L1 LAND, WATER, AND ENVIRONMENT PORTAL (TEE)

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This is an initial approach to the integrative biology of organisms.

This EU, called "From Cells to Organisms," addresses structure-function relationships at different scales, from the cell (or even molecule) to the organism in its living environment.

See the full page

This course, structured in four chapters, aims to providereminders and basic concepts in mathematics.

• Reminders: fractions, expanding, factoring, notable identities

• Chapter 1 : Equations: first-degree equations , systems of equations, second-degree equations

• Chapter 2 :Derivatives: definition , examples, operations, variations, and representative curves of functions
• Chapter 3: Common Functions: Exponential Function, Logarithmic Function, Trigonometric Functions
• Chapter 4: Vector Calculus and Scalar Product

   

   

   

  Hourly volumes:

  CM: 18

  TD: 18

   

See the full page

The primary objective of this teaching unit is to enable students to discover scientific ecology in all its diversity. Particular attention is paid to the definition of scientific ecology, as opposed to the meaning of the term "ecology" (political ecology or environmentalism) in the media and for the general public. The place of the environment in the scientific study of ecology is also clarified. Through tutorials and practical work, three major themes in ecology are addressed: paleoecology, functional ecology, and evolutionary ecology. It is important to note that these themes are supported by a particularly active scientific community in Montpellier.

See the full page

This teaching unit is designed to provide a general context for understanding Earth sciences and biology, while also taking into account the fields of humanities and social sciences. Today's Earth is not detached from its past. To understand the impacts of environmental and climatic transformations on planet Earth, a diachronic (long-term, change over time) and synchronic (spatial variations) approach is necessary.

Consequently, this EU presents the history of the Earth through geological time. It discusses the structure, composition, and processes of the Earth. Issues, concerns, and problems related to natural hazards are also included. It will also include lessons that provide students with the necessary foundations to understand the societal challenges surrounding climate and environmental issues. The benefits of this course unit are essential for the well-being of tomorrow's society, enabling the training of young citizens or future workers who are capable of analyzing, critiquing, and thinking about past, present, and future environmental and climate issues, and participating in decision-making in societal debates dealing with environmental risks. This course unit was therefore designed by teacher-researchers from different scientific fields (Earth and Water Sciences, Ecology, Philosophy, Political Science), demonstrating that approaches ranging from fundamental to operational are necessary.

Hourly volumes:

CM: 36 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

This course unit aims to raise awareness among first-year students about issues relating to the use, exploitation, and management of the Earth's natural resources.

By way of introduction, an overview identifying the different types of resources (energy, minerals, water) and the major issues associated with them (economic and environmental) will be presented.

Different types of resources will then be presented in three stages:

- The concept of mineral resources will be explored in depth by presenting the journey of chemical elements, from their creation in the universe to their storage in the minerals that make up rocks and their uses in everyday technologies. This aspect will introduce basic concepts in solid-state chemistry and mineralogy, illustrated by mineralogy tutorials and practicals.

- The issues and functioning of geological reservoirs that trap natural resources will be addressed, focusing on conventional energy resources (hydrocarbons) and future resources (underground storage of resources, geothermal energy).

- Finally, the major challenges relating to water resources around the world will be explored in depth. The global water cycle on Earth will be presented and the key concepts needed to understand the major current issues will be identified (definitions of an aquifer and a hydrosystem and the main types encountered, chemical interactions between water and rocks, and an illustration of the processes involved in the chemistry of mineral and thermal waters).

Hourly volumes:

CM: 18

TD: 12

TP: 6

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The first year of university is a transitional stage during which students must make choices about their future direction: should they pursue a fundamental or applied bachelor's degree? Should they change disciplines? Should they continue on to a master's degree, but which one? It is also a delicate period during which students may feel a little lost as they transition from high school to university. This module, built around a few presentations on careers in geosciences, is an opportunity to improve student support and discuss their choices and possible career paths in small groups.

