OPTION 1

The EU draws on the principles of physics (conservation of mass, energy, and momentum) to address issues relating to river hydraulics (flooding, habitats, ecological continuity) and water transport networks (irrigation, drainage, sanitation).
The lessons are largely based on experiments at the Supagro hydraulic laboratory, where uniform flows, flows at control structures, and transition regimes are studied. The analysis of these processes draws on the theoretical knowledge acquired during the module and problem-solving tools that can be used to diagnose real-life situations. 

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This course unit should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function and to identify threats and vulnerabilities in the face of local pressures and climate change.

It will also enable students to 1) learn about the specific characteristics of benthic ecosystems and the ecological roles of their components, 2) acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function, 3) acquire knowledge about the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), climate change, and anthropization on aquatic ecosystems and their functioning, including socio-economic repercussions. This EU will develop marine environment and marine animal health monitoring networks by addressing mortality issues.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and conflicting issues, visions, and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and regulation (particularly through public policy), the balance between collective and private values, and decision-making processes concerning collective issues—in short, governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive, and financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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The issue of contaminants in the aquatic environment is addressed from a multidisciplinary scientific perspective (chemistry, geochemistry, microbiology, etc.) while also addressing regulatory aspects:

• Presentation of the main contaminants in the aquatic environment: chemical contaminants such as major elements, trace metals, organic micropollutants (pesticides, hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors, microbiological contaminants, etc.), radioelements, and biological contaminants such as microorganisms, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, etc.

• Focus on certain contaminants depending on aquatic environments, taking into account the hydrochemical characteristics of the water in relation to the geological and environmental contexts of hydrological and hydrogeological basins.

• Presentation of interactions between microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants and their consequences on the fate of contaminants in the aquatic environment; application in bioremediation.

These lessons are illustrated through examples from current events, such as antibiotic resistance, and/or topics researched by the speakers.

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The content of the EU is organized into three parts:

1) Water cycle and water balance
• Main reservoirs
• Mechanisms of the water cycle
• Water circulation: from the global scale to the watershed scale
• Humans: their influence on the water cycle

2) The atmospheric phase of the water cycle – Hydrology
• The watershed
• Atmospheric circulation and precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
• Infiltration
• Runoff

3) The underground phase of the water cycle – Hydrogeology
• Porous media and their hydrodynamic properties
• Different types of aquifers
• Piezometric levels and maps

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module presents the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics and ocean dynamics, and provides a critical and well-documented perspective on climate change. The course is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

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The module content is structured as follows: -a series of lectures: 1-Water resources and food security, 2-The environmental impact of agriculture on water resources and aquatic environments, 3-Current advances and challenges in agricultural research for optimizing water consumption by plants, and 4-Managing water demand in agriculture. -Tutorials: Food security and prospective scenarios. -A prospective study will be carried out in small groups to produce scenarios relating to the state of water resources and food production based on a case study of a southern country.

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Present the main processes involved in treating liquid effluents and treating and managing the by-products generated. This course is based on learning about the overall environmental impact of water resource management, wastewater, and treatment by-products. The design and implementation of treatment processes are addressed through the urban and industrial water cycle.

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the structure of the reservoir (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate, and quantify fluid transfers. We will also address the processing and analysis of this data using various dedicated software programs.

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