Licence 2

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This module introduces the basics of seismology. It focuses on the initiation of earthquakes, wave propagation and the analysis of recordings to characterize the earthquake (location, magnitude, focal mechanism) and image the Earth's interior. We'll also look at estimating the seismic hazard of earthquakes. Finally, we'll look at how this information enables us to better understand geodynamics and the seismic cycle. The second part of the course focuses on the processing of seismograms, with an introduction to signal processing techniques through computer exercises (Fourier transform, filter, convolution, correlation) and imaging/tomography. The year concludes with a practical course on real data, including data plotting, magnitude calculations, and the location and mechanism of an earthquake focus to characterize and quantify active deformation in the East African Rift.  

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 25h
• TD: 12h
• Practical work: 8h

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This course brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines in the earth sciences: sedimentology, tectonics and cartography. The different types of sedimentary rock will be taught in detail in order to interpret their formation context and associated processes. Ductile and brittle tectonic objects will also be covered at different scales, in order to establish their formation context, particularly in terms of stress regimes. Practical work on samples will be carried out in parallel to enable students to develop their observation and drawing skills, and to make the most of the rich collections available in the department. Finally, an introduction to reading and working with geological maps (diagrams, cross-sections) will be provided, applying the notions of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. The aim of this course is to enable students to outline the geological history of a given region.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 12
• TD : 3
• TP: 21

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This course introduces the fundamentals of Structural Geology at undergraduate level. The teaching will focus on the analysis of the various objects and deformation processes present at all levels of the earth's crust. Rock deformation will be studied using examples from the field (photos and geological maps), samples, thin sections and experiments. The main focus will be on the analysis of deformation processes (brittle and ductile), as well as the associated structural objects. The interpretation of these structures will be addressed in terms of tectonic regimes. Techniques for structural measurements and stereographic projections of objects encountered in the field will be taught. Structural analysis will range from small-scale microscopy to large-scale study of 1:⁵⁰,000 geological maps and satellite photos of deformed domains.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 6h
• TD : 6h
• Practical work: 6h

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This course introduces groundwater in the hydrological cycle, then looks at the properties of the water/rock complex: porosity, permeability. It introduces the essential concepts of underground hydrodynamics in natural and artificial flow and elementary groundwater hydrochemistry.

The acquisition of knowledge is facilitated by practical application during on-column practical sessions (Porosity and permeability measurements, Establishment of Darcy's law, Salt tracing) and in-class practical sessions (Solving common hydrogeological problems based on reading piezometric and hydrogeological maps - Construction and interpretation of piezometric maps - Interpretation of well and water table tests - Meaning of physico-chemical water analyses).

A field day illustrates the relationship between geological structure and hydrodynamics, and introduces drilling measurement techniques.

Hourly volumes :

• CM :13h
• TD :14h
• Practical work:12h
• Field :6h

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This course is structured around four chapters to introduce new mathematical concepts and reminders, necessary for learning Earth and Environmental Sciences.

-Chapter 1 Taylor and DL :Examples and operations

- Chapter 2: Differential equations: modeling, equations with separable variables,^1st-order and 2nd-order constant-coefficients reminders

- Chapter 3: Functions of several variables: Partial function, contour lines, partial derivation, composition, higher-order derivatives, example: seismic wave, gradient, divergence, rotational, Laplacian (transition to other coordinate systems), extrema

- Chapter 4: Statistical concepts and interpolation: mean and standard deviation, comparison of means, least squares, Lagrange interpolation

Hourly volume :

- CM :18h

- TD: 18h

- Practical: 9h

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The aim of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools needed to observe and describe magmatic and metamorphic rocks, understand their genesis and appreciate their importance in the geosciences.

The course begins with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools needed to identify the constituent minerals of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, both macroscopically and microscopically.

The different types of magmatic and metamorphic rock will then be described and placed in the geodynamic contexts in which they were formed.

Two field trips in the Montpellier region will be proposed to illustrate and complete the lessons: the first will be devoted to volcanism in the Hérault valley (D'Agde au Salagou), the second to magmatic and metamorphic activity in the Cévennes.

