L2 - Physics - Chemistry

The Organic Chemistry 1 module covers the study of the major classes of organic compounds (organometallic compounds, alcohols, amines, and carbonyl derivatives) and their reactivity. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are also discussed in the chapters devoted to the reactivity of organometallic compounds, alcohols, and carbonyl derivatives.

Special emphasis is placed on understanding reaction mechanisms based on the fundamental concepts learned in the first year.

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This course is partly intended to build upon the knowledge covered during the first semester of the first year (General Physics). With this in mind, we will cover positioning in three-dimensional space, the associated kinematics, and mechanics in non-Galilean reference frames. This course is also intended to broaden the scope of applications covered in L1S1. In this vein, we will cover fluid statics, the dynamics and energetics of the harmonic oscillator, and the motion of celestial bodies (Kepler’s laws).

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This course is the first step in university-level electromagnetism instruction. It covers electrostatics, steady-state currents, and magnetostatics.

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The two main objectives of physics are, on the one hand, to better understand—or gain a deeper knowledge of—the world we live in, and, on the other hand, to contribute to the advancement of techniques and technologies. Its purpose is to develop theories and test them against experimental evidence.

In this module, you will conduct experiments that illustrate concepts in mechanics, electricity, and thermodynamics that were introduced in the^first-year bachelor’s degree modules.

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Use the basic principles of thermodynamics of equilibrium to predict whether a reaction is possible, in which direction it proceeds spontaneously, and to determine the proportions of the reactants at equilibrium based on the equilibrium constant. Application to homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria and to specific cases of precipitation reactions. (Acid-base and redox reactions, if time permits). Number of hours: 19.5.

In the second part, we will discuss kinetic aspects and, consequently, reaction rates. Only first-order reactions will be studied this year. Total hours: 7.5.

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This course builds on the mathematics covered in the first year of the bachelor’s program. Students will study the mathematical tools required for physicists in the field of analysis, with a focus on functions of several variables, differential operators, generalized and multiple integrals, and sequences and series—including power series and Fourier series.

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The first step is to review various concepts in wave physics (D'Alembert’s equation, traveling waves, standing waves, reflection, transmission) through the study of various physical systems—mechanical (springs, strings, acoustics...), electrical (telegraph lines, coaxial cables, etc.), or electromagnetic systems, and to arrive at a general framework for the study of linear wave phenomena.

Next, after studying standing waves, we will examine interference (wave tanks and other devices) and the related physical concepts: phase shift, path difference, conditions for constructive interference, and destructive interference.

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This module provides an introduction to using Python for students pursuing a degree in the sciences. It covers concepts in algorithms and the Python language, but the focus is primarily on practical applications in the sciences. The examples will therefore address issues related to other first-year courses.

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The first part of this course aims to reinforce the concepts of magnetostatics and to establish the relationships governing the behavior of the electromagnetic field at the interface of a plane of charges or currents. We also introduce the expression for Laplace’s forces (force and torque) acting on volumetric or filiform circuits. The second part is devoted to the properties of fields and potentials in a time-varying regime. After introducing Faraday’s law, which describes induction phenomena, we derive the time-dependent Maxwell’s equations. An energy-based approach allows us to define the electric and magnetic energies, as well as the Poynting vector. We apply these concepts to various examples, such as electromechanical conversion or induction heating via eddy currents. A final chapter is devoted to the equations of propagation of fields and potentials, and their application in systems approximated as a vacuum, as well as in perfect conductors and insulators. The concept of skin depth is also introduced.

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The first part of this course presents the fundamentals of quantum chemistry for chemists and physical chemists. It begins by reviewing the principles of quantum mechanics and its governing equation, the Schrödinger equation. Solving the Schrödinger equation in simple cases and the concepts of wave functions and quantization are presented and illustrated using simple examples. The hydrogen atom is then studied.

The course also examines approximation methods used to determine the properties of complex systems where the Schrödinger equation cannot be solved directly. The effect of spin on the electronic properties of atoms and molecules will also be discussed.

The second part of this course focuses on the quantum description of molecular properties and reactivity. The qualitative construction of molecular orbitals using symmetry properties will be introduced, and the connection between molecular orbital diagrams and chemical bonding will be explained. The relationship between molecular geometry and electronic structure will be discussed. This course will then examine the Hückel method, which is used to obtain molecular orbital diagrams for π systems. The classical concepts of conjugation, delocalization, donor and acceptor character, and aromaticity will thus be studied within this framework. Bound orbital theory is used to explain molecular reactivity (cycloadditions, electrocyclization) and molecular geometries.

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