OPTION 1

The lectures aim to present the basic concepts for describing, classifying, and characterizing soils: their different constituents (minerals, clays, organic matter, living organisms), their physical properties (grain size, texture, structure), chemical properties (clay-humic complex, CEC, oxidation-reduction), and biological (horizons and humus, root system, plant nutrition, role of bacteria, C/N ratio, soil fauna). We will study the factors involved in soil formation (climate, parent rock, living organisms, relief, time), the different processes of soil formation and evolution (weathering, humification, leaching, podzolization, pedoturbation, ferrallitization, etc.), the major soil classification systems, and the distribution of soils around the world. This scientific foundation will enable us to address current societal issues related to soils in tutorials: their degradation (erosion, pollution, artificialization, compaction, etc.) and their restoration (decontamination, phytoremediation, agroecology).

The field trip will provide an opportunity to put the concepts learned in class into practice.

Hourly volumes:

CM: 12 p.m.

Tutorial: 9 a.m.

Field: 6 hours

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The aim of this course is to synthesize concepts and knowledge acquired in L1 and L2 (stratigraphy, sedimentology, and history of life) and reinforce them with concepts from sedimentology, biostratigraphy, and anatomy. Together, these concepts provide the keys to surface geology for analyzing and reconstructing ancient depositional environments and interpreting their fossil content in a temporal context.

Hours per week:

CM: 6 hours

Practical work: 12 hours

Tutorial: 3 hours

FIELD: 6 hours

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