License 2

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This module introduces the basics of seismology. It focuses on the initiation of earthquakes, wave propagation and analysis of recordings to characterize the earthquake (location, magnitude, mechanism at the focus) and to image the interior of the Earth. We will also deal with the estimation of the seismic hazard of earthquakes. We will finally look at how this information allows us to better understand the geodynamics and the seismic cycle. A second part of the course focuses on the processing of seismograms with an introduction to signal processing techniques during computer exercises (Fourier transform, filter, convolution, correlation) and imaging/tomography. A practical course with real data concludes the year with the pointing of data, the calculation of magnitudes, the localization and the mechanism of an earthquake focus to characterize and quantify the active deformation of the East African Rift.  

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 25h
• TD : 12h
• TP : 8h

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This course brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines of the Earth Sciences: sedimentology, tectonics and cartography. The different types of sedimentary rocks will be taught in detail in order to interpret their formation context and associated processes. The ductile and brittle tectonic objects will also be discussed at different scales in order to establish their formation context, especially in terms of stress regime. Practical work on samples will be carried out in parallel to allow students to develop their sense of observation and drawing and to take advantage of the rich collections available in the department. Finally, an initiation to the reading and working on geological maps will be carried out (diagram, section), putting into application the notions of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. This course should enable students to define the main lines of the geological history of a given region.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 12
• TD : 3
• TP: 21

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This course introduces the fundamentals of structural geology at the undergraduate level. The teaching will focus on the analysis of the different objects and deformation processes present at all levels of the earth's crust. The deformation of rocks will be studied from field examples (photos and geological maps), samples, thin sections and experiments. The major points presented will be the analysis of the deformation processes (brittle and ductile), as well as the associated structural objects. The interpretation of these structures will be discussed in terms of tectonic regimes. Techniques for structural measurements and stereographic projections of objects encountered in the field will be taught. The structural analysis will be done from the small scale with the microscope, to the large scale via the study of geological maps ^1/50000th and satellite photos in deformed domains.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 6h
• TD : 6h
• TP : 6h

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This course introduces groundwater in the hydrological cycle and discusses the properties of the water/rock complex: porosity, permeability. It provides the essential notions of groundwater hydrodynamics in natural and artificial flow and elementary hydrochemistry of groundwater.

The acquisition of knowledge is facilitated by the practical application of the course during practical sessions on a column (measurement of porosity and permeability, establishment of Darcy's law, tracing with salt) and in class (resolution of common hydrogeological problems based on the reading of piezometric and hydrogeological maps - construction and interpretation of piezometric maps - interpretation of well and water table tests - meaning of physico-chemical analyses of water)

A field day illustrates the relationships between geological structure and hydrodynamic functioning and provides an introduction to drilling measurement techniques.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 13h
• TD :14h
• Practical work: 12 hours
• Field :6h

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This course is structured around four chapters in order to introduce new concepts in mathematics, necessary for the learning of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

-Chapter 1 : Taylor and DL :Examples and Operations

- Chapter 2: Differential equations: modeling, equations with separable variables, reminders of^1st order, 2nd order with constant coefficients

- Chapter 3: Functions of several variables: partial function, contour lines, partial derivation, composition, higher order derivatives, example: seismic wave, gradient, divergence, rotational, Laplacian (transition to other coordinate systems), extrema

- Chapter 4: statistical concepts and interpolation: mean and standard deviation, comparison of means, least squares, Lagrange interpolation

Hourly volume:

- CM :18h

- TD: 18h

- PT: 9 hours

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools for observing and describing magmatic and metamorphic rocks, to understand their genesis and to appreciate their importance in the geosciences.

The course will begin with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and to the tools needed to identify the constituent minerals of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, both on a macroscopic and microscopic scale.

The different types of magmatic and metamorphic rocks will then be exposed and placed in the geodynamic contexts in which they were formed.

Two field trips in the Montpellier area will be proposed to illustrate and complete the lessons: the first trip will be devoted to the volcanism of the Hérault valley (from Agde to Salagou), the second will be in the magmatic and metamorphic domain in the Cévennes.

