OPTION 1 M2 IDIL EARTH

The content of the EU is organized into six course sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive, and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plants: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change on agriculture

Objectives:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis for the influence of climate on plant production
. The targeted skills are knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water, and plant production.

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This EU presents the fundamental concepts needed to understand the formation and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity generation, are discussed in detail and examined through real-life case studies. A global overview is provided in order to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The EU will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be addressed and illustrated using real-life cases via numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alterations, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The issue of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO₂, heat, or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between stored fluids and host rocks, will be highlighted in order to assess the feasibility and sustainability of these storage systems.

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This module aims to provide the basics of positioning and topographic mapping principles. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is detailed in class and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project assignment allows students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the beginning of the module and, above all, to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodetic measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction to ground geodesy and space geodesy
- Reference frames in geodesy
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Applications of geodesy (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Topographic measurement (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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