CHOICE 2

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The aim of this course is to provide students with a practical, high-level perspective on the hydrological modeling of watersheds dominated by agricultural activities and subject to climate change. The UE is structured around 4 points of view:

1. Watershed hydrology and its place in the history of science,

2. Specific features of agricultural landscapes and implications for modelling ,

3. Changing scales,

4. Practice and criticism of hydrological modelling.

The UE will provide advanced knowledge of production functions, transfer functions, global and distributed modeling. Students will be able to work independently with various hydrological models (Green and Ampt, reservoir, Curve Number, unit hydrograph, reservoir cascade, etc.), and to step back from the parameterization, calibration and validation of hydrological models.

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The status of a watercourse as defined by the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical and ecological. To define the ecological status, several parameters need to be taken into account, including those related to the volume of water (via flow measurement) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used to determine the state of a watercourse or, more generally, those used in hydrological studies (flooding, resource assessment, etc.).

4 aspects will be covered:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, with the use of several infiltrometry methods to determine saturation conductivity, and the sampling of soil cylinders to determine soil porosity, dry density and water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, with :

• a field section (sampling and analysis with a multiparameter and a field spectrophotometer) for physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4 and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory part (analysis and quantification of 4-tert-octlyphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the trace presence of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, which takes into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants) and diatoms (unicellular algae), with a view to determining specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This course focuses on natural mineral waters and thermal waters, whose specific characteristics make them special resources in terms of exploitation, management and protection of their deposits. Students will be trained in the specific technical and regulatory/health aspects of exploiting these resources, notably through presentations by industry professionals and a visit to an exploitation site. They will also be made aware of the management and protection of this type of aquifer, so as to be able to propose study protocols to be implemented in situ to characterize and protect these resources, and thus acquire hydrogeological expertise for this type of aquifer.

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This course is designed to enable students to acquire the skills needed to collect hydrometric data (in the broadest sense) in the field and apply them to different types of case study, in order to carry out an engineering/research project in hydrogeology.

This UE is divided into two parts:

• A first week entirely in the field in the Pyrénées Orientales department;
• A second week was spent in the classroom, processing, analyzing and interpreting the data acquired in the field.

During the^1st week, the first 3 days are devoted to acquiring the various technical skills in hydrometry (in the broadest sense) in situ, so that the students can then become "project managers" during the last 2 days, when they will work on a case study to be solved by project groups. They will then be assigned to 2 experimental sites, where the projects to be carried out will be defined. The subjects will be presented in greater detail at the beginning of the course, so that the groups can propose an experimental protocol to be carried out in situ, enabling them to solve their problem. The supervisory team will validate the proposed protocols the day before the experiments begin.

During the^2nd week, the students will go through the data acquired on their field-project, and will share out the various analyses and interpretations of this data in order to propose a presentation and a report integrating and synthesizing all these results, which will serve to evaluate their work.

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