M2 - IDIL - Earth and water under global change (AWARE) - EARTH

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also discuss the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software.

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This course includes a theoretical part allowing the understanding of transfers and a more practical part combining field work, numerical modeling and environmental studies. Quantitative hydrogeology is approached through analytical and numerical solutions allowing to account for the transfers in the underground environment.

This EU addresses in particular:

1) mathematical tools and fundamental equations at the basis of analytical and numerical modelling;

2) Principles of numerical modeling (FDM); 

3) the typical methodology allowing the realization of a 3D numerical model for the simulation of flows and ;

4) analysis of scenarios integrating climatic or anthropic forcings for an optimal management of the water resource.

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The three major irrigation models worldwide - large-scale irrigation, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth literature review and case illustrations, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through different concrete cases, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The different main references of each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analysis through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development as applied to irrigation systems.

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The content of the module is organized into six sequences:

1) EU Introduction: scientific and operational issues of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of phytosanitary products;

4) Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycling and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD : Evaluation of the nitrogen balance in a catchment area, diagnosis of the contamination of surface water

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The status of a river according to the WFD includes two aspects: a chemical status and an ecological status. To define the ecological status, several parameters will have to be taken into account, including parameters related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) of the watercourse. In this course, students will be asked to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters in the determination of the state of a river or more generally used in hydrological studies (floods, evaluation of the resource...).

4 components will be addressed:

- Hydrometry, with the use of different gauging techniques (point by point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine the saturation conductivity, the sampling of soil cylinders for determination after drying of the porosity, dry density, and water content of the soil.

- the Hydrochemistry component, with :

• a part on the field (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, ...)
• a part in laboratory (analysis and quantification of the presence of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the presence of emerging contaminants of the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds present in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- the Hydrobiology component, with the presence or absence of certain species taken into account: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), in order to determine specific indices (RPI, NBI, RMI, DBI) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This course presents the fundamental concepts for understanding the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity production are discussed in detail and are the subject of real case studies. An overview on a global scale is proposed in order to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The course will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases through numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of the reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between the stored fluids and the surrounding rocks, will be highlighted in order to consider the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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The content of the course is organized in 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives*:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis of the influence of climate on
plant production. The competences aimed at are the knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production

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This module aims to provide the basics of the principles of positioning and mapping of topography. The basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods are detailed in the course and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project work will allow students to implement the practical and theoretical knowledge seen at the beginning of the module and especially to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropic deformation...)
- Topography measurement (DTM, LIDAR, ...)

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge to the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for the edition of DFN (discrete fracture networks).
Intervention of Bertrand Gauthier from Total free of charge over 2 days: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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The content of the module is structured in 3 sequences:

1) a sequence of definition of concepts, handling of a tool (R) and reminders on the vocabulary in statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation of a design office executive who will present the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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