L3 - Physics - Chemistry

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Thermodynamics: micro and macroscopic aspects

Thermodynamics is the tool of choice for studying matter on a macroscopic scale. In particular, in the case of chemical reactions, it enables us to predict the direction of their evolution and their state of equilibrium. In the first years of the bachelor's degree, we focus on describing the principles of thermodynamics and their direct application to chemistry in the case of simple single-phase equilibrium reactions or reactions between homogeneous phases. This teaching unit will extend this knowledge in two directions.

First, we'll generalize this macroscopic thermodynamic framework to more complex systems, such as interfacial systems where surface tension plays a role, or non-uniform phases where the composition is not the same everywhere due to an external field. Equilibrium breaks and displacements will also be studied.

Next, we'll look at the link with the microscopic world, where matter is described at the atomic scale. We'll show that the evolution predicted by thermodynamics is statistical in nature, with the equilibrium state corresponding to the most probable macroscopic state given the constraints applied to the system. This will enable us to deduce the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of a physico-chemical system from its microscopic description.

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Statistical physics is one of the fundamental branches of modern physics, whose probabilistic approach establishes relationships between the microscopic and the macroscopic. It deals with the evolution of systems with very large numbers of particles (atoms, molecules, photons, etc.) and links macroscopic quantities such as pressure, temperature, etc. characterizing their state at thermodynamic equilibrium to quantities defining the microscopic state of their constituents. This introductory course in statistical physics will cover the microcanonical and canonical sets, and relate the partition function to thermodynamic quantities such as mean energy, pressure, temperature and entropy. These results will be illustrated on perfect gases and on a few simple quantum systems.     

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A first part of the module will consist of presenting metals and alloys through crystallography (from the "ideal" crystalline solid to defects and solid solutions), then a second part will be devoted to their characterization by X-ray diffraction and the last part will address their synthesis through their solid/liquid binary diagram (description and construction) and the different transformations in the solid state.

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At the start of this course, we will review the concepts of light rays and the approximation conditions of geometrical optics, as well as the important concepts of wave physics for physical optics.

Then, starting from the scalar approximation of light waves, a special case of electromagnetic waves, we describe light sources, 2-wave and N-wave interference phenomena and diffraction in the Fraunhofer approximation.

We'll go on to study a number of widely-used physical systems, focusing on their resolving power and applications: microscope, telescope, Michelson interferometer, grating spectrometer, Fabry-Pérot interferometer.

Finally, we'll look at the concepts of spatial coherence and temporal coherence of light bursts, and how they are used (stellar interferometry, speckle, etc.).

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This course is a simplified introduction to quantum physics.
It begins with an historical overview of the beginnings of quantum mechanics: atomic emission line spectra, black-body radiation (the logic of this name will be explained), the photoelectric effect, etc.
A simplified presentation of Fourier transforms will enable us to understand the link between spectral line width and time evolution,
and, further on, to understand Heisenberg's inequalities.
An important part of the course will be devoted to matter waves, through the Schrödinger equation, in very simple special cases.
Finally, we'll conclude with a few aspects of magnetism (necessarily quantum).

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Practical work in various areas of physics.

Topics covered include the study of mechanical and electrical oscillating systems (simple and torsion pendulums, coupled pendulums, RLC circuits, inductively coupled circuits), acoustic waves, a few notions of wave optics (diffraction and interference), the use of electronic circuits to study components or electrical systems (diodes, LEDs and photodiodes, transmission lines) and the study of a few properties of matter (magnetism, photoelectric effect, Faraday effect).

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This UE includes a refresher and a deepening of programming techniques as well as an introduction to numerical physics. It begins with a review of procedural programming using the Python 3 language. We will then introduce the use of numerical methods relevant to the simulation and solution of physical problems.

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This UE is a continuation of the point dynamics and rigid solid mechanics taught in L1 and L2. The aim here is to provide elements of the mechanics of deformable continuous media, essentially in the limit of small deformations, linear elasticity, viscoelasticity and viscosity. Emphasis is placed on simple cases and common applications.

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- Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of carbon 13 

- Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

- UV-visible spectroscopy

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The tutored project is an experimental or digital simulation project carried out in groups of 3 students. It takes place in the practical workroom, on one of the many physics and chemistry topics on offer. It confronts students with the project approach, and mobilizes their creativity, initiative, autonomy and experimental rigor. The project culminates in a report and oral presentation, subject to peer and jury assessment.

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