APP Life Cycle

The program for this EU will be divided into:

• 8 three-hour tutoring sessions 
• 8 three-hour practical sessions
• 4 Scientific conferences

Understand the key processes at the cellular, organismal, and population levels that enable the completion of a life cycle—from fertilization to sexual maturity and reproductive behavior—by examining the processes (growth, development, cell differentiation, behavior) that occur at each stage.

• From the zygote to the multicellular embryo. Cleavage. Gastrulation: from the zygote to the germ layers; histogenesis and organogenesis. Stem cells / differentiated cells. Cell differentiation.
• Post-embryonic development: growth processes and stages. Germination, metamorphosis, growth
• Sexual organs: flower / gonadal differentiation, sexual maturation, development of secondary sexual characteristics II - How are gametes produced? Gametogenesis and meiosis in mammals, and gametophytes and gamete production in angiosperms
• Fertilization: mating, reproductive behavior, fusion of gametes, and zygote formation.

These elements will be linked to

• Phylogenetic data, in order to link organizational patterns with development and ecology (eco-evo-devo)
• A genetic approach, in order to provide an overview of the various modes of trait transmission.

100% Continuous assessment