M2 - Earth and Water Under Global Change - AWARE WATER - IDIL

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Definition, typology, and in-depth analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs (NRF) in different geological contexts: different rock types (carbonates, clays, bedrock), burial, diagenesis, exhumation, folding, fault damage, cooling, mineralogical change. Anthropogenic induced fracturing systems (hydraulic, thermal), applications to shale plays, cap rocks and storage sites.
Integration of this knowledge into the exploration and exploitation of fractured reservoirs.
Concept and workflow for editing DFNs (discrete fracture networks).
Two-day presentation by Bertrand Gauthier of Total, free of charge: Static and dynamic properties of fractured oil reservoirs.

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The module content is divided into three sections:

1) a sequence defining concepts, introducing a tool (R), and reviewing vocabulary related to statistical estimation and its application to calibrating hydrological parameters;

2) a sequence on methods for analyzing uncertainties and sensitivity, and

3) a sequence on data assimilation applied to hydraulic modeling. The EU will also be introduced by a presentation from an engineering firm executive who will explain the usefulness of this type of approach in engineering.

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This module aims to provide the basics of near-surface and borehole geophysical investigation methods used in the field of hydrogeophysics. These approaches aim to characterize the structure of the reservoir (geometry, lithologies) but also to detect, locate, and quantify fluid transfers. We will also address