Hourly volumes:

CM: 4 hours

 Tutorial: 5 hours

See the full page

See the full page

The EU introduces the concept and practical application of experimental studies in Earth sciences, from instrumental measurement in the field to quantitative analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the data acquired. In practice, the EU focuses on a physical measurement method, gravimetry, applied to Earth dynamics. Some of the field experiments focus on the global structure of the Earth (measurement of g and its vertical gradient to determine mass) and its dynamics (elastic deformation due to tidal phenomena). A second part is dedicated to local subsurface imaging in relation to water resources (imaging and mass balance in relation to subsurface water storage). A significant part of the EU is devoted to the analysis and modeling of measurements.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 12 p.m.
• TD: 12 p.m.
• Practical work: 6 hours
• Field: 6 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

1) Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (27 hours)

1.1 Course (15 hours): fundamentals of thermodynamics (concepts of energy and entropy), chemical potential and equilibrium; degree of advancement; equilibrium displacement; applications to solution chemistry and phase transitions.

 1.2 Tutorials (13 hours):

Focusing on the concept of energy in order to clearly relate the different forms of energy; focusing on the concept of entropy: link between micro and macroscopic states, notion of reversibility/irreversibility and equilibrium; focusing on the notion of chemical potential: use of the law of mass action (equilibrium in solution and phase transition).    

2) Introduction to chemical kinetics (6 hours)

 2.1 Lecture (2 hours): Link between thermodynamics and kinetics: Transition State Theory/Activated Complex Theory; Definition: speed, order, and rate constant, half-life; Simple kinetics cases; Thermal activation: Arrhenius equation

2.2 Tutorials (4 hours): determining the order of a reaction; use of parameters

characteristics (_t1/2, k..); determination of activation energy

3) Introduction to Radioactivity (3 hours)

3.1 The course (1.5 hours): history ; structure of the nucleus, particles and forces involved; nuclear reactions: fusion/disintegration and radiation; isotopes and stability; natural radioactivity; DE=Dm.^c2 

3.2 Tutorials (1.5 hours): energy: comparison between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions; decay time;^C14 dating

See the full page

Origin and Evolution of the Planet;

Geological time scale and geochronology;

Past geographies, topographies, and environments;

Interactions between the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere,

Human evolution and anthropization;

Natural resources (water, energy, mineral resources) and anthropization 

See the full page

The planetology course focuses on the Solar System and its planets. Its position in the Universe is also discussed, introducing the concept of exoplanets (detection and habitability). The course consists of three parts: astrophysics, geophysics, and geochemistry. The astrophysics section begins by providing context within the Universe, then addresses the formation of the Solar System, its dynamics, and its evolution. The geophysics part deals with planetary interiors and their evolution based on data from space missions. The geochemistry part focuses on nucleosynthesis, the abundance of chemical elements, and the composition of the primitive Earth, the present Earth, and other planets based on the study of meteorites. The approach developed combines theoretical and practical approaches.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 6 p.m.
• Tutorial: 9 a.m.
• Practical work: 9 hours

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Chapter 1: Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences. Calculating sums.

Chapter 2: Hyperbolic functions: definition, curves, derivatives

Chapter 3: Integral calculus: integrals, primitives, IPP, change of variables, first-order differential equations

Chapter 4: Curves and surfaces: straight lines , planes, circles, parabolas, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, lengths, areas, volumes of common solids

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 18
• TD: 18

See the full page

Through this EU, several disciplines will be covered in order to provide reminders and/or basic information concerning: the Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere, as well as, and above all, their evolution since the planet's origins. The disciplines (and major themes) covered will be:

-Paleontology: Evolution, Biochronology and Geological Eras, Biodiversity and Past Crises.

-Climatology and Oceanography: How can we study the climate? What is the role of the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere? In response to contemporary global challenges, tools are being developed to better characterize the mechanisms of climate change and their impacts on terrestrial and marine environments from the past to the future, particularly through changes in biogeochemical cycles on a global scale. Environmental geochemistry will be a key method for characterizing both anthropogenic and natural footprints.

The main objectives are to gain a thorough understanding of how these envelopes interacted with the geosphere in the past (covered in greater depth in EU HAT102T Geology) and to learn how to analyze a current natural landscape in terms of its evolution over geological time.

