M1 - Water and Agriculture (EA)

The course content is organized into 6 sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major Earth climates
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plant: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change in agriculture

Objectives* :

The aim of the module is to provide a theoretical basis for the influence of climate on
plant production. Target skills include knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water and plant production.

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Project management encompasses all the methods, tools and techniques used to organize the progress of a project and achieve its objectives, from the initial idea to its completion.

Practical exercises and case studies help students acquire the right reflexes and manipulate project management tools.

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The Bibliographic Project UE provides training in documentary research, including the use of search engines, databases and bibliographic reference management tools. Students work in pairs on a topic they have defined themselves, in line with their training. This documentary research is enhanced by the writing of a synthesis and a poster.

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Program :

• Soil physics
• General principles of hydrostatics (notions of adsorption, capillarity, water's energy potential, principles of material conservation, soil retention curves)
• Flow in saturated and unsaturated soils (Darcy's law, Richards' equation, etc.)
• Numerical solution of Richards' equation
• Water flow dynamics in the field
• Methodology for measuring soil hydrodynamic properties

This course places a strong emphasis on tutorials and practical work. Experiments will be carried out during sessions on agricultural plots. Calculation or simple modeling exercises will be carried out to illustrate the numerical application of all the physical concepts presented in lectures. The examples dealt with in these exercises will be based both on these experimental results and on specific agricultural problems. 

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The course is based on the fundamentals of physics (conservation of mass, energy and momentum), and addresses hydraulic issues in rivers (flooding, habitats, ecological continuity) and water transport networks (irrigation, drainage, sanitation).
Teaching is based largely on experimentation at Supagro's hydraulic hall, where uniform flows, flows at control structures and transition regimes are covered. Theoretical knowledge acquired during the module is applied to process analysis, along with resolution tools for diagnosing real-life situations.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Science program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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This course introduces students to contaminants in the aquatic environment, essential for assessing risks to ecosystem and human health, and for managing water resources. For this reason, the program includes a presentation of the various environmental contaminants and regulations.

This course is taught by lecturers and researchers (multi-disciplinary course) whose research activities focus on the problem of contaminants in aquatic environments.

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The courses essentially consist of a decoded presentation of the fundamentals of regional planning: the main legal frameworks are presented and analyzed (in a participative manner) legal frameworks and their constant evolution (Codes, Laws, Texts), the "doctrines doctrines "We also look at the various technical "tools" available, whether in terms of procedures or project set-up (urban planning documents, or public or private construction or development projects). Also analyzed and presented are the tools and conditions for dialogue and consultation (examining different operating methods), land-use approaches land approaches (land management and the tools needed to achieve it), assessment of the multiple issues (financial, socio-economic and political), and finally, decision-making decision-making processes. The various aspects mentioned above are highlighted as factors that condition the success - and hence the successful spatial translation - of all development projects, whatever their nature. nature nature dimension.

Focusing on all regions, the module is also intended to focus on issues specific to coastal areas. coastal areasand similar areas. Because coastal areas have their own specific characteristics, a specific approach to these areas is essential, complementing the general approaches (Loi Littoral, Loi sur l'Eau, servitudes, changes in frameworks and texts).

Finally, the backdrop to this module is the systematic highlighting of the many debates and issues involved in the confrontation between theurgency (or priority) socio-economic urgency (or priority) environmentalwith an understanding of trade-offs and adjustments that this confrontation gives rise to. The current ecological and transitional urgency and the acceleration of the confrontations / conflicts of interest are examined and put into perspective.

With regard to the management "This theme is also described and analyzed for each of the points covered by the planning stage, both as a consequence of the planning stage, and as a consequence of the planning stage . consequence of the actions undertaken and as a condition for success -in the medium and long term- of projects on any scale.

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This course should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function, and to identify threats and vulnerability in the face of local pressures and climate change.

It will also enable students to 1) understand the specific features of benthic ecosystem functioning and the ecological roles of its components, 2) acquire in-depth knowledge of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, 3) acquire knowledge of the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), climate change and anthropization on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and on these components with socio-economic repercussions. This course will develop networks for monitoring the marine environment and the health of exploited marine animals, while addressing mortality issues.

