M1 - Earth and Water Under Global Change - AWARE WATER - IDIL

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The course content is organized into 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major Earth climates
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives* :

The aim of the module is to provide a theoretical basis for the influence of climate on
plant production. Target skills include knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production.

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The aim of this module is to provide a basic understanding of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize reservoir structure (geometry, lithologies) as well as to detect, locate and quantify fluid transfers. We will also look at the processing and analysis of these data using various dedicated software packages.

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The three main models of irrigation worldwide - large-scale hydraulics, community irrigation and private irrigation - are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth documentary analysis and illustrations of concrete cases, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, actors, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through various case studies, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos and articles.

The main references for each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analyses through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models linked to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of dualistic development theory, applied to irrigation systems.

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The content of the module is divided into six sequences:

1) Introduction to EU: scientific and operational challenges of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physico-chemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of plant protection products in a watershed;

3) TD: modelling tutorials on the transfer of plant protection products;

4) Biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in agro-systems ;

5) Nitrogen cycle and balance in agricultural watersheds ;

6) TD: Assessment of nitrogen balance in a watershed, diagnosis of surface water contamination

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This course introduces the fundamental concepts needed to understand the genesis and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

Initially, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low-energy to high-energy geothermal energy for electricity production, are discussed in detail, with real-life case studies. A global overview is provided to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The UE will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be discussed and illustrated on real cases using numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alteration, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The problem of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO2, heat or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as interactions between stored fluids and surrounding rocks, will be highlighted, with the aim of considering the feasibility and durability of these storage devices.

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The aim of this course is to introduce students to the finite element method as applied to one-, two- and three-dimensional problems in engineering and applied science. This presentation is made within the framework of linear elasticity and small perturbations in statics. Starting with prerequisites in mathematics and solid mechanics, the principle of discretization is first addressed through the approaches of Ritz and Gallerkine for one-dimensional media. Next, the problem of numerical integration is approached using the Gauss method. Meshing and validation of computational models is then addressed in the study of surface modeling with 2D elements. Finally, these notions will be used to set up the complete formalism of the finite element method within the framework of bar and beam elements, then triangle-type elements. A practical application of these important theoretical notions is carried out on an industrial calculation code (ANSYS) during practical work and a project.

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This 42-hour course is divided into two parts (1/3, 2/3) to give the basics of heat transfer and fluid mechanics (3D). Fluids will be considered as continuous media. A particle is an element of volume infinitesimally small for mathematical description, but large enough relative to molecules to be described by continuous functions. This course extends the L3 course on modeling elastic media, as well as the 1D fluid mechanics course.

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Fluids are all around us all the time, on every scale. To understand fluid mechanics is to understand the mechanics of what surrounds us: air and water in particular. As such, hydrodynamics is an essential part of any physicist's background.

EU Hydrodynamics provides an introduction to incompressible perfect (Euler) and viscous Newtonian (Navier-Stokes) fluid mechanics. Classical flows are presented, as well as the notion of boundary layer, instability and turbulence. Emphasis is placed more on physical ideas than on advanced mathematical or numerical resolution methods.

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The status of a watercourse as defined by the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical and ecological. To define the ecological status, several parameters need to be taken into account, including those related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used to determine the state of a watercourse or, more generally, those used in hydrological studies (flooding, resource assessment, etc.).

4 aspects will be covered:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine saturation conductivity, and the sampling of soil cylinders to determine soil porosity, dry density and water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, with :

• a field section (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory part (analysis and quantification of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the trace presence of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, which takes into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), with a view to determining specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This module aims to provide a basic understanding of the principles of topographic positioning and mapping. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is covered in detail in lectures, followed by fieldwork and practical exercises. Finally, project work will enable students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the start of the module, and above all to gain a better understanding of the complementarity and accuracy of geodesy measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction from ground geodesy to space geodesy
- Geodesy reference frames
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Geodesy applications (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Measuring topography (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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The aim of this course is to harmonize the knowledge of students from different backgrounds. The course focuses in particular on mineralogy, magmatic petrology and associated metal deposits. These disciplines are approached with a synthetic and global approach, integrating processes and linking the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The course is supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny, involving the study of macroscopic and microscopic rock and mineral samples.

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The content of the module is divided into 3 sequences:

1) a sequence to define concepts, get to grips with a tool (R) and review the vocabulary of statistical estimation and its application to the calibration of hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methods, and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The course will also be introduced by a presentation from a design office executive on the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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The emphasis will be on alteration processes and fluid/rock interactions, but above all on structural and textural constraints to propose constrained, innovative and original deposit models. In this course, we will insist on the structural specificity of each deposit and on the dangers of the sometimes blind application of book models.

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Definition, typology and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, basement), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to clay reservoirs (shale plays), cap clays and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Free 2-day talk by Bertrand Gauthier from Total: Static and dynamic properties of fractured petroleum reservoirs.

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