L3 - Biotechnology-Teaching

This course is the logical continuation of the S4 course (Basics of physiology and immunology) and aims to deepen the knowledge of fundamental, applied and clinical immunology. We will also approach the notions of "unconventional" immunology and we will develop the strategies of innovative immunotherapies. This course will cover all the topics related to modern immunology and will be strongly oriented towards the clinical aspects of this discipline.

 Key words

Fundamental immunology, Anti-infectious immunity, Immunotherapy, Vaccination, Autoimmunity, Immune deficiencies, Anti-cancer immunity, Non-conventional immunity

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Molecular biology is both a fascinating subject of study in its own right, but it also provides other disciplines in biology (cell biology, genetics, physiology...) with fantastic tools for modifying and quantifying genes and their products.

The EU provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organization, maintenance, replication and expression (transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation) of eukaryotic genomes.

In particular, the properties of information-carrying macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) will be explored, and how the transactions between them explain the functioning of eukaryotic cells and their adaptation to the environment and to the development of organisms.

In parallel, the main techniques for monitoring or modifying gene expression, or for studying the mechanisms of this expression, will be explained in class and further developed in class by analyzing results.

Thus, the tutorials approach these subjects in the form of (1) exercises leading the students to verify their understanding of the knowledge described above, and (2) experiments extracted from scientific articles to be analyzed. Thus, the basics of scientific reasoning and critical analysis of results will be acquired and/or deepened.

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This teaching unit covers the different categories of biotechnologies according to their field of application:

• Plant biotechnologies concern the agri-food industry and include a series of technologies using the organism of plants and their cells to produce and transform food products, biomaterials and energy, but also recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes

• Animal biotechnologies concern the fields of health, medicine, diagnosis, tissue engineering as well as the development of genetic or molecular processes with a therapeutic purpose.
• Microbial biotechnologies concern the use of micro-organisms (viruses or bacteria) and their cultivation within the agro-food/pharmaceutical industry or their interest in environmental protection.

The teaching offered to students in the Bachelor 3 Life Sciences is to enable them to discover or deepen their theoretical knowledge of the various biotechnologies as well as to master the associated tools/applications.

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This course aims to deepen the knowledge of microbiology for students who wish to continue their studies in this discipline.

It will address molecular genetics applied to prokaryotes (mobile genetic elements and resistance, CRISPR, 2-component system, quorum sensing, horizontal transfers...) and the specificities of bacterial metabolism.

Bacteria with particular morphology will be presented.  

In virology, the pathophysiology of viral infections and the prevention and control of viral diseases will be presented. The mechanisms of escape from the immune system will be detailed. The mechanisms of virus evolution will be described and related to viral emergence.

The parasitic mode of life of some eukaryotic microorganisms will be illustrated by describing their obligatory intracellular development and the modifications of the host cell induced by these parasites.

Finally, the EU will address the concept of microbiota and will present the latest data on the nature of the human microbiota and its role on health.

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This course allows students to deepen their knowledge of metabolism. This UE allows to apprehend a global vision of the human metabolism. It will insist on the links between the different metabolic pathways. It will also show how the different tissues communicate to maintain a global energy homeostasis. Deregulations of this metabolism at the origin of certain pathologies will be presented.

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This is an introductory course to the teaching profession in biotechnology, which prepares students for the observation period in a technological high school in semester 6. This UE allows to approach notions that will be developed for the students of Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies preparing the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochemistry Biological Engineering. This course, coupled with the high school internship in semester 6, also helps students choose their career path.

During the course/DD sessions, several issues concerning the teaching and learning of science and biotechnology are addressed:

- What are the principles, tools and teaching methods used in the technological route?

- How to design an education in STL-Biotechnologies and STS?

- How are the programs and reference materials structured?

- What are the modalities of the certification evaluation in the final cycle and in STS?

- How does a general and technological high school work?