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Present the main processes involved in treating liquid effluent, as well as the treatment and management of the by-products generated. This course is based on learning how to draw up an overall ecological balance sheet, focusing on the management of water resources, wastewater and treatment by-products. The design and implementation of treatment processes are approached through the urban and industrial water cycle.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and contradictory issues, visions and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated management (IWRM) and regulation (particularly by public policies), the balance between collective and private values, and decision-making processes concerning collective issues - in short, governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive and financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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The course is organized into 3 main chapters, alternating with tutorials applied to engineering problems. In the first part, after describing the planet's major water reservoirs and the basic principles of the water cycle, the effects of human activities on the cycle are discussed. The second part focuses on the aerial part of the cycle, from precipitation to infiltration. The third part deals with aquifers and groundwater, from the pore to the catchment scale.

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module introduces the fundamental principles of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, and provides a critical, documented look at climate change. Teaching is based on analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

The module is shared by the "Coastal engineering and rational coastal development" and "Water and coastline" courses in the STPE and Water masters programs. It can be taken by work-study students wishing to update their knowledge of global change and its relationship to meteorological and atmospheric processes.

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This UE focuses on mastering the tools for communicating with the world of work, i.e. learning how to: -(i) create a CV, cover letter or email for a spontaneous application; -(ii) present oneself orally or in writing in a very short space of time; -(iii) answer interview questions and avoid pitfalls.

Learning these tools involves not only a theoretical presentation, but also rapid practical application. Students will work in small groups, simulating realistic situations such as job interviews and presentations .... The aim is to learn how best to master these different tools.

All teaching is carried out in the form of practical work, with particular emphasis on :

• on "reality show" sessions, where everyone has to introduce themselves to each other in under 3 minutes, be put in job interview conditions or have to make spontaneous applications/presentations.
• On email, cover letter and CV writing workshops.

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The Practical GIS course provides training in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), including basic concepts of geographic information and mastery of the free software QGIS. The majority of the course is devoted to an introduction to GIS, alternating between lectures and practical exercises. At the end of the course, a personalized cartographic project enables students to reorganize the concepts they have already learned. An introductory conference with professionals puts into perspective the interest of GIS approaches in general hydrology.

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The module is structured around 4 sequences. Sequence 1 presents the basic concepts and frameworks for analyzing a farm and its functioning, with its bio-physical, technical and economic determinants. Sequence 2 takes a closer look at the farmer's decision-making processes, which underpin the creation and management of cropping systems on the farm. The last two sequences focus on the territorial scale. Sequence 3 deals with the representation of the diversity of cropping systems and farms, and its application to the analysis of the joint dynamics of agricultural uses and water resources in an area. Sequence 4 tackles the issue of coordinating the technical choices of farms within a territory, with an application to watershed management.

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TD courses in English for students in the Water Science program, aimed at professional autonomy in the English language.

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At the end of this module, students should be able to understand an economic analysis of a water management project/policy. They should be familiar with the principles of cost-benefit analysis, valuation methods, parameters and indicators. They will learn to take a critical look at evaluations and the parameters and indicators used.

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This module aims to give students a practical understanding of the implementation of IWRM and participation in water management, using an active teaching approach.

It revolves around the "Cooplage" system for supporting the implementation of participatory approaches to water management, developed by researchers at UMR GEAU, and the associated Agreenium MOOC Terr'eau & co.

Students will work in small groups, involving students from different Water Master's courses, on case studies stemming from the contributors' current research projects. Learning will take place through the use of some of the "Cooplage" tools on their case study, in particular modeling and participatory simulation in the form of role-playing. To anchor their work, students will be put in touch with the people behind these case studies. 

In view of health constraints, this year's EU will take place entirely off-line. Modeling and games will be carried out on a virtual table.

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In water sciences, the use of probability and statistics to process hydroclimatic or water quality data is essential. Lectures and practical exercises will be used to bring students up to speed (Baccalaureate problems, Bachelor's degree), then a few new concepts will be introduced (in particular, testing for membership of a law).

