License 2

This UE is a transversal UE of L2 SV aiming at giving to the students in Biology a basic knowledge on the functioning of plants allowing to understand the current stakes of the plant Agro-sciences.

The following basic Plant Physiology/Functional Biology will be studied: 

essential experimental approaches: plant transgenesis, direct and reverse genetics

basics of autotrophy

mechanisms underlying the major stages of angiosperm development: meristem function, floral transition, fertilization.

auxin, a major hormone for the development of plants and their response to the abiotic environment

The practical sessions will allow students to manipulate the regulation of water nutrition in plants and to analyze their mineral nutrition using different biochemical assays (flame photometry, spectrophotometry). 

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Description of the EU (max 10 lines):

The objective of this course is to understand how to measure variation in biology and how it can be represented. It is based on concrete examples from various disciplines of biology (ecology, developmental biology, evolution, genetics, physiology) and gives the statistical tools to measure this variation and the graphical methods to represent it. The statistical concepts of sampling, inference, distribution, central tendency, dispersion, distribution function, parameters, confidence intervals and dependence between variables for different types of variables (binomial, discrete, continuous) are explained with the help of practical exercises based on biological problems.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course brings together three complementary and fundamental disciplines of the Earth Sciences: sedimentology, tectonics and cartography. The different types of sedimentary rocks will be taught in detail in order to interpret their formation context and associated processes. The ductile and brittle tectonic objects will also be discussed at different scales in order to establish their formation context, especially in terms of stress regime. Practical work on samples will be carried out in parallel to allow students to develop their sense of observation and drawing and to take advantage of the rich collections available in the department. Finally, an initiation to the reading and working on geological maps will be carried out (diagram, section), putting into application the notions of sedimentology and tectonics previously acquired. This course should enable students to define the main lines of the geological history of a given region.

Hourly volumes:

• CM : 12
• TD : 3
• TP: 21

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This course is the complementary practical application of the course Description of variability 1 (HAV312B).

The construction and analysis of data sets is carried out with the help of practical exercises in the R software, in parallel with the practical exercises, as well as the obtaining of graphs and numerical parameters allowing to characterize the samples and their variability.

Competences aimed at by the UE (see reference frame of competences):

- Descriptive analytical tools in biology, introduction to biostatistics through the analysis of biological patterns

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This course is an introduction to the general concepts of scientific ecology: levels of organization, measurement and conservation of biodiversity, biogeography, biotic and abiotic factors of distribution and dynamics of biodiversity. It also provides an understanding of the methods used in scientific ecology: the importance of experimentation, reflection on the construction of a protocol, data analysis, oral and written reports of an experiment

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This course deals with the theoretical notions of plant biology, using the Spermatophytes as a model. It aims at defining the notions and the specific vocabulary of morphology, anatomy, reproduction and biological cycles.

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The EU is interested in describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, as well as in explaining their origin and their dynamics of appearance. It thus develops a vision of organisms based on paleontology and zoology. It will mainly deal with the origin of metazoans and the main divisions that are diploblastic and triploblastic as well as basic notions related to the positioning and phylogenetic relationships between taxa (mono- and paraphylly, evolutionary convergence...). It is classically divided into lectures, tutorials that will mainly aim at illustrating and supporting aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa and practical work in sessions aiming at the acquisition of skills, especially and necessarily in dissection.

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Objectives of the course: Comparative study of the major physiological functions in animals in relation to their environment. Study of structures and functions at various levels of integration, from the organism to the molecule.

Models addressed: mammals in comparison with other vertebrate models (teleosts....) and invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, mollusks,...).

Description: This course will cover some of the major physiological functions (respiration, nutrition, excretion and hydro-mineral regulation) as well as basic immunology and regulatory systems (nervous system and chemical communication). In addition to lectures, students will work in groups on various topics proposed by the teachers. They will present the topics in the form of lectures and synthesize the key points to be retained in the form of a written summary. Practical work and a practical test will also be offered to illustrate the courses.

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This course is an extension of the L2 S3 course, which focuses on describing the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the major organizational plans of metazoans found in present and past faunas, as well as explaining their origin and dynamics of appearance through the acquisition of skills in paleontology and zoology. In S4, the course will mainly explore the major subdivisions within the protostomian organisms that are the lophotrochozoa (molluscan annelids, brachiopods,...) and the ecdysozoa (arthropods, nematodes,...), while underlining their phylogenetic relationships as well as their importance or socio-economic impacts. The UE is classically divided into lectures, tutorials that will mainly aim at illustrating and supporting aspects related to the biodiversity of taxa and practical work in sessions aiming at the acquisition of skills, in particular and obligatorily through the realization of some dissections.

