L2-L3 LICENCE PHYSIQUE - CHIMIE

Organic Chemistry Module 1 covers the major classes of organic compounds (organometallics, alcohols, amines, carbonyl derivatives) and their reactivity. Carboxylic acids and derivatives are also covered in chapters dedicated to the reactivity of organometallics, alcohols and carbonyl derivatives.

Particular emphasis is placed on understanding reaction mechanisms based on the basic concepts acquired in the first year.

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This course is designed in part to generalize the knowledge acquired in the first semester of the first year (General Physics). In this context, the course will deal with orientation in three-dimensional space, associated kinematics and mechanics in a non-galilean frame of reference. This course is also intended to broaden the scope of applications covered in L1S1. These include fluid statics, the dynamics and energetics of the harmonic oscillator, and the motion of celestial bodies (Kepler's laws).

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This course is the first step in teaching electromagnetism at university. It covers electrostatics, stationary currents and magnetostatics.

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The two main aims of physics are to better understand the world we live in, and to contribute to the development of techniques and technologies. Its vocation is to develop theories and confront them with experience.

In this module, you'll carry out experiments to illustrate the concepts of mechanics, electricity and thermodynamics that were introduced in the^1st year undergraduate modules.

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Use the basic principles of equilibrium thermodynamics to predict whether a reaction is possible, in which direction it is spontaneous and determine the proportions of reactants at equilibrium from the equilibrium constant. Application to homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria, and to the special case of precipitation reactions.(acid-base and redox reactions, time permitting). Hours: 19.5 h.

In the second part, we'll look at kinetics and reaction rates. Only simple reaction orders will be studied this year. Hours: 7.5 h .

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This course is a continuation of the mathematics taught in L1. The mathematical tools necessary for the physicist in analysis will be studied, in particular functions of several variables, differential operators, generalized and multiple integrals and sequences and series, including integer and Fourier series.

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The aim is to review various notions of wave physics (D'alembert's equation, travelling waves, standing waves, reflection, transmission) through the study of different physical systems: mechanical (spring, string, acoustic...), electrical (telegraph line, co-axial...) or electromagnetic, and to arrive at a general formalism for the study of linear wave phenomena.

Then, after studying standing waves, we'll move on to studying interference (wave tank and other devices) and the related physical concepts: phase shift, step difference, constructive interference condition, destructive interference...

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This module is an introduction to the use of Python for science students. It covers the basics of algorithms and the Python language, but the approach is primarily geared towards use in the sciences. Examples are given of problems related to other first-year subjects.

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The first part of this course is designed to consolidate the concepts of magnetostatics and establish the relations between the electromagnetic field at the interface of a plane of charges or currents. We also introduce the expression of Laplace forces (force and moment) acting on volumetric or filiform circuits. The second part is devoted to the properties of fields and potentials in the variable regime. After introducing Faraday's law describing induction phenomena, we establish Maxwell's time-dependent equations. An energetic treatment allows us to define the electric and magnetic energies, as well as the Poynting vector. We apply these concepts to various examples, such as electromechanical conversion or induction heating via eddy currents. A final chapter is devoted to the equations of field and potential propagation, and their application in vacuum-like systems, as well as in perfect conductors and insulators. The notion of skin depth is also introduced.

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The first part of this course presents the basics of quantum chemistry for chemists and physical chemists. He began by taking up the principles of quantum mechanics and his master equation, the Schrödinger equation. The solution of the Schrödinger equation in simple cases and the notions of wave functions and quantization are presented and illustrated in simple cases. The hydrogen atom is then studied.

The teaching also focuses on approximation methods that make it possible to determine the properties of complex systems where the Schrödinger equation cannot be solved directly. The effect of spin on the electronic properties of atoms and molecules will also be discussed.

The second part of this course focuses on the quantum description of molecular properties and reactivity. The qualitative construction of molecular orbitals using symmetry properties will be introduced and the link between molecular orbital diagram and chemical bonding is made. The link between molecular geometry and electronic structure will be discussed. This course will then focus on the Huckel method which allows to obtain diagrams of molecular orbitals of π systems. The classical notions of conjugation, delocalization, donor or acceptor character and aromaticity will be studied in this approach. The theory of boundary orbitals is used to rationalize molecular reactivity (cycloaddition, electrocyclization) and molecular geometries.

