License 3

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This course is an extension of the Basic Evolution course and introduces the main concepts of evolutionary ecology in order to understand and formalize in a simple way the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that shape biodiversity at different scales of integration.

This course is designed as a coherent whole where lectures, tutorials and practical work are complementary. The notions are approached by example and then formalized with mathematical models, which are confronted with experience and real data.

It will deal with population dynamics (intra- and interspecific competition), ecological niche and will detail the mechanisms of evolution and their genetic consequences at the population level: natural selection (including sexual selection), influence of reproduction regimes, genetic drift. The practical sessions will allow students to learn the mathematical formalization of notions seen in class and their simple computer modeling as well as the analysis of data sets. The practical exercises will allow the realization and the analysis in small groups of 2 experiments of 1 month each (with writing of a report and oral presentation) in order to develop the methodology and the scientific reasoning.

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The EU is organized into five major themes:

Theme 1: Gene mapping and recombination. Concepts of molecular biology related to gene expression, DNA repair and epigenetic processes.

Theme 2: Introduction to molecular evolution: Measuring the intensity of selection in genetic divergence. Molecular clock and variation in evolutionary rates created by the action of natural selection. Neutralist theory of evolution.

Theme 3: Introduction to genomics: composition and size of genomes. Importance of repeated elements. Notion of genetic linkage and local effect of selection. Influence of demography.

Theme 4: Molecular tools for biodiversity: Barcoding, eDNA, metabarcoding. Molecular taxonomy. Limitations of hybridization. Applications in conservation.

Theme 5: Extranuclear heredity. Symbiosis, parasitism and co-evolution (intra-cellular: e.g. Wolbachia). Notion of extended phenotype.

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Genesis, nature and fate of deposits in sedimentary basins.

Cycle of 15 courses / lectures / debate and TP/TD

Content of the integrated courses (sedimentary basins, alteration of continents),

(e.g. sediment transport, detrital and carbonate environments, factors affecting sedimentation: sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis)

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This teaching unit will aim to address the elements necessary to understand the way of life of the major groups of unicellular organisms at the basis of the functioning of ecosystems (viruses, bacteria, archaea, and unicellular eukaryotes ....). The courses allow us to approach the biological organization of each type of organism, the modalities of reproduction, the diversity, to lead to notions of ecology. We will approach the role of these microorganisms in the functioning and dynamics of ecosystems, by considering the interactions that these organisms maintain with other living beings (notion of "symbiosis" in all its variations).

The practical work will:

 - the implementation of techniques allowing bacterial enumeration (CFU), the identification of a particular strain from an environmental sample

 - highlighting the diversity of phytoplankton (unicellular algae) in aquatic environments (fresh water)

 - the identification of the specificity of interactions between bacteria and bacteriophages

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The major objective is to learn the basics of comparative anatomy of chordates, so as to be able to compare and classify them, before tracing the key stages of their evolutionary history. The teaching is integrative in the sense that it uses both present-day organisms and the fossil record, in order to document the evolutionary history of the clade in its entirety and in all its aspects. Anatomical, biomechanical, phylogenetic, and ecomorphological approaches will be addressed in lectures in order to illustrate the diversity and major characteristics of chordates. The practical sessions (and the practical sessions) will illustrate the evolution of the diversity of the integuments, the skeleton, the musculature, the digestive and respiratory systems over long time scales.

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The objective of the course is to provide an overview of the diversity of Angiosperms, approached through the prism of the most recent phylogenies proposed by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). This phylogenetic framework will be supported throughout the course by the concrete observation of vegetative and floral characters of a selection of taxa spread over the whole phylogeny, in order to identify the synapomorphies of the main clades, the possible homoplasies, as well as the adaptations (floral biology, pollination, trophic interactions, etc.)

The students also learn about the diversity of Angiosperms from a floristic point of view, by creating a herbarium of species that are generally Mediterranean. They become familiar with the use of a flora and digital tools for identification (Pl@ntNet e-Flore of Tela Botanica, etc.).

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- weather/climate difference

- structure of the atmosphere, radiation balance, greenhouse effect, wind circulation, depressions/anticyclones, tropical cyclones, tornadoes

- general ocean circulation (Munk, main currents, Conveyor Belt)

- geographical distribution and definition of climates

- current climate change

- global water cycle, hydrological balance, water balance, energy balance over a cultivated plot to estimate evapotranspiration

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