Renewable Energies – Smart Grids

The energy transition is often associated with the objectives of setting up means of production from renewable energies (wind, photovoltaic, hydro, etc.). The use of intermittent sources creates particular constraints for transmission and distribution power systems. This teaching unit will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical part on networks. A second part on the means of production and renewable energies, highlighting wind energy. Finally, a third part will focus on the digital evolution of electricity networks: smart grids and smart grids.

This teaching unit will :

• Define the technology of all the elements of an HV and LV distribution electrical network.
• To provide the necessary knowledge to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical networks (architecture, aerial, underground, voltage level, power, transformer, alternator, etc.) and
• To allow the choice and implementation of devices according to needs (insulation, protection, control, etc.).
• Define electrical safety rules for interventions, thus making it possible to understand and apply lockout procedures.
• To make it possible to determine, choose and adjust the protections based on the characteristics of the network and the equipment by explaining the calculation of fault currents and the basic use of professional calculation software.
• Detail the choice of earthing connection schemes that meet given specifications and economic criteria, availability and quality constraints, etc.
• To provide a state of the art of electrical energy storage and to present the use of hydrogen as an energy vector associated with electrical energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and develop the conversion principle for wind and hydropower production.
• Introduce methods for the study of wind projects, analysis of the resource, regulations, connection problems and environmental impact.
• Introduce Smart-Grids and the use of the internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of power grids.

The aim of this teaching unit is to enable students, by the end of the course, to have assimilated the definitions, functions and characteristics of electrical networks and their components (generation, transmission, protection and control elements, etc.). Students will be able to calculate the electrical quantities characteristic of the network and its equipment. They will be able to select and adjust measuring equipment and protection devices according to needs and constraints. They will be able to propose architectures adapted to a given protection plan or ground connection diagram. The student will be able to size, select and protect a distribution transformer, as well as carry out and check the hourly index, and propose paralleling arrangements. They will be familiar with the constitution, structure and characteristics of synchronous and asynchronous generators.

The student will be familiar with the different storage solutions and their main characteristics. They will be able to size (in terms of power, duration of use, etc.) the appropriate storage system, and will be able to choose or propose means of monitoring and protection (e.g. BMS: Battery Management System).

The student will be able to identify the various existing means of production with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. They will be able to explain and calculate the principles of wind and hydraulic energy conversion. They will be able to carry out a wind power project study (resource study, regulations, grid connection) and will be able to integrate environmental issues relating to the design of aero-engines and the siting of wind farms.

Last but not least, he or she will be familiar with Smart-Grids and intelligent networks, and know the key words, definitions and implementation examples.

Bachelor's degree in EEA or science and technology, with courses on the basic principles of electrical engineering (sinusoidal regime, transformers, etc.).

Basic knowledge of mathematical tools for studying the sinusoidal regime (complex calculations, Fresnel representation, trigonometry, etc.).

Knowledge of the basic principles of electrical machine operation.

Continuous assessment. Examination and study project.

1. Introduction to energy: general data. Transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Quality of electrical energy. HV and LV network architectures. Electrical diagram symbols. Switchgear - Electrical safety. Short-circuit calculation and network protection. Earth connection diagrams - Architectures - Personal protection. Transformers: technologies, characteristics, hourly ratings, paralleling, protection. Generators: technologies, characteristics, paralleling, protection.
2. Electrical energy storage. Batteries. Fuel cells - Hydrogen production. Inertial storage.
3. Means of production: Introduction and general data. Thermal, wind, hydraulic, marine, photovoltaic, biomass, cogeneration. Principles of energy conversion in wind turbines. Principles of energy conversion in hydroelectric power plants. Conversion architectures.
4. Wind power project. Case studies (wind, software...). Intermittent production regulations: wind power. Grid connection issues. Carbon footprint and eco-design.
5. Smart Grid. Definitions - Examples of architectures. Internet in Smart Grids.

CM: 33h