L2-L3 Bachelor's Degree in Physics and Chemistry

The organic chemistry module 1 covers the study of the major classes of organic compounds (organometallics, alcohols, amines, carbonyl derivatives) and their reactivity. Carboxylic acids and derivatives are also discussed in the chapters devoted to the reactivity of organometallics, alcohols, and carbonyl derivatives.

Particular emphasis is placed on understanding reaction mechanisms based on the fundamental concepts acquired in the first year.

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This course is partly intended to generalize the knowledge covered in the first semester of the first year (General Physics). With this in mind, we will discuss positioning in three-dimensional space, the associated kinematics, and mechanics in a non-Galilean reference frame. This course is also intended to broaden the scope of applications covered in L1S1. In this vein, we will cover fluid statics, the dynamics and energetics of harmonic oscillators, and the motion of celestial bodies (Kepler's laws).

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This course is the first step in teaching electromagnetism at university. It covers electrostatics, steady currents, and magnetostatics.

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The two main objectives of physics are, on the one hand, to better understand—or learn more about—the world we live in and, on the other hand, to contribute to the advancement of techniques and technologies. Its purpose is to develop theories and test them against experience.

In this module, you will conduct experiments that illustrate concepts in mechanics, electricity, and thermodynamics that were presented in the^first-year bachelor's degree modules.

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Use of basic principles in equilibrium thermodynamics to predict whether a reaction is possible, in which direction it is spontaneous, and to determine the proportions of reactants at equilibrium based on the equilibrium constant. Application to homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria and to specific cases of precipitation reactions (acid-base and redox reactions if time permits). Number of hours: 19.5.

In the second part, we will address kinetic aspects and therefore reaction speed. Only simple reaction orders will be studied during this year. Number of hours: 7.5.

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This course builds on the mathematics taught in the first year. It covers the mathematical tools needed by physicists in analysis, in particular functions of several variables, differential operators, generalized and multiple integrals, and sequences and series, including entire and Fourier series.

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The first step is to review various concepts in wave physics (D'Alembert's equation, progressive waves, standing waves, reflection, transmission) through the study of different physical systems: mechanical (springs, strings, acoustics, etc.), electrical (telegraph lines, coaxial cables, etc.) or electromagnetic systems, and to arrive at a general formalism for the study of linear wave phenomena.

Then, after studying standing waves, we will move on to studying interference (wave tanks and other devices) and the related physical concepts: phase shift, path difference, conditions for constructive interference, destructive interference.

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This module is an introduction to using Python for students pursuing a degree in science. It covers concepts in algorithmics and the Python language, but the approach is primarily geared toward practical applications in science. The examples will therefore focus on issues related to other first-year subjects.

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The first part of this course aims to consolidate the concepts of magnetostatics and establish the relationships between the electromagnetic field at the interface of a plane of charges or current. We also introduce the expression of Laplace forces (force and moment) acting on volume or wire circuits. The second part is devoted to the properties of fields and potentials in variable regimes. After introducing Faraday's law describing induction phenomena, we establish Maxwell's time-dependent equations. An energy treatment allows us to define electrical and magnetic energies, as well as the Poynting vector. We apply these concepts to various examples, such as electromechanical conversion and induction heating via eddy currents. The final chapter is devoted to the propagation equations of fields and potentials, and their application in systems assimilated to a vacuum, as well as in perfect conductors and insulators. The concept of skin depth is also introduced.

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The first part of this course presents the basics of quantum chemistry for chemists and physical chemists. It begins by reviewing the principles of quantum mechanics and its master equation, the Schrödinger equation. The solution of the Schrödinger equation in simple cases and the concepts of wave functions and quantization are presented and illustrated in simple cases. The hydrogen atom is then studied.

The course also examines approximation methods that can be used to determine the properties of complex systems where Schrödinger's equation cannot be solved directly. The effect of spin on the electronic properties of atoms and molecules will also be discussed.

The second part of this course focuses on the quantum description of molecular properties and reactivity. The qualitative construction of molecular orbitals using symmetry properties will be introduced, and the link between molecular orbital diagrams and chemical bonding will be explained. The link between molecular geometry and electronic structure will be discussed. This course will then focus on Hückel's method, which is used to obtain molecular orbital diagrams of π systems. The classic concepts of conjugation, delocalization, donor or acceptor character, and aromaticity will be studied in this approach. Frontier orbital theory is used to rationalize molecular reactivity (cycloadditions, electrocyclization) and molecular geometries.