See the full page

See the full page

The EU introduces the concept and practical application of experimental studies in Earth sciences, from instrumental measurement in the field to quantitative analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the data acquired. In practice, the EU focuses on a physical measurement method, gravimetry, applied to Earth dynamics. Some of the field experiments focus on the global structure of the Earth (measurement of g and its vertical gradient to determine mass) and its dynamics (elastic deformation due to tidal phenomena). A second part is dedicated to local subsurface imaging in relation to water resources (imaging and mass balance in relation to subsurface water storage). A significant part of the EU is devoted to the analysis and modeling of measurements.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 12 p.m.
• TD: 12 p.m.
• Practical work: 6 hours
• Field: 6 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

In the lectures for this course, we describe each stage of the life cycle, starting with embryonic development (including organ formation, cell differentiation, and growth processes), moving on to the acquisition of reproductive capacity (including the stages associated with meiosis and gametogenesis), and ending with fertilization. This life cycle is discussed in detail in metazoans and angiosperms, allowing you to consolidate your knowledge of genetic information transmission. This will enable us to solve Mendelian genetics problems, including effects related to sex or epistasis, during the tutorials in this course unit.

See the full page

1) Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (27 hours)

1.1 Course (15 hours): fundamentals of thermodynamics (concepts of energy and entropy), chemical potential and equilibrium; degree of advancement; equilibrium displacement; applications to solution chemistry and phase transitions.

 1.2 Tutorials (13 hours):

Focusing on the concept of energy in order to clearly relate the different forms of energy; focusing on the concept of entropy: link between micro and macroscopic states, notion of reversibility/irreversibility and equilibrium; focusing on the notion of chemical potential: use of the law of mass action (equilibrium in solution and phase transition).    

2) Introduction to chemical kinetics (6 hours)

 2.1 Lecture (2 hours): Link between thermodynamics and kinetics: Transition State Theory/Activated Complex Theory; Definition: speed, order, and rate constant, half-life; Simple kinetics cases; Thermal activation: Arrhenius equation

2.2 Tutorials (4 hours): determining the order of a reaction; use of parameters

characteristics (_t1/2, k..); determination of activation energy

3) Introduction to Radioactivity (3 hours)

3.1 The course (1.5 hours): history ; structure of the nucleus, particles and forces involved; nuclear reactions: fusion/disintegration and radiation; isotopes and stability; natural radioactivity; DE=Dm.^c2 

3.2 Tutorials (1.5 hours): energy: comparison between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions; decay time;^C14 dating

See the full page

Origin and Evolution of the Planet;

Geological time scale and geochronology;

Past geographies, topographies, and environments;

Interactions between the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere,

Human evolution and anthropization;

Natural resources (water, energy, mineral resources) and anthropization 

See the full page

Chapter 1: Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences. Calculating sums.

Chapter 2: Hyperbolic functions: definition, curves, derivatives

Chapter 3: Integral calculus: integrals, primitives, IPP, change of variables, first-order differential equations

Chapter 4: Curves and surfaces: straight lines , planes, circles, parabolas, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, lengths, areas, volumes of common solids

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 18
• TD: 18

See the full page

Through this EU, several disciplines will be covered in order to provide reminders and/or basic information concerning: the Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere, as well as, and above all, their evolution since the planet's origins. The disciplines (and major themes) covered will be:

-Paleontology: Evolution, Biochronology and Geological Eras, Biodiversity and Past Crises.

-Climatology and Oceanography: How can we study the climate? What is the role of the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere? In response to contemporary global challenges, tools are being developed to better characterize the mechanisms of climate change and their impacts on terrestrial and marine environments from the past to the future, particularly through changes in biogeochemical cycles on a global scale. Environmental geochemistry will be a key method for characterizing both anthropogenic and natural footprints.

The main objectives are to gain a thorough understanding of how these envelopes interacted with the geosphere in the past (covered in greater depth in EU HAT102T Geology) and to learn how to analyze a current natural landscape in terms of its evolution over geological time.

