M1 - Earth and Water Under Global Change - AWARE WATER - IDIL

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The content of the EU is organized into six course sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive, and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plants: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change on agriculture

Objectives:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis for the influence of climate on plant production
. The targeted skills are knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water, and plant production.

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the structure of the reservoir (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate, and quantify fluid transfers. We will also address the processing and analysis of this data using various dedicated software programs.

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The three major models of irrigation worldwide—large-scale hydraulic systems, community irrigation, and private irrigation—are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth documentary analysis and illustrations of specific cases, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, stakeholders, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through various concrete examples, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos, and articles.

The various main references for each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analyses through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development, applied to irrigation systems.

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The module content is divided into six sequences:

1) Introduction by the EU: scientific and operational challenges of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of pesticides in a watershed;

3) Tutorial: guided modeling work on the transfer of plant protection products;

4) Biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in agricultural systems;

5) Nitrogen cycle and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD: Assessment of nitrogen balance in a watershed, diagnosis of surface water contamination

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This EU presents the fundamental concepts needed to understand the formation and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity generation, are discussed in detail and examined through real-life case studies. A global overview is provided in order to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The EU will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be addressed and illustrated using real-life cases via numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alterations, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The issue of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO₂, heat, or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between stored fluids and host rocks, will be highlighted in order to assess the feasibility and sustainability of these storage systems.

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The aim of this course is to introduce students to the finite element method applied to one-, two-, and three-dimensional problems in engineering and applied science. This introduction is given in the context of linear elasticity and small perturbations in statics. Starting with prerequisites in mathematics and solid mechanics, the principle of discretization is first addressed through the Ritz and Gallerkine approaches for one-dimensional media. Next, the issue of numerical integration is approached using the Gauss method. Meshing and validation of calculation models are then addressed during the study of surface modeling with 2D elements. Finally, these concepts will be used to implement the complete formalism of the finite element method in the context of bar and beam elements, then triangle-type elements. A practical application of these important theoretical concepts is carried out on an industrial calculation code (ANSYS) during practical work and a project.

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This 42-hour course is divided into two parts (1/3, 2/3) in order to provide the basics of heat transfer and fluid mechanics (3D). Fluids will be considered as continuous media. A particle is defined as an infinitesimally small volume element for mathematical description, but large enough in relation to molecules to be described by continuous functions. This course builds on the L3 course on elastic media modeling and the fluid mechanics (1D) course.

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Fluids are all around us at all times and on all scales. Understanding fluid mechanics means understanding the mechanics of our surroundings, particularly air and water. As such, hydrodynamics is part of a physicist's basic knowledge.

Hydrodynamics is an introduction to the mechanics of incompressible perfect fluids (Euler) and viscous Newtonian fluids (Navier-Stokes). Classical flows are presented, as well as the concepts of boundary layer, instability, and turbulence. The emphasis is placed more on physical ideas than on advanced mathematical or numerical solution methods.

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The status of a watercourse within the meaning of the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical status and ecological status. To define ecological status, several parameters must be taken into account, including parameters related to the volume of water (measured by flow rate) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used in determining the status of a watercourse or more generally used in hydrological studies (floods, resource assessment, etc.).

Four topics will be addressed:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, using several infiltration methods to determine saturation conductivity, and soil cylinder sampling to determine porosity, dry density, and soil water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, including:

• fieldwork (sampling and analysis using a multiparameter meter and a field spectrophotometer) for physical and chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4, and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory component (analysis and quantification of the presence of 4-tert-octylphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the presence of trace amounts of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, taking into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants), and diatoms (unicellular algae), in order to determine specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This module aims to provide the basics of positioning and topographic mapping principles. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is detailed in class and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project assignment allows students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the beginning of the module and, above all, to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodetic measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction to ground geodesy and space geodesy
- Reference frames in geodesy
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Applications of geodesy (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Topographic measurement (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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This course aims to standardize the knowledge of students from different educational backgrounds. The course focuses in particular on mineralogy, magmatic petrology, and associated metal deposits. These disciplines are approached in a comprehensive and holistic manner, integrating processes and linking the main mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs. The courses are supported by practical work in magmatic petrology and metallogeny through the study of rock and mineralized samples, both macroscopic and microscopic.

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The module content is divided into three sections:

1) a sequence defining concepts, introducing a tool (R), and reviewing vocabulary related to statistical estimation and its application to calibrating hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on methods for analyzing uncertainties and sensitivity, and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The EU will also be introduced by a presentation from an engineering firm executive who will explain the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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The focus will be on weathering processes and fluid/rock interactions, but above all on structural and textural constraints, enabling us to propose innovative and original models of constrained deposits. In this course, we will emphasize the structural specificity of each deposit and the dangers of blindly applying textbook models.

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Definition, typology, and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, bedrock), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to shale plays, cap rocks and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Two-day presentation by Bertrand Gauthier of Total, free of charge: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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