License 3

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Thermodynamics: micro and macroscopic aspects

Thermodynamics is the tool of choice for studying matter at the macroscopic scale. In particular, in the case of chemical reactions, it allows us to predict the direction of their evolution and their state of equilibrium. In the first years of the degree program, the principles of thermodynamics and their direct application to chemistry are described in the case of simple single-phase equilibrium reactions or between homogeneous phases. This teaching unit will deepen this knowledge in two directions.

First of all, this framework of macroscopic thermodynamic description will be generalized to more complex systems, such as interfacial systems where surface tension plays a role or non-uniform phases where the composition is not the same everywhere due to an external field. Breakdowns and equilibrium displacements will also be studied.

Then we will focus on the link with the microscopic world where matter is described at the atomic scale. We will show that the evolution predicted by thermodynamics is of a statistical nature, the equilibrium state thus corresponding to the most probable macroscopic state given the constraints applied to the system. This will allow to deduce from the microscopic description of a physico-chemical system its macroscopic thermodynamic properties.

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Statistical physics is one of the fundamental branches of modern physics which, through its probabilistic approach, establishes relations between the microscopic and the macroscopic. It deals with the evolution of systems with a very large number of particles (atoms, molecules, photons, etc.) and links macroscopic quantities such as pressure, temperature, etc. characterizing their state at thermodynamic equilibrium to quantities defining the microscopic state of their constituents. This introductory course in statistical physics will deal with the microcanonical and canonical sets, and will make the link between the partition function and thermodynamic quantities such as average energy, pressure, temperature and entropy. These results will be illustrated on perfect gases and on some simple quantum systems.     

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The first part of the module will present metals and alloys through crystallography (from the ''ideal'' crystalline solid to defects and solid solutions), then a second part will be devoted to their characterization by X-ray diffraction and the last part will deal with their synthesis through their solid/liquid binary diagram (description and construction) and the different transformations in the solid state.

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At the beginning of this course, we will review the notions of light rays and the approximation conditions of geometrical optics on the one hand, and on the other hand, the important notions for physical optics in wave physics.

Then from the scalar approximation of light waves, a particular case of electromagnetic waves, we will describe the light sources, the phenomena of interference with 2 waves, N waves and then the diffraction in the Fraunhofer approximation.

We will continue with the study of different physical systems widely used by focusing on their power of resolution and their applications: microscope, telescope, Michelson interferometer, grating spectrometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer.

Finally we will finish with the concepts of spatial coherence and temporal coherence of light waves and their use (stellar interferometry, speckle ...)

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This course is a simplified introduction to quantum physics.
We will start with a historical overview of the beginnings of quantum mechanics: atomic emission line spectrum, black body radiation (we will see the logic of this name), photo-electric effect, ...
A simplified presentation of the Fourier transforms will allow us to understand the link between spectral line width and temporal evolution at first,
and further on to understand the Heisenberg inequalities.
An important part of the course will be devoted to matter waves, through the Schrödinger equation, in very simple particular cases.
Finally, we will finish with some aspects of magnetism (necessarily quantum).

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Practical work in various fields of physics.

The topics covered include the study of mechanical and electrical oscillating systems (simple pendulum, torsion pendulum, coupled pendulums, RLC circuit, inductively coupled circuits), acoustic waves, some notions of wave optics (diffraction and interference), the practical application of electronic circuits for the study of components or electrical systems (diodes, LEDs and photodiodes, transmission line) and the study of some properties of matter (magnetism, photoelectric effect, Faraday effect).

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This UE includes a refresher and deepening of programming techniques as well as an introduction to numerical physics. We will start with a review of procedural programming with the Python 3 language. The use of numerical methods relevant to the simulation and solution of physical problems will then be presented.

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This UE is in the continuity of the lessons of dynamics of the point and the rigid solid of L1 and L2. The aim is to give elements of mechanics of deformable continuous media essentially in the limit of small deformations, linear elasticity, viscoelasticity and viscosity. The emphasis is on simple cases and common applications.

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- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the proton

- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of carbon 13 

- Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

- UV-visible spectroscopy

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The tutored project is an experimental or digital simulation project carried out in groups of 3 students. It takes place in the practical work room, on one of the many physics and chemistry themes offered. It confronts the students with the project approach, and mobilizes their creativity, their spirit of initiative, their autonomy and their rigor in the experiments. The project concludes with a report and a defense, which is evaluated by peers and then by the jury.

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