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Thermodynamics: micro and macroscopic aspects

Thermodynamics is the tool of choice for studying matter on a macroscopic scale. In particular, in the case of chemical reactions, it allows us to predict the direction of their evolution and their state of equilibrium. In the first years of the bachelor's degree, we focus on describing the principles of thermodynamics and their direct application to chemistry in the case of simple single-phase equilibrium reactions or reactions between homogeneous phases. This teaching unit will deepen this knowledge in two directions.

First, we will generalize this macroscopic thermodynamic description framework to more complex systems, such as interfacial systems where surface tension plays a role, or non-uniform phases where the composition is not the same everywhere due to an external field. We will also study ruptures and equilibrium displacements.

Next, we will look at the link with the microscopic world, where matter is described at the atomic scale. We will show that the evolution predicted by thermodynamics is statistical in nature, with the state of equilibrium corresponding to the most probable macroscopic state given the constraints applied to the system. This will allow us to deduce the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of a physicochemical system from its microscopic description.

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Statistical physics is one of the fundamental branches of modern physics which, through its probabilistic approach, establishes relationships between the microscopic and the macroscopic. It deals with the evolution of systems with a very large number of particles (atoms, molecules, photons, etc.) and links macroscopic quantities such as pressure, temperature, etc., which characterize their state of thermodynamic equilibrium, to quantities that define the microscopic state of their constituents. This introductory course in statistical physics will cover microcanonical and canonical ensembles and will establish the link between the partition function and thermodynamic quantities such as average energy, pressure, temperature, and entropy. These results will be illustrated using ideal gases and a few simple quantum systems.     

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The first part of the module will consist of presenting metals and alloys through crystallography (from the "ideal" crystalline solid to defects and solid solutions), followed by a second part devoted to their characterization by X-ray diffraction, and a final part addressing their synthesis through their solid/liquid binary diagram (description and construction) and the various transformations in the solid state.

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At the beginning of this course, we will review the concepts of light rays and the conditions for approximation in geometric optics, as well as the concepts of wave physics that are important for physical optics.

Then, based on the scalar approximation of light waves, a special case of electromagnetic waves, we will describe light sources, interference phenomena with 2 waves, N waves, and then diffraction in the Fraunhofer approximation.

We will continue by studying various widely used physical systems, focusing on their resolution power and applications: microscope, astronomical telescope, Michelson interferometer, grating spectrometer, Fabry-Pérot interferometer.

Finally, we will conclude with the concepts of spatial coherence and temporal coherence of light sources and their use (stellar interferometry, speckle, etc.).

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This course is a simplified introduction to quantum physics.
We will begin by providing a historical overview of the beginnings of quantum mechanics: atomic emission line spectrum, black body radiation (we will see the logic behind this name), photoelectric effect, etc.
A simplified presentation of Fourier transforms will help us understand the link between spectral line width and temporal evolution,
and later on, Heisenberg's inequalities.
A significant part of the course will be devoted to matter waves, through Schrödinger's equation, in very simple specific cases.
Finally, we will conclude with some aspects of magnetism (necessarily quantum).

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Practical work in various fields of physics.

The topics covered include the study of mechanical and electrical oscillating systems (simple pendulum, torsion pendulum, coupled pendulums, RLC circuit, induction-coupled circuits), acoustic waves, some concepts of wave optics (diffraction and interference), the practical application of electronic circuits for the study of electrical components or systems (diodes, LEDs and photodiodes, transmission lines), and the study of some properties of matter (magnetism, the photoelectric effect, the Faraday effect).

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This course includes an upgrade and deepening of programming techniques as well as an introduction to computational physics. We will begin with a review of procedural programming using the Python 3 language. We will then present the use of numerical methods relevant to simulation and the resolution of physical problems.

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This course builds on the teachings of point dynamics and rigid body dynamics from the first and second years. It covers elements of continuum mechanics, mainly within the limits of small deformations, linear elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. The emphasis is on simple cases and common applications.

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- Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

- Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 

- Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

- UV-visible spectroscopy

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The supervised project is an experimental or digital simulation project carried out in groups of three students. It takes place in a practical work room, on one of the many physics and chemistry topics offered. It introduces students to the project approach and draws on their creativity, initiative, independence, and rigor in conducting experiments. The project concludes with a report and a defense, which are submitted for peer review and then evaluated by a jury.

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