as follows: -A series of lectures: 1-Water resources and food security, 2-Environmental impact of agriculture on water resources and aquatic environments, 3-Current advances and challenges in agronomic research for the optimization of water consumption by plants, and 4-Management of water demand in agriculture. -Tutorials: Food security and prospective scenario. -A prospective work in small groups will be implemented to produce scenarios related to the state of water resources and food production on a case study of a southern country.

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To present the main processes associated with the treatment of liquid effluents, as well as the treatment and management of the by-products generated. This course is based on the learning of a global ecological balance around the problem of water resource management, wastewater, and by-products of treatment. The design and implementation of treatment processes are approached through the urban and industrial water cycle.

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also discuss the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Sciences program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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A better understanding of water transfer processes in the unsaturated zone (UZ) of the soil is essential for estimating the runoff/infiltration partition in hydrological models or quantifying groundwater recharge in hydrodynamic models used in hydrogeology.

This course will be mainly based on practical work on soil columns in the laboratory. After a reminder of the equations governing the transfer of water and solutes in the NSA, an initiation to the modeling of transfers in the NSA will be addressed, on the HYDRUS 1D software.

The practical exercises of this course consist in experimenting under controlled conditions (known rain intensity and duration, known dry period, imposed load on the surface, column of sand or reworked soil of known granulometry) the transfer of water in an unsaturated medium and to follow continuously the temporal evolution of the water content and of the water potential at several depths.

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This course is focused on mastering the tools of communication with the world of work, i.e. learning: -(i) how to write a CV, a cover letter, an email for a spontaneous application; -(ii) how to present oneself in a very short time, either orally or in writing; -(iii) how to answer the questions of an interview, and how to avoid the traps.

Learning these tools involves a theoretical presentation of the tools, but also very quickly putting them into practice. To do this, students will be asked to work in small groups, simulating realistic situations such as job interviews and presentations .... This is to learn how to best master these different tools.

All the teaching is done in the form of practical work, with particular emphasis on :

• on "reality show" sessions, where everyone will have to introduce themselves to each other in less than 3 minutes, will be put in job interview conditions or will have to make spontaneous applications / presentations.
• On email, cover letter and resume writing workshops.

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This teaching is divided into two parts, one part concerning surface and atmospheric waters, the other part concerning groundwater. This UE is in continuity with the UE Water cycle of S1, and allows to lay the essential bases for the specific teachings of hydrodynamics and physical hydrology which will take place in S2. It is thus a transitional course between fundamental knowledge on the water cycle and specific knowledge on the study and characterization of surface and groundwater resources.

Theoretical courses associated with integrated tutorials are complemented by practical work on computers and hydrogeological maps.

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The GIS Practice course consists of a training in the practice of Geographic Information Systems, integrating the basic concepts concerning geographic information and the mastery of the free software QGIS. The majority of the course is devoted to an initiation through alternating lectures and practical exercises. At the end of the course, a personalized cartographic project allows students to remobilize the concepts seen previously. An introductory lecture with professionals allows to put into perspective the interest of GIS approaches in general hydrology.

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Optimized management and protection of water resources (surface or groundwater) requires taking into account water quality. The assessment of the quality status of water bodies, particularly with regard to the legislative frameworks in force, is based on precise chemical and microbiological quality criteria, as well as standards adapted to the types of use envisaged for these resources.

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This UE will take place throughout the year of M1, in several steps:

• ^1st stage: before the Hydrogeology field course (UE Field course M1), tools and methods to access the realization of sections and hydrogeological logs will be presented, in order to exploit in situ geological measurements, acquired during the UE course.
• ^2nd time: Geological cross-sections and logs will be made during the^1st and^2nd semester, in a punctual way, with an increasing difficulty. The students will have to make a certain number of sections during the year.
• ^3rd time: presentation and drawing tools should be used to present the last cuts and logs made at the end of the year.

The work will be done initially in groups of 4, then 2 students. At the end of the year, the work will be individual.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Sciences program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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In the framework of this course, the students will be led : - (1) to couple the analysis of hydrodynamic measurements with hydrochemical or geophysical information acquired in situ; - (2) to process and analyze them jointly with the appropriate software; - (3) to interpret them by integrating the knowledge acquired in the UE "Field internship", "Hydrogeophysics", "Water Quality and Microbiology" and "Underground Hydrodynamics".

This course will include a short theoretical introduction, followed by practical lessons given in a dedicated room (Hydraulic Hall) and a field trip to link the various concepts of hydrodynamics and hydraulics in the context of the implementation of a water collection and treatment system for drinking water supply (AEP).

