Renewable Energies - Smart Grids

The energy transition is often associated with objectives for the implementation of production means from renewable energies (wind, photovoltaic, hydraulic...). The use of intermittent sources of energy generates particular constraints for the electrical transmission and distribution networks. This teaching unit will consist of three parts: a technological and theoretical part on the networks. A second part on the means of production and renewable energies, with a focus on wind energy. Finally, a third part will focus on the digital evolution of electrical networks: smart grids.

This unit of instruction will:

• Define the technology of all the elements of a HV and LV electrical distribution network.
• To provide the necessary knowledge to understand the functions and characteristics of electrical networks (architectures, overhead, underground, voltage levels, powers, transformers, alternators...) and
• To allow the choice and the implementation of devices according to the needs (insulation, protections, control...).
• Define the electrical safety rules for interventions allowing to understand and apply the consignment procedures.
• To allow to determine, to choose and to adjust the protections from the characteristics of the network and the equipments by explaining the calculation of the fault currents and the basic use of the professional software of calculation.
• To detail the choice of the grounding schemes answering a specification and given economic criteria, constraints of availability, quality...
• To make a state of the art of the means of storage of the electric energy and to present the use of the hydrogen as energy vector associated with the electric energy and the energy transition.
• Describe the means of production and develop the principle of conversion for wind and water power production.
• Introduce the methods of studying wind projects, analysis of the resource, regulations, the problem of connection and the impact on the environment.
• Introduce Smart-Grid and the use of internet and industrial networks in the protection and control of electrical networks.

The objective of this course is to allow the student, at the end of the course, to have assimilated the definitions, functions, and characteristics of electrical networks and their components (production, transport, protection and control elements). The student will be able to calculate the characteristic electrical quantities of the network and its equipment. He/she will be able to choose and adjust the measuring devices and protections according to the needs and constraints. He/she will be able to propose architectures adapted to a given protection plan or to a grounding scheme. The student will be able to dimension, choose, protect a distribution transformer and to realize and verify the hourly index and finally, to propose paralleling arrangements. He will know the constitution, structure and characteristics of synchronous and asynchronous generators.

The student will be aware of the different storage solutions and will know their main characteristics. He will be able to dimension (in terms of power, duration of use...) the adequate storage system and will be able to choose or propose the means of monitoring and protection (ex BMS: Battery Management System).

The student will be able to identify the different existing means of production with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. He/she will be able to explain and calculate the principles of wind and hydraulic energy conversions. They will be able to carry out the study of a wind energy project (study of the resource, regulations, network connection) and will be able to integrate environmental issues related to the design of aero-engines and the implementation of wind farms.

Finally, he/she will have knowledge of Smart-Grid and smart grids and will know the key words, definitions and implementation examples.

Bachelor's degree in EEA or science and technology with lessons on the basic principles of electrical engineering (sinusoidal regime, transformer, ...).

To have knowledge of the elementary notions of mathematical tools for the study of the sinusoidal regime (complex calculations, Fresnel representation, trigonometry.).

Have knowledge of the basic principles of the operation of electrical machines.

Continuous assessment. Examination and study project.

1. Introduction to energy: general data. Transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Quality of electrical energy. HV and LV network architectures. Symbols of electrical diagrams. Equipment - Electrical safety, instructions. Short circuit calculation and network protection. Earth connection diagrams - Architectures - Protection of persons. Transformers: technologies, characteristics, hourly ratings, parallel connection, protection. Generators: technologies, characteristics, paralleling, protection
2. The storage of electrical energy. Batteries. Fuel cells - Hydrogen production. Inertial storage.
3. Means of production: Introduction and general data. Thermal, wind, hydraulic, marine energy, photovoltaic, biomass, cogeneration. Principles of energy conversion in wind turbines. Principles of conversion in hydraulic power plants. Conversion architectures.
4. Wind power project. Case study (wind, software...). Regulations in intermittent production: wind power. Grid connection issues. Carbon footprint and eco-design.
5. Smart Grids. Definitions - Examples of architectures. Internet in smart grids.

CM : 33h