OPTION 1

The issue of contaminants in the aquatic environment is addressed from a multidisciplinary scientific perspective (chemistry, geochemistry, microbiology, etc.) while also addressing regulatory aspects:

• Presentation of the main contaminants in the aquatic environment: chemical contaminants such as major elements, trace metals, organic micropollutants (pesticides, hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors, microbiological contaminants, etc.), radioelements, and biological contaminants such as microorganisms, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, etc.

• Focus on certain contaminants depending on aquatic environments, taking into account the hydrochemical characteristics of the water in relation to the geological and environmental contexts of hydrological and hydrogeological basins.

• Presentation of interactions between microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants and their consequences on the fate of contaminants in the aquatic environment; application in bioremediation.

These lessons are illustrated through examples from current events, such as antibiotic resistance, and/or topics researched by the speakers.

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The lessons mainly consist of a detailed presentation of the fundamentals of land use planning: The main legal frameworks are presented and analyzed (in a participatory manner). legal frameworks and their constant evolution (codes, laws, texts), the " doctrines " that condition their implementation, as well as the various technical "tools" involved in procedures and file preparation (urban planning documents, or public or private construction or development projects). The tools and conditions for dialogue and consultation (examination of different operating modes), land approaches (land management and tools for this management), the assessment of multiple issues (financial, socio-economic, and political), and finally the decision-making process decision-making. The various aspects mentioned above are highlighted as factors that determine the success—and therefore the successful spatial translation—of all development projects, regardless of their nature and scale.

Focused on all territories, the module also aims to address issues specific to coastal areasand similar areas. Because coastal areas have specific characteristics, a particular approach to these spaces is essential to complement general approaches (Coastal Law, Water Law, easements, changes in frameworks and texts).

Finally, the backdrop to this module is the systematic highlighting of the many debates and issues involved in the confrontation between theemergency (or priority) socio-economic and environmental urgency (or priority) environmental, with an understanding of trade-offs and adjustments that this confrontation raises. The urgency of the ecological and transitional crisis, as well as the acceleration of confrontations / conflicts of interest are examined and put into perspective.

With regard to the " management " of territories, presented in the EU title ("From Planning to Management of Territories") as resulting from the planning stage, this theme is also described and analyzed for each of the points outlined that relate to planning, both as a consequence of the actions carried out and as a condition for the success — in the medium and long term — of projects implemented in a territory, regardless of their scale.

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This course unit should enable students to acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function and to identify threats and vulnerabilities in the face of local pressures and climate change.

It will also enable students to 1) learn about the specific characteristics of benthic ecosystems and the ecological roles of their components, 2) acquire in-depth knowledge of how aquatic ecosystems function, 3) acquire knowledge about the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (toxic and pathogenic microalgae), climate change, and anthropization on aquatic ecosystems and their functioning, including socio-economic repercussions. This EU will develop marine environment and marine animal health monitoring networks by addressing mortality issues.

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Present the main processes involved in treating liquid effluents and treating and managing the by-products generated. This course is based on learning about the overall environmental impact of water resource management, wastewater, and treatment by-products. The design and implementation of treatment processes are addressed through the urban and industrial water cycle.

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Water is at the heart of multiple and conflicting issues, visions, and interests. The articulation of these different elements raises the question of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and regulation (particularly through public policy), the balance between collective and private values, and decision-making processes concerning collective issues—in short, governance. Decentralization, water and sanitation services, basin management, the European Framework Directive, and financial circuits illustrate, in particular, different facets of governance.

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The content of the EU is organized into three parts:

1) Water cycle and water balance
• Main reservoirs
• Mechanisms of the water cycle
• Water circulation: from the global scale to the watershed scale
• Humans: their influence on the water cycle

2) The atmospheric phase of the water cycle – Hydrology
• The watershed
• Atmospheric circulation and precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
• Infiltration
• Runoff

3) The underground phase of the water cycle – Hydrogeology
• Porous media and their hydrodynamic properties
• Different types of aquifers
• Piezometric levels and maps

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The "Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate" module presents the fundamental principles of atmospheric dynamics and ocean dynamics, and provides a critical and well-documented perspective on climate change. The course is based on the analysis of official documents describing global change, documented lessons on key issues, and applications to case studies in different global contexts.

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