L3 - Biotechnology-Teaching Professions

This EU is the logical continuation of the S4 EU (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also cover "unconventional" immunology and develop innovative immunotherapy strategies. The course will cover all aspects of modern immunology, with a strong emphasis on clinical aspects.

 Key words

Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity

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Molecular biology is a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.

The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.

In particular, we'll be exploring the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), and how transactions between them explain how eukaryotic cells function and adapt to the environment and to the development of organisms.

At the same time, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and analyzed in greater depth in practical sessions.

TDs will address these topics in the form of (1) exercises enabling students to check their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. In this way, the fundamentals of scientific reasoning and the critical analysis of results are acquired and/or deepened.

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This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:

• Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and encompass a range of technologies that use plant organisms and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, as well as recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes.

• Animal biotechnology covers the fields of health, drugs, diagnostics and tissue engineering, as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes for therapeutic purposes.
• Microbial biotechnologies involve the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation in the agri-food/pharmaceutical industry, as well as their use in environmental protection.

The teaching offered to students in the Licence 3 Life Sciences is designed to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies, and to master the associated tools/applications.

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This course is designed to deepen the knowledge of microbiology for students wishing to continue their studies in this discipline.

It will cover molecular genetics applied to prokaryotes (mobile genetic elements and resistance, CRISPR, 2-component systems, quorum sensing, horizontal transfers...) and the specificities of bacterial metabolism.

Bacteria with special morphology will be presented.  

In virology, the pathophysiology of viral infections and the prevention and control of viral diseases will be presented. Mechanisms of escape from the immune system will be detailed. Viral evolution mechanisms will be described and related to viral emergence.

The parasitic lifestyle of certain eukaryotic microorganisms will be illustrated by describing their obligatory intracellular development and the host cell modifications induced by these parasites.

Lastly, the EU will look at the concept of the microbiota and present the latest data on the nature of the human microbiota and its role in health.

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This course enables students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This course provides a global vision of human metabolism. It will emphasize the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how different tissues communicate to maintain overall energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this metabolism, at the origin of certain pathologies, will be presented.

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This is an introductory course to the teaching professions in biotechnologies, in preparation for the internship in a technological high school in semester 6. This course introduces students to the concepts that will be taught to Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies students preparing for the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochimie Génologie Biologique. This course, coupled with the high school internship in semester 6, will also help students choose their career path.

In the course of the course/DD sessions, a number of issues concerning the teaching and learning of science and biotechnology are addressed:

- What are the principles, tools and teaching methods used in the technological route?

- How to design teaching in STL-Biotechnologies and STS?

- How are programs and reference materials structured?

- What are the terms and conditions of certification assessment in the final cycle and in STS?

- How does a Lycée d'Enseignement Général et Technologique work?

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Bacteriology :

Through various examples, students will gain a better understanding of the notion of pathogenicity in relation to bacterial virulence. The means and mechanisms used to manipulate the organism's cells at mucosal level in order to penetrate the internal environment, i.e. invasiveness, will be discussed, as well as the perception of environmental signals and the integration of these signals in order to coordinate the response of prokaryotes so that they adopt group behavior. The description of some examples of toxins and modulins in relation to colonization and/or invasion will provide a better understanding of the differences in strategies between prokaryotic pathogens. Finally, we'll look at the notion of the microbiota and its influence on the functioning of the organism, as well as its implication in the development of certain pathologies.

Immunology:

The Immunology section outlines the workings of the immune system during infection. From the establishment and development of the inflammatory reaction upon recognition of non-self signals by natural immunity (PRR-PAMP), to the mechanisms of cell activation and the cellular responses generated, we can appreciate the diversity of possibilities offered by the different players in the immune system. In addition, the sequence of events leading to the orientation of the immune response and the acquisition of lasting protection during the adaptive phase will provide a better understanding of vaccine strategy. Finally, immunity of the intestinal mucosa will be addressed in the context of the relationship between the host and the microbiota.

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The Molecular Biology practical course is designed to give students autonomy when faced with a molecular biology protocol, and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. Students will have 6 days to respond to a biological problem proposed to them. In this way, they will be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learnt in their theoretical courses, and gain a better understanding of them.

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In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on the manipulation of nucleic acids. The lectures will be structured around two major themes:

1. Introduction of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system, etc.) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.

The TDs will consist of :

- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. As far as possible, the themes chosen will refer to the parallel UEs of L3. These articles will be presented by students in the form of oral presentations in groups of 3 or 4 to the whole class.

- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.

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The aim of the course is to review molecular identification techniques, with particular emphasis on biomarkers, advances in the latest generations of biomarkers and selective membranes, and new instrumentation.

Molecular diagnostic techniques / mass approaches.

Ag receptor biosynthesis in B and T lymphocytes 

Antigen-antibody reactions 

Immunological techniques 

FACS principle

Proteomics, 2D, LC-MS, MS-MS. Degradome...

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From the same genome, the different cells making up a multicellular organism will acquire diverse cell fates in order to acquire distinct cellular functions. In addition to the genome, epigenetic regulations governing the control of genome expression will be crucial in establishing phenotypes. The aim of this course is to convey the concepts and methodologies needed to study the transmission of hereditary information via so-called epigenetic mechanisms.

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Observation internship in an STL-Biotechnologies and/or STS applied biology high school, under the responsibility of a Biochemistry and Biological Engineering teacher-tutor. This UE follows on from the Pédagogie et didactique des biotechnologies UE, and provides a first contact with the realities of the teaching profession. This course is designed to introduce concepts that will be developed by Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies students preparing for the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochimie Génologique. This UE, coupled with the one in semester 5, is also designed to help students in their career orientation.
A written report is drawn up based on the information gathered during the internship, and presented orally at the end of the semester.

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The aim of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specific features of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different host types (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will cover aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnology.

The course will include lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification, and quantification using reference techniques).

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