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This UE is sequenced according to the following activities: First steps - R environment; R structures; Input-output in R; Manipulations of R structures; Basics of algorithmics; Programming structures in R; Mini-project by group on an R function to be created on an applied 'Water' problem

Objectives*:

The objectives of this course are 1) to present the basics of the interpreted language of an engineering tool (environment, structures, inputs-outputs, manipulations of structures, graphics, programming), 2) to bring the fundamental theoretical knowledge allowing to create one's own functions and programs on practical examples in water sciences for 3) that the students are autonomous to pursue their self-training and expertise on R.

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Historically, the question of managing access to water resources was first raised for river water, which is closely linked to the climatic conditions of the moment, and for water delivered by man-made distribution systems. It is only more recently that the management of groundwater has been considered, as it is less subject to problems of cyclical shortage (except for the water tables accompanying rivers). In the majority of cases, access to groundwater is made on an individual basis, with each user (particularly in agriculture) accessing it by drilling at the place of his needs. But these underground resources also require management, because they are increasingly exploited and sometimes even overexploited.

This module addresses the issue of groundwater resources management by first presenting what each discipline of physical sciences (geology-hydrogeology, geochemistry, isotopy) and their tools brings to the knowledge of aquifers (at the geological level: outcrop, drilling, logging, seismic profiles ...; at the hydrogeological level: piezometry, pumping test, sampling points / outlets, quantities withdrawn ...): geometry, structure and hydrological functioning.

It then outlines the value of groundwater to the various uses that mobilize it. The economic value of groundwater is thus studied in this section (Qureshi et al., 2012). The difficulties of knowing about these groundwater withdrawals and the methods that can be used to reveal them are also specified.

It then describes the various problems posed by aquifers: current or future overexploitation of groundwater, degradation of groundwater quality, threat of saltwater intrusion, salinization of soils, etc.

Finally, it identifies the various methods for rebalancing groundwater supply and demand. Firstly, it sets out the means of increasing water supply (active management of groundwater, substitutions between resources) or avoiding the contamination of good quality water by less good quality water. Examples: active management of karstic aquifers (Lez system), artificial recharge (e.g. Seine catchment fields in Paris), inter-seasonal / inter-annual recharge (Llobregat, Catalonia), recharge with wastewater (California), damming to avoid contamination of freshwater by saltwater.

Secondly, it traces the solutions acting on water demand. These solutions are based on two drivers of individual decisions, which can sometimes be combined: maximization of individual utility and inclusion in a society that induces "pro-social" behavior. Solutions that act directly on the demand for groundwater (pricing, quotas, trading of water rights) will be explored, as well as indirect solutions (purchase of land that can protect a resource, agricultural or energy policies that can positively or negatively influence the development of individual abstractions, etc.).

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This module presents the basics of optical and radar remote sensing with the basics of image processing (consultation of image catalogs on the Internet, image downloading, import/export, visualization, contrast enhancement, radiometric and geometric image corrections, segmentation, vectorization, classification ...). In addition, this module presents applications related to water management.

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This EU is sequenced according to the following activities:

Analytical solutions of the diffusity equation

Performance and interpretation of well tests

Introduction to digital and analog modeling

Properties and specificity of fractured and karst aquifers

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This module aims to bring students to a concrete understanding of the implementation of IWRM and participation in water management through an active pedagogical approach.

It is based on the "Cooplage" system for supporting the implementation of participatory approaches to water management, developed by researchers from the GEAU research unit, and the associated Agreenium MOOC Terr'eau & co.

The students will work in small groups, associating students from the different courses of the Water Master, on case studies resulting from the ongoing research projects of the lecturers. The learning will be done through the implementation of some tools of the "Cooplage" device on their case study, including modeling and participatory simulation in the form of a role play. In order to anchor their work, students will be put in contact with the holders of these case studies. 

In view of the health constraints, this year the EU will take place entirely remotely. The modeling and the games will be done on a virtual table.

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In water sciences, the use of probability and statistics for the treatment of hydroclimatic or water quality data is essential. Lectures and practical sessions will help students to refresh their knowledge (problems for the Baccalaureate, Licence), and then some new notions will be introduced (test for membership of a law in particular).

The course is structured around these chapters:

1. Elementary probability theory, combinatorial analysis. (course session n°1, TD1)
2. Discrete and continuous random variables. Law of probability and probability density function. Expectation, variance, covariance. (class session n°2, TD2)
3. Simple linear regression (covered in TD3)
4. Multiple linear regression (covered in TD3)
5. Some usual probability laws (binomial law, Poisson's law, normal law, Gamma, Gumbel) and their application (class session 3, TD4)
6. Tests for membership in a law (covered in TD5)

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