The course is structured around these chapters:

1. Elementary probability theory, combinatorial analysis. (course session n°1, TD1)
2. Discrete and continuous random variables. Probability law and probability density function. Expectation, variance, covariance. (course session n°2, TD2)
3. Simple linear regression (covered in TD3)
4. Multiple linear regression (covered in TD3)
5. Some common probability laws (binomial, Poisson, normal, Gamma, Gumbel) and their application (class 3, TD4)
6. Law membership tests (covered in TD5)

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This UE is sequenced according to the following activities: First steps - R environment; R structures; Input-output in R; Manipulating R structures; Basics of algorithmics; Programming structures in R; Group mini-project on an R function to be created on an applied 'Water' problem.

Objectives* :

The objectives of this course are 1) to introduce the basics of the interpreted language of an engineering tool (environment, structures, input-output, manipulations of structures, graphics, programming), 2) to provide the fundamental theoretical knowledge needed to create one's own functions and programs based on practical examples in water science, and 3) to enable students to pursue their self-training and expertise in R.

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Historically, the question of managing access to water resources first arose in relation to river water, which is highly dependent on current climatic conditions, and water supplied by man-made distribution systems. It is only more recently that groundwater has been considered for management, as it is less subject to cyclical scarcity problems (with the exception of groundwater accompanying rivers). In the majority of cases, access to groundwater is provided on an individual basis, with each user (especially farmers) drilling for water at the point of need. But these underground resources also require management, as they are increasingly exploited and sometimes even overexploited.

This module tackles the issue of groundwater resource management by first presenting the contribution of each physical science discipline (geology-hydrogeology, geochemistry, isotopy) and their tools to understanding aquifers (at geological level: outcrop, drilling, logging, seismic profiling, etc.; at hydrogeological level: piezometry, test pumping, withdrawal points/outlets, quantities withdrawn, etc.): geometry, structure and hydrological functioning.

It goes on to explain the value of groundwater for the various uses to which it is put. The economic value of groundwater is examined in this section (Qureshi et al., 2012). It also explains the difficulties involved in identifying these groundwater withdrawals and the methods used to reveal them.

It then describes the various problems posed by aquifers: current or future overexploitation of aquifers, deterioration in groundwater quality, threat of saltwater intrusion, salinization of soils, etc.

Finally, it lists the various methods available for rebalancing groundwater supply and demand. Firstly, it describes ways of increasing water supply (active groundwater management, substitutions between resources) or avoiding contamination of good-quality water by poorer-quality water. Examples: active management of karstic aquifers (Lez system), artificial recharge (e.g. Seine catchment fields in Paris), inter-seasonal/interannual recharge (Llobregat, Catalonia), recharge with wastewater (California), damming to avoid contamination of freshwater by saltwater.

Secondly, it outlines the solutions that act on water demand. These solutions are based on two drivers of individual decision-making, which can sometimes be combined: maximization of individual utility and inclusion in a society inducing "pro-social" behavior. We will explore solutions that act directly on the demand for groundwater (pricing, quotas, trading of water rights), as well as indirect solutions (purchase of land to protect a resource, agricultural or energy policies that can positively or negatively influence the development of individual abstraction, etc.).

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This module introduces the basics of optical and radar remote sensing, together with the fundamentals of image processing (consulting image catalogs on the Internet, downloading images, importing/exporting, visualization, contrast enhancement, radiometric and geometric image correction, segmentation, vectorization, classification, etc.). In addition, this module presents applications related to water management.

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Optimized management and protection of water resources (both surface and groundwater) requires water quality to be taken into account. Assessment of the quality status of water bodies, particularly with regard to current legislative frameworks, is based on precise chemical and microbiological quality criteria, as well as standards adapted to the types of use envisaged for these resources.

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In this course, students will learn to: - (1) couple the analysis of hydrodynamic measurements with hydrochemical or geophysical information acquired in situ; - (2) process and analyze them jointly with appropriate software; - (3) interpret them by integrating the knowledge acquired in the "Field Course", "Hydrogeophysics", "Water Quality and Microbiology" and "Underground Hydrodynamics" courses.

This course will include a short theoretical introduction, followed by practical lessons in a dedicated room (Halle Hydraulique) and a field trip linking the various hydrodynamic and hydraulic concepts in the context of setting up a water catchment and treatment system for drinking water supply (AEP).

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