CHOICE 1

The course is based on the fundamentals of physics (conservation of mass, energy and momentum), and addresses hydraulic issues in rivers (flooding, habitats, ecological continuity) and water transport networks (irrigation, drainage, sanitation).
Teaching is based largely on experimentation at Supagro's hydraulic hall, where uniform flows, flows at control structures and transition regimes are covered. Theoretical knowledge acquired during the module is applied to process analysis, along with resolution tools for diagnosing real-life situations.

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This course should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function, and to identify threats and vulnerability in the face of local pressures and climate change.

It will also enable students to 1) understand the specific features of benthic ecosystem functioning and the ecological roles of its components, 2) acquire in-depth knowledge of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, 3) acquire knowledge of the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), climate change and anthropization on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and on these components with socio-economic repercussions. This course will develop networks for monitoring the marine environment and the health of exploited marine animals, while addressing mortality issues.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and contradictory issues, visions and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated management (IWRM) and regulation (particularly by public policies), the balance between collective and private values, and decision-making processes concerning collective issues - in short, governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive and financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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The issue of contaminants in the aquatic environment is approached from a multi-disciplinary scientific angle (chemistry, geochemistry, microbiology, etc.), while also addressing the regulatory aspect:

• Presentation of the main contaminants in the aquatic environment: chemical contaminants such as major elements, trace metals, organic micropollutants (pesticides, hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors, microbiological contaminants...) radioelements and biological contaminants such as micro-organisms, pathogenic bacteria, viruses....

• Focus on certain contaminants in specific aquatic environments, taking into account the hydrochemical characteristics of water in relation to the geological and environmental contexts of hydrological and hydrogeological basins.

• Presentation of interactions between micro-organisms and organic and inorganic contaminants and their consequences on the fate of contaminants in the aquatic environment; application in bioremediation.

These lessons are illustrated by examples from current events, such as antibiotic resistance, and/or from the speakers' own research topics.

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The EU content is organized into 3 parts:

1) Water cycle and water balance
- The main reservoirs
- Mechanisms of the water cycle
- Water circulation: from global to watershed scale
- Humans: their influence on the water cycle

2) The aerial phase of the water cycle - Hydrology
- The watershed
- Atmospheric circulation and precipitation
- Evapotranspiration
- Infiltration
- Runoff

3) The underground phase of the water cycle - Hydrogeology
- Porous media and their hydrodynamic properties
- Different types of aquifer
- Piezometric levels and maps

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module introduces the fundamental principles of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, and provides a critical, documented look at climate change. Teaching is based on analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational coastal development" and "Water and coastline" courses in the STPE and Water masters programs. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to meteorological and atmospheric processes.

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The content of the module is structured as follows: -a series of lectures: 1-Water resources and food security, 2-Agriculture's environmental impact on water resources and aquatic environments, 3-Current advances and challenges in agronomic research to optimize water consumption by plants, and 4-Management of water demand in agriculture. -Tutorials: Food security and prospective scenarios. -In small groups, prospective work will be carried out to produce scenarios relating to the state of water resources and food production, based on a case study of a southern country.

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Present the main processes involved in treating liquid effluent, as well as the treatment and management of the by-products generated. This course is based on learning how to draw up an overall ecological balance sheet, focusing on the management of water resources, wastewater and treatment by-products. The design and implementation of treatment processes are approached through the urban and industrial water cycle.

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) as well as to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also look at the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software packages.

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