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Bacteriology:

Through various examples, students will be able to better understand the notion of pathogenicity in relation to the virulence of bacteria. The means and mechanisms used to manipulate the cells of the organism at the mucosal level in order to penetrate the interior environment, i.e. invasiveness, will be discussed as well as the perception of environmental signals and the integration of these signals in order to coordinate the response of prokaryotes so that they adopt a group behavior. The description of some examples of toxins and modulins in relation to colonization and/or invasion will allow a better understanding of the differences in strategies between prokaryotic pathogens. Finally, the notion of microbiota and its influence on the functioning of the organism as well as its implication on the development of certain pathologies will be discussed.

Immunology:

The Immunology part of the course deals with the broad outlines of the functioning of the immune system during infection. Thus, from the setting up and development of the inflammatory reaction during the recognition of non-self signals by natural immunity (PRR-PAMP) to the mechanisms of cell activation and the cellular responses generated, we will be able to appreciate the diversity of possibilities offered by the different actors of immunity. Moreover, the sequence of events leading to the orientation of the immune response and the acquisition of a durable protection during the adaptive phase will allow to better understand the vaccine strategy. Finally, the immunity of the intestinal mucosa will be discussed in the context of the relationship between the host and the microbiota

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The molecular biology laboratory course aims to make students autonomous in the face of a molecular biology protocol and to introduce them to hypothesis-driven research. The students will have 6 days to answer a biological problem which will be proposed to them. They will thus be able to put into practice, under laboratory conditions, some of the techniques they have learned in their theoretical courses to better understand them.

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In this course, students will learn experimental principles based on nucleic acid manipulation. The lectures will be articulated around two major axes:

1. Implementation of molecular tools (cloning, nucleic acid analysis, vectorology) ii. Their applications (expression of recombinant proteins, genomic banking, transgenesis, CRISPR/CAS9 system etc...) and reflection on the notion of ethics in biology.

TDs will consist of:

- Analysis of articles presenting problems to be solved with the knowledge acquired in the course. The chosen themes will, as much as possible, refer to the parallel UE of the L3. These articles will be presented by the students in the form of oral presentations by groups of 3 to 4 students to the whole class.

- Sessions reserved for the use of basic bioinformatics tools in the computer room.

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The objective of the course is to review the molecular techniques of identification with emphasis on biomarkers, advances in the latest generations of biomarkers and selective membranes as well as new instrumentations.

Molecular diagnostic techniques / massive approaches.

Biosynthesis of B cell and T cell Ag receptors 

Antigen-antibody reactions 

Immunological techniques 

Principle of FACS

Proteomics, 2D, LC-MS, MS-MS. Degradome...

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From the same genome, the different cells constituting a multicellular organism will acquire diverse cell fates in order to acquire distinct cellular functions. In addition to the genome, epigenetic regulations governing the control of genome expression will be crucial in establishing phenotypes. The objective of this course is to convey the concepts and methodologies for studying the transmission of hereditary information via so-called epigenetic mechanisms.

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Observation internship in a high school in STL-Biotechnologies and/or STS in applied biology under the responsibility of a teacher tutor in Biochemistry and Biological Engineering. This course, which follows on from the Biotechnology Pedagogy and Didactics course, provides an initial contact with the realities of the teaching profession. This UE allows the students of the Master MEEF (Métiers de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation) Biotechnologies preparing the CAPET Biotechnologies option Biochemistry and Biological Engineering to approach notions during the internship. This UE, coupled with the one in semester 5, also helps the student in his professional orientation.
The elements collected during the internship and their treatment give rise to a written report which is presented orally at the end of the semester.

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The objective of this course is to acquire knowledge of fundamental and applied virology, with an emphasis on an integrative vision of the discipline. It will present the specificities of host-virus interactions and the pathophysiology of viral infections in different types of hosts (vertebrates/insects/plants). It will address aspects of viral ecology, emergence and associated risks for human and animal health. Finally, the course will present the study methods used in research, virological detection and diagnosis tools, and the applications of viruses in biotechnologies.

The course will consist of lectures, tutorials (analysis of current scientific articles and oral presentations) and practical work illustrating the lectures and tutorials (virus amplification and purification and quantification using reference techniques).

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