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Thermodynamics: micro and macroscopic aspects

Thermodynamics is the tool of choice for studying matter on a macroscopic scale. In particular, in the case of chemical reactions, it enables us to predict the direction of their evolution and their state of equilibrium. In the first years of the bachelor's degree, we focus on describing the principles of thermodynamics and their direct application to chemistry in the case of simple single-phase equilibrium reactions or reactions between homogeneous phases. This teaching unit will extend this knowledge in two directions.

First, we'll generalize this macroscopic thermodynamic framework to more complex systems, such as interfacial systems where surface tension plays a role, or non-uniform phases where the composition is not the same everywhere due to an external field. Equilibrium breaks and displacements will also be studied.

Next, we'll look at the link with the microscopic world, where matter is described at the atomic scale. We'll show that the evolution predicted by thermodynamics is statistical in nature, with the equilibrium state corresponding to the most probable macroscopic state given the constraints applied to the system. This will enable us to deduce the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of a physico-chemical system from its microscopic description.

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Statistical physics is one of the fundamental branches of modern physics, whose probabilistic approach establishes relationships between the microscopic and the macroscopic. It deals with the evolution of systems with very large numbers of particles (atoms, molecules, photons, etc.) and links macroscopic quantities such as pressure, temperature, etc. characterizing their state at thermodynamic equilibrium to quantities defining the microscopic state of their constituents. This introductory course in statistical physics will cover the microcanonical and canonical sets, and relate the partition function to thermodynamic quantities such as mean energy, pressure, temperature and entropy. These results will be illustrated on perfect gases and on a few simple quantum systems.     

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A first part of the module will consist of presenting metals and alloys through crystallography (from the "ideal" crystalline solid to defects and solid solutions), then a second part will be devoted to their characterization by X-ray diffraction and the last part will address their synthesis through their solid/liquid binary diagram (description and construction) and the different transformations in the solid state.

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At the start of this course, we will review the concepts of light rays and the approximation conditions of geometrical optics, as well as the important concepts of wave physics for physical optics.

Then, starting from the scalar approximation of light waves, a special case of electromagnetic waves, we describe light sources, 2-wave and N-wave interference phenomena and diffraction in the Fraunhofer approximation.

We'll go on to study a number of widely-used physical systems, focusing on their resolving power and applications: microscope, telescope, Michelson interferometer, grating spectrometer, Fabry-Pérot interferometer.

Finally, we'll look at the concepts of spatial coherence and temporal coherence of light bursts, and how they are used (stellar interferometry, speckle, etc.).

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This course is a simplified introduction to quantum physics.
It begins with an historical overview of the beginnings of quantum mechanics: atomic emission line spectra, black-body radiation (the logic of this name will be explained), the photoelectric effect, etc.
A simplified presentation of Fourier transforms will enable us to understand the link between spectral line width and time evolution,
and, further on, to understand Heisenberg's inequalities.
An important part of the course will be devoted to matter waves, through the Schrödinger equation, in very simple special cases.
Finally, we'll conclude with a few aspects of magnetism (necessarily quantum).

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Practical work in various areas of physics.

Topics covered include the study of mechanical and electrical oscillating systems (simple and torsion pendulums, coupled pendulums, RLC circuits, inductively coupled circuits), acoustic waves, a few notions of wave optics (diffraction and interference), the use of electronic circuits to study components or electrical systems (diodes, LEDs and photodiodes, transmission lines) and the study of a few properties of matter (magnetism, photoelectric effect, Faraday effect).

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This UE includes a refresher and a deepening of programming techniques as well as an introduction to numerical physics. It begins with a review of procedural programming using the Python 3 language. We will then introduce the use of numerical methods relevant to the simulation and solution of physical problems.

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This UE is a continuation of the point dynamics and rigid solid mechanics taught in L1 and L2. The aim here is to provide elements of the mechanics of deformable continuous media, essentially in the limit of small deformations, linear elasticity, viscoelasticity and viscosity. Emphasis is placed on simple cases and common applications.

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- Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of carbon 13 

- Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

- UV-visible spectroscopy

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The tutored project is an experimental or digital simulation project carried out in groups of 3 students. It takes place in the practical workroom, on one of the many physics and chemistry topics on offer. It confronts students with the project approach, and mobilizes their creativity, initiative, autonomy and experimental rigor. The project culminates in a report and oral presentation, subject to peer and jury assessment.

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