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The objective of this course is to introduce the concepts and tools necessary to observe and describe minerals and magmatic and metamorphic rocks and to understand their genesis. The course will begin with an introduction to the concepts of mineralogy (crystallography, crystallochemistry) and the tools needed to identify the minerals that make up magmatic and metamorphic rocks. You will then study the structure and nature of the mantle as well as the processes involved from the formation of magmas to the eruption of magmatic rocks: partial melting processes, crystallization, crustal assimilation, magmatic mixing. You will learn to distinguish the different magmatic series by their chemical compositions and physical properties. The link between eruptive processes, hazards and volcanic risks will also be discussed. In a third part, we will introduce the main variables (pressure, temperature, time) and the different geodynamic contexts of metamorphism. We will see the different metamorphic facies, structures and textures of metamorphic rocks, and you will learn to recognize mineral reactions and interpret them in terms of metamorphic evolution.

The coupled study of magmatic and metamorphic rocks will provide the basis for understanding issues related to the geodynamics of the inner Earth, geochemical cycles, mineral resources ...

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The objective of this course is to understand evolutionary processes, both at the micro- and macro-evolutionary scales.

Based on examples, manipulations and accessible modeling, the lessons will aim at presenting in a concrete and quantitative way the effects of the 4 evolutionary forces operating at the scale of individuals and populations (mutation, migration, selection and drift). The integration of these micro-evolutionary processes at larger time scales (e.g. differentiation between lineages, speciation) will then be addressed. Finally, the course will include an introduction to the tools of phylogeny (reading and construction of trees) allowing the study of macro-evolutionary events (diversification, extinction) and the tracing of changes in character states, notably by integrating fossil data.

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This is a general culture course that will deal with many current topics related to human health. This course will address, in the form of mini seminars of 1h30, a wide variety of topics, with a pragmatic and critical approach. The numerous speakers of this course will bring their expertise on subjects such as immunity, molecular biology, cancer, food, diagnosis, vaccination, bioethics, ecology, neurosciences, emerging diseases or therapeutic treatments of today and tomorrow. Each presentation will not only provide cutting-edge knowledge and critical analysis of their subjects, but will also guide students in searching and filtering scientific information in order to fight misinformation. On the major human health issues of the 21st century, we will address the real questions, the false polemics, as well as the solutions we can bring to them. 

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In this course, students will learn about the links between the genetic makeup of an individual and the development of its morphology, physiology, and lifestyle. The focus will be on understanding the links between the information carried by the genome and the life cycle of the organism under consideration, through the cellular characteristics corresponding to the expression of the genetic information. These data will be placed in an evolutionary framework and will shed light on some major evolutionary transitions, particularly in metazoans.

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This course is a natural continuation of the "Description of variability" course presented in S3. Its aim is to provide the concepts and methods underpinning modern biostatistics, i.e. the quantification of randomness, which is an omnipresent issue in the life sciences. This course will provide an introduction to inferential statistics: parametric and non-parametric tests, linear regression, analysis of variance. Particular attention will be paid to the conditions of application of these methods, as well as to the notions of type I and II errors, power, replication and confidence intervals. Each notion will be illustrated by analysis of real and diversified biological data, contributing to the biostatistical culture useful for training critical thinking with regard to scientific results. In addition to training in this reference language and the statistical tools it implements, practical work in R will enable students to understand what they have learned in class and apply the methods presented.

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The EU deals with the different groups of plants ("algae", "cryptogams", spermatophytes), specifying for each of them their position and their phylogenetic nature (mono- or paraphyletic group), their origin and their specificities on the morpho-anatomical, reproductive and ecological levels

4 CMs present the different groups of plants: CM1, diversity of "algae"; CM2, biological cycles of "algae"; CM3, "cryptogams"; CM4, Spermatophytes.

6 TDs deal with transversal notions based on oral or written exercises: TD1, Biological cycles; TD2, Endosymbiosis; TD3, Interactions; TD4, Adaptation; TD5, Polyploidy; TD6, Phylogeny.

6 practical exercises illustrate the concepts covered in the lectures and practical exercises with living material: TP1, "algae "1 ; TP2, "algae "2 ; TP3, "bryophytes" ; TP4, "pteridophytes" ; TP5, Gymnosperms, vegetative apparatus ; TP6, Gymnosperms, reproduction.

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