Choice of HAT205C and HAT201T

This course introduces the concept and practical application of experimental studies in the earth sciences, from instrumental measurements in the field to quantitative analysis, modeling and interpretation of the data acquired. In practical terms, the course is structured around a physical measurement method, gravimetry, applied to terrestrial dynamics. Part of the experiments carried out in the field focus on the overall structure of the Earth (measurement of g and its vertical gradient to determine mass) and its dynamics (elastic deformation by tidal phenomena). A second part is dedicated to local imaging of the subsurface in relation to water resources (imaging and mass balance in relation to sub-surface water storage). A significant part of the course is devoted to measurement analysis and modeling.

Hourly volumes :

• CM : 12 h
• TD : 12 h
• Practical work: 6 h
• Field : 6 h

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1) Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium (27h)

1.1 course (15h): basics of thermodynamics (concepts of energy and entropy), chemical potential and equilibrium; degree of advancement; equilibrium shift; applications to solution chemistry and phase transitions

 1.2 TD (13h):

Focus on the concept of energy, in order to clearly relate the different forms of energy; focus on the concept of entropy: link between micro and macroscopic states, notion of reversibility/irreversibility and equilibrium; focus on the notion of chemical potential: use of the law of mass action (equilibrium in solution and phase transition).    

2) Introduction to chemical kinetics (6h)

 2.1 the course (2h): link between thermodynamics and kinetics: theory of the Transition State/Activated Complex; Definition: velocity, order and velocity constant, half-life time; Cases of simple kinetics; Thermal activation: Arrhenius law

2.2 TD (4h): determining the order of a reaction; use of parameters

characteristics (_t1/2, k..); determination of an activation energy

3) Introduction to Radioactivity (3h)

3.1 the course (1.5h): history; structure of the nucleus, particles and forces involved; nuclear reactions: fusion/disintegration and radiation; isotopes and stability; natural radioactivity; DE=Dm.^c2

3.2 TD (1.5h): energy: chemical reaction/nuclear reaction comparison; decay time; ^C14 dating

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Origin and evolution of the planet ;

Geological scale and geochronology ;

Geographies, topographies and past environments ;

Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Atmosphere/Geosphere interactions,

Human evolution and anthropization ;

Natural resources (water, energy, mineral resources) and anthropization 

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The planetology UE focuses on the Solar System and its planets. Its position in the Universe is also addressed, introducing the notion of exoplanets (detection and habitability). The course is divided into 3 parts: astrophysics, geophysics and geochemistry. The astrophysics section begins with an overview of the Universe, then looks at the formation of the Solar System, its dynamics and evolution. The geophysics section deals with planetary interiors and their evolution, based on data from space missions. The geochemistry section looks at nucleosynthesis, the abundance of chemical elements and the composition of the primitive and present-day Earth and other planets, based on the study of meteorites. The approach developed combines theoretical and practical approaches.

Hourly volumes:

• CM: 18h
• TD: 9h
• Practical work: 9h

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Chapter 1: Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences. Calculating sums.

Chapter 2: Hyperbolic functions: definition, curves, derivatives

Chapter 3: Integral calculus: integrals, primitives, PPI, change of variables, first-order differential equations

Chapter 4: Curves and surfaces: straight line, plane, circle, parabola, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, lengths, surfaces, volumes of common solids

Hourly volumes :

• CM: 18
• TD : 18

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This course will cover a number of disciplines, providing a basic overview of the Biosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere, as well as their evolution since the planet's origin. The disciplines (and major themes) covered will be :

-Paleontology: Evolution, Biochronology and Geological Eras, Biodiversity and Past Crises.

-Climatology and Oceanology: How is climate studied? What is the role of the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere? Faced with today's global challenges, tools are being developed to better characterize the mechanisms of climate change and their impact on terrestrial and marine environments, from the past to the future, notably through the modification of biogeochemical cycles on a planetary scale. Environmental geochemistry will be a key method for characterizing both anthropogenic and natural footprints.

The main objectives are to understand how these envelopes interacted with the Geosphere in the past (covered in greater depth in the HAT102T geology course) and to be able to analyze a natural landscape today in terms of its evolution over geological time.

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