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

This is an initial approach to the integrative biology of organisms.

This EU, called "From Cells to Organisms," addresses structure-function relationships at different scales, from the cell (or even molecule) to the organism in its living environment.

See the full page

This course, structured in four chapters, aims to providereminders and basic concepts in mathematics.

• Reminders: fractions, expanding, factoring, notable identities

• Chapter 1 : Equations: first-degree equations , systems of equations, second-degree equations

• Chapter 2 :Derivatives: definition , examples, operations, variations, and representative curves of functions
• Chapter 3: Common Functions: Exponential Function, Logarithmic Function, Trigonometric Functions
• Chapter 4: Vector Calculus and Scalar Product

   

   

   

  Hourly volumes:

  CM: 18

  TD: 18

   

See the full page

The primary objective of this teaching unit is to enable students to discover scientific ecology in all its diversity. Particular attention is paid to the definition of scientific ecology, as opposed to the meaning of the term "ecology" (political ecology or environmentalism) in the media and for the general public. The place of the environment in the scientific study of ecology is also clarified. Through tutorials and practical work, three major themes in ecology are addressed: paleoecology, functional ecology, and evolutionary ecology. It is important to note that these themes are supported by a particularly active scientific community in Montpellier.

See the full page

This teaching unit is designed to provide a general context for understanding Earth sciences and biology, while also taking into account the fields of humanities and social sciences. Today's Earth is not detached from its past. To understand the impacts of environmental and climatic transformations on planet Earth, a diachronic (long-term, change over time) and synchronic (spatial variations) approach is necessary.

Consequently, this EU presents the history of the Earth through geological time. It discusses the structure, composition, and processes of the Earth. Issues, concerns, and problems related to natural hazards are also included. It will also include lessons that provide students with the necessary foundations to understand the societal challenges surrounding climate and environmental issues. The benefits of this course unit are essential for the well-being of tomorrow's society, enabling the training of young citizens or future workers who are capable of analyzing, critiquing, and thinking about past, present, and future environmental and climate issues, and participating in decision-making in societal debates dealing with environmental risks. This course unit was therefore designed by teacher-researchers from different scientific fields (Earth and Water Sciences, Ecology, Philosophy, Political Science), demonstrating that approaches ranging from fundamental to operational are necessary.

Hourly volumes:

CM: 36 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

This course unit aims to raise awareness among first-year students about issues relating to the use, exploitation, and management of the Earth's natural resources.

By way of introduction, an overview identifying the different types of resources (energy, minerals, water) and the major issues associated with them (economic and environmental) will be presented.

Different types of resources will then be presented in three stages:

- The concept of mineral resources will be explored in depth by presenting the journey of chemical elements, from their creation in the universe to their storage in the minerals that make up rocks and their uses in everyday technologies. This aspect will introduce basic concepts in solid-state chemistry and mineralogy, illustrated by mineralogy tutorials and practicals.

- The issues and functioning of geological reservoirs that trap natural resources will be addressed, focusing on conventional energy resources (hydrocarbons) and future resources (underground storage of resources, geothermal energy).

- Finally, the major challenges relating to water resources around the world will be explored in depth. The global water cycle on Earth will be presented and the key concepts needed to understand the major current issues will be identified (definitions of an aquifer and a hydrosystem and the main types encountered, chemical interactions between water and rocks, and an illustration of the processes involved in the chemistry of mineral and thermal waters).

Hourly volumes:

CM: 18

TD: 12

TP: 6

See the full page

The first year of university is a transitional stage during which students must make choices about their future direction: should they pursue a fundamental or applied bachelor's degree? Should they change disciplines? Should they continue on to a master's degree, but which one? It is also a delicate period during which students may feel a little lost as they transition from high school to university. This module, built around a few presentations on careers in geosciences, is an opportunity to improve student support and discuss their choices and possible career paths in small groups.