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The course will outline the different geological episodes in France from the Paleozoic to the present day, and place these events in their geodynamic context. We will cover sedimentary, tectonic, geomorphic, metamorphic and magmatic evolution. More specifically, we'll look at the structure and geological evolution of the Hercynian massifs, the Mesozoic basins, the Pyrenean-Alpine orogeny and the West European Rift. To delineate these major geological objects, the course will integrate various data such as geological maps, paleogeographical maps, cross-sections, rock facies, geochronological ages, ECORS profiles, magnetic and gravimetric anomaly maps, etc. The geological evolution of the Languedoc region from Hercynian orogeny to the opening of the Mediterranean Sea will be particularly documented and developed during practical work and field excursions.

Hourly volumes :

CM: 15h

Practical work: 9h

Field : 12h

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• Physics and dynamics of the atmosphere (composition and structure, radiation balance, theoretical circulation, depressions/anticyclones, fronts, jets, tornadoes)
• Ocean physics and dynamics (composition and structure, main forces, simplified equations, geostrophic currents, Ekman drift, eddies, astronomical tides)
• General ocean circulation (Munk model, main currents, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Conveyor Belt)
• Waves and swell, vocabulary and overview, first-order theory
• Ocean-atmosphere interactions (heat/moisture/CO2 exchange, Monsoon, El Niño)

• Hourly volumes* :

  CM: 21

  TD : 24

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Lectures will cover cartography (projection system, height reference, positioning), imagery (aerial, satellite, digital encoding, DTM), field measurements (positioning, stratum dip), construction of a geological section and stratigraphic log, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS, georeferencing, QGIS software).

The practical sessions will apply the concepts covered in the course (reading and interpretation of satellite images, geological section). Practical work will be devoted to mapping the northern region of the Pic St Loup, by reading and interpreting satellite images, then checking this interpretation and taking measurements in the field, and finally returning to GIS to finalize the work.

Hourly volumes :

CM: 6h

TD : 6h

Practical work: 12h

Field : 12h

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• Thermodynamic reminders of chemical equilibria in solution, the law of mass action and the principle of an equilibrium shift assay
• Application to equilibria :
  • acids and bases, Calculating the pH of aqueous solutions, Titrations
  • complexation: reaction prediction, species predominance range, influence of pH
  • precipitation: stability/solubility of solids, influence of pH
  • oxidation-reduction: definitions, electrochemical cells, electrode potentials, predicting the evolution of oxidation-reduction reactions
• Analytical techniques used in environmental chemistry, with applications to the determination of physicochemical parameters of water quality:

• Electrochemical techniques,
• Spectrophotometric techniques
• Chromatographic techniques

Hourly volumes:

CM : 13H

TD: 12 H

PRACTICAL WORK: 20H

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- Hydrostatics (Fundamental Principle of Hydrostatics, notion of buoyant force, Archimedes' theorem)

- Fluid kinematics (streamline, trajectory, emission line, flow rate, Reynolds number, laminar, turbulent flow)

- Hydrodynamics of perfect fluids (conservation of mass, conservation of energy with Bernouilli's theorem, case studies: Mariotte vessel, emptying a tank, Pitot tube, Venturi)

- Hydrodynamics of real fluids (origin of head losses and estimation of linear and singular head losses, generalized Bernouilli theorem with head losses)

- Hydraulic machines (pump operation, H(Q) characteristics, operating point)

- Free-surface hydraulics (hydraulic characteristics, Manning Strickler formula, weir formula, pressure curves)

Hourly volumes :

CM :10h

TD :10h

TP :16h

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The aim of this course is to introduce the concept of chemical element properties, geochemical classification and the distribution of major and trace elements in minerals, rocks and fluids. We will cover the notion of compatible and incompatible elements, partition coefficients, geochemical equilibria and fractionations, and elemental mobility. The geochemistry of major and trace elements will be studied to understand magmatic processes (partial melting, fractional crystallization) and surface processes (water and matter transfers and fluxes; weathering and water-rock interactions). Radiochronology and geochemistry of radiogenic and stable isotopes will also be addressed to identify the different reservoirs within the Earth, date rocks and fluids (superficial and deep) and study geochemical transfers between the different reservoirs (asthenosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere). More specifically, stable isotopes of O and C will be studied to characterize the origin of atmospheric fluxes and trace the various processes involved in the water cycle at the scale of hydrosystems. Dissolved and particulate geochemical flux balances in hydrosystems will be addressed in order to understand the dynamics of global terrestrial cycles at the surface.

Hourly volumes :

CM: 20

TD : 22

TP: 3

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