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The course will expose the different episodes of geology in France from the Paleozoic to the present and will place these events in their geodynamic context. We will deal with sedimentary, tectonic, geomorphic, metamorphic and magmatic evolution. More precisely we will deal with the structure and geological evolution of the Hercynian massifs, the Mesozoic basins, the Pyrenean-Alpine orogeny and finally the Western European rift. To delimit these large geological objects, the course will integrate various data such as geological maps, paleogeographical maps, sections, rock facies, geochronological ages, ECORS profiles, magnetic and gravimetric anomaly maps, etc. The geological evolution of the Languedoc region from the Hercynian orogeny to the opening of the Mediterranean Sea will be particularly documented and developed during practical work and field trips.

Hourly volumes:

CM : 15h

Practical work : 9h

Field : 12h

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• Physics and dynamics of the atmosphere (composition and structure, radiation balance, theoretical circulation, depressions/anticyclones, fronts, jets, tornadoes)
• Physics and dynamics of the ocean (composition and structure, main forces, simplified equations, geostrophic current, Ekman drift, eddies, astronomical tides)
• General ocean circulation (Munk model, main currents, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Conveyor Belt)
• Waves and swell, vocabulary and general presentation, first order theory
• Ocean-Atmosphere interactions (heat/moisture/CO2 exchange, Monsoon, El Niño)

• Hourly volumes* :

  CM : 21

  TD : 24

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The lectures will cover the notions of cartography (projection system, reference frame for heights, positioning), imagery (aerial, satellite, digital encoding, DTM), field measurements (positioning, dip of a stratum), construction of a geological section and a stratigraphic log and Geographic Information Systems (GIS, georeferencing, QGIS software).

The TD will apply the notions of the course (reading and interpretation of satellite images, geological section). The practical work will be devoted to the establishment of the map of the northern region of the Pic St Loup, by reading and interpreting satellite images, then the control of this interpretation and the taking of measurements on the ground and finally the return on GIS to finalize the work.

Hourly volumes:

CM : 6h

TD : 6h

TP : 12h

Field : 12h

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• Thermodynamic reminders on chemical equilibrium in solution, the law of mass action and the principle of a dosage by equilibrium shift
• Application to equilibria:
  • acid-base: Acids and bases, Calculation of the pH of aqueous solutions, Titrations
  • of complexation: prediction of reactions, domain of predominance of species, influence of pH
  • precipitation: stability/solubility of solids, influence of pH
  • redox reactions: reminders and definitions, electrochemical cells, electrode potentials, prediction of the evolution of redox reactions
• Analytical techniques used in environmental chemistry, with applications to the determination of physicochemical parameters of water quality:

• Electrochemical techniques,
• Spectrophotometric techniques
• Chromatographic techniques

Hourly volumes:

CM : 13H

TD : 12 H

PRACTICAL WORK: 20H

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- Hydrostatics (Fundamental Principle of Hydrostatics, notion of buoyancy force, Archimedes' theorem)

- Fluid kinematics (streamline, trajectory, emission line, flow rate, Reynolds number, laminar, turbulent flow)

- Hydrodynamics of perfect fluids (conservation of mass, conservation of energy with Bernouilli's theorem, case study: Mariotte vessel, emptying of a tank, Pitot tube, Venturi)

- Hydrodynamics of real fluids (origin of pressure losses and estimation of linear and singular pressure losses, generalized Bernouilli's theorem with pressure losses)

- Hydraulic machines (pump operation, H(Q) characteristics, operating point)

- Free surface hydraulics (hydraulic characteristics, Manning Strickler formula, weir formula, rating curves)

Hourly volumes:

CM :10h

TD :10h

TP : 16 hours

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of chemical element properties, geochemical classification and distribution of major and trace elements in minerals, rocks and fluids. We will approach the notion of compatible and incompatible elements, partition coefficient, geochemical equilibrium and fractionation and mobility of elements. The geochemistry of major and trace elements will be studied to understand magmatic processes (partial melting, fractional crystallization) and surface processes (water and matter transfers and fluxes; alteration and water-rock interactions). Radiochronology and stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry will also be addressed to identify the different reservoirs within the Earth, to date rocks and fluids (surface and deep) and to study the geochemical transfers between the different reservoirs (asthenosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere) Stable isotopes of O and C will be more specifically studied in order to characterize the origin of atmospheric fluxes and to trace the different processes involved in the water cycle at the scale of hydrosystems. Dissolved and particulate geochemical flux budgets in hydrosystems will be addressed in order to understand the dynamics of global terrestrial surface cycles.

Hourly volumes:

CM : 20

TD : 22

TP : 3

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