Hourly volumes:

CM: 4 hours

 Tutorial: 5 hours

See the full page

See the full page

The EU introduces the concept and practical application of experimental studies in Earth sciences, from instrumental measurement in the field to quantitative analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the data acquired. In practice, the EU focuses on a physical measurement method, gravimetry, applied to Earth dynamics. Some of the field experiments focus on the global structure of the Earth (measurement of g and its vertical gradient to determine mass) and its dynamics (elastic deformation due to tidal phenomena). A second part is dedicated to local subsurface imaging in relation to water resources (imaging and mass balance in relation to subsurface water storage). A significant part of the EU is devoted to the analysis and modeling of measurements.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 12 p.m.
• TD: 12 p.m.
• Practical work: 6 hours
• Field: 6 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

1) Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (27 hours)

1.1 Course (15 hours): fundamentals of thermodynamics (concepts of energy and entropy), chemical potential and equilibrium; degree of advancement; equilibrium displacement; applications to solution chemistry and phase transitions.

 1.2 Tutorials (13 hours):

Focusing on the concept of energy in order to clearly relate the different forms of energy; focusing on the concept of entropy: link between micro and macroscopic states, notion of reversibility/irreversibility and equilibrium; focusing on the notion of chemical potential: use of the law of mass action (equilibrium in solution and phase transition).    

2) Introduction to chemical kinetics (6 hours)

 2.1 Lecture (2 hours): Link between thermodynamics and kinetics: Transition State Theory/Activated Complex Theory; Definition: speed, order, and rate constant, half-life; Simple kinetics cases; Thermal activation: Arrhenius equation

2.2 Tutorials (4 hours): determining the order of a reaction; use of parameters

characteristics (_t1/2, k..); determination of activation energy

3) Introduction to Radioactivity (3 hours)

3.1 The course (1.5 hours): history ; structure of the nucleus, particles and forces involved; nuclear reactions: fusion/disintegration and radiation; isotopes and stability; natural radioactivity; DE=Dm.^c2 

3.2 Tutorials (1.5 hours): energy: comparison between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions; decay time;^C14 dating

See the full page

Origin and Evolution of the Planet;

Geological time scale and geochronology;

Past geographies, topographies, and environments;

Interactions between the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere,

Human evolution and anthropization;

Natural resources (water, energy, mineral resources) and anthropization 

See the full page

The planetology course focuses on the Solar System and its planets. Its position in the Universe is also discussed, introducing the concept of exoplanets (detection and habitability). The course consists of three parts: astrophysics, geophysics, and geochemistry. The astrophysics section begins by providing context within the Universe, then addresses the formation of the Solar System, its dynamics, and its evolution. The geophysics part deals with planetary interiors and their evolution based on data from space missions. The geochemistry part focuses on nucleosynthesis, the abundance of chemical elements, and the composition of the primitive Earth, the present Earth, and other planets based on the study of meteorites. The approach developed combines theoretical and practical approaches.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 6 p.m.
• Tutorial: 9 a.m.
• Practical work: 9 hours

See the full page

Chapter 1: Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences. Calculating sums.

Chapter 2: Hyperbolic functions: definition, curves, derivatives

Chapter 3: Integral calculus: integrals, primitives, IPP, change of variables, first-order differential equations

Chapter 4: Curves and surfaces: straight lines , planes, circles, parabolas, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, lengths, areas, volumes of common solids

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 18
• TD: 18

See the full page

Through this EU, several disciplines will be covered in order to provide reminders and/or basic information concerning: the Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere, as well as, and above all, their evolution since the planet's origins. The disciplines (and major themes) covered will be:

-Paleontology: Evolution, Biochronology and Geological Eras, Biodiversity and Past Crises.

-Climatology and Oceanography: How can we study the climate? What is the role of the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere? In response to contemporary global challenges, tools are being developed to better characterize the mechanisms of climate change and their impacts on terrestrial and marine environments from the past to the future, particularly through changes in biogeochemical cycles on a global scale. Environmental geochemistry will be a key method for characterizing both anthropogenic and natural footprints.

The main objectives are to gain a thorough understanding of how these envelopes interacted with the geosphere in the past (covered in greater depth in EU HAT102T Geology) and to learn how to analyze a current natural landscape in terms of its evolution over geological time.

See the full page

See the full page

The EU introduces the concept and practical application of experimental studies in Earth sciences, from instrumental measurement in the field to quantitative analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the data acquired. In practice, the EU focuses on a physical measurement method, gravimetry, applied to Earth dynamics. Some of the field experiments focus on the global structure of the Earth (measurement of g and its vertical gradient to determine mass) and its dynamics (elastic deformation due to tidal phenomena). A second part is dedicated to local subsurface imaging in relation to water resources (imaging and mass balance in relation to subsurface water storage). A significant part of the EU is devoted to the analysis and modeling of measurements.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 12 p.m.
• TD: 12 p.m.
• Practical work: 6 hours
• Field: 6 hours

See the full page

See the full page

See the full page

In the lectures for this course, we describe each stage of the life cycle, starting with embryonic development (including organ formation, cell differentiation, and growth processes), moving on to the acquisition of reproductive capacity (including the stages associated with meiosis and gametogenesis), and ending with fertilization. This life cycle is discussed in detail in metazoans and angiosperms, allowing you to consolidate your knowledge of genetic information transmission. This will enable us to solve Mendelian genetics problems, including effects related to sex or epistasis, during the tutorials in this course unit.

See the full page

1) Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (27 hours)

1.1 Course (15 hours): fundamentals of thermodynamics (concepts of energy and entropy), chemical potential and equilibrium; degree of advancement; equilibrium displacement; applications to solution chemistry and phase transitions.

 1.2 Tutorials (13 hours):

Focusing on the concept of energy in order to clearly relate the different forms of energy; focusing on the concept of entropy: link between micro and macroscopic states, notion of reversibility/irreversibility and equilibrium; focusing on the notion of chemical potential: use of the law of mass action (equilibrium in solution and phase transition).    

2) Introduction to chemical kinetics (6 hours)

 2.1 Lecture (2 hours): Link between thermodynamics and kinetics: Transition State Theory/Activated Complex Theory; Definition: speed, order, and rate constant, half-life; Simple kinetics cases; Thermal activation: Arrhenius equation

2.2 Tutorials (4 hours): determining the order of a reaction; use of parameters

characteristics (_t1/2, k..); determination of activation energy

3) Introduction to Radioactivity (3 hours)

3.1 The course (1.5 hours): history ; structure of the nucleus, particles and forces involved; nuclear reactions: fusion/disintegration and radiation; isotopes and stability; natural radioactivity; DE=Dm.^c2 

3.2 Tutorials (1.5 hours): energy: comparison between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions; decay time;^C14 dating

See the full page

Origin and Evolution of the Planet;

Geological time scale and geochronology;

Past geographies, topographies, and environments;

Interactions between the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere,

Human evolution and anthropization;

Natural resources (water, energy, mineral resources) and anthropization 

See the full page

Chapter 1: Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences. Calculating sums.

Chapter 2: Hyperbolic functions: definition, curves, derivatives

Chapter 3: Integral calculus: integrals, primitives, IPP, change of variables, first-order differential equations

Chapter 4: Curves and surfaces: straight lines , planes, circles, parabolas, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, lengths, areas, volumes of common solids

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 18
• TD: 18

See the full page

Through this EU, several disciplines will be covered in order to provide reminders and/or basic information concerning: the Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere, as well as, and above all, their evolution since the planet's origins. The disciplines (and major themes) covered will be:

-Paleontology: Evolution, Biochronology and Geological Eras, Biodiversity and Past Crises.

-Climatology and Oceanography: How can we study the climate? What is the role of the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere? In response to contemporary global challenges, tools are being developed to better characterize the mechanisms of climate change and their impacts on terrestrial and marine environments from the past to the future, particularly through changes in biogeochemical cycles on a global scale. Environmental geochemistry will be a key method for characterizing both anthropogenic and natural footprints.

The main objectives are to gain a thorough understanding of how these envelopes interacted with the geosphere in the past (covered in greater depth in EU HAT102T Geology) and to learn how to analyze a current natural landscape in terms of its evolution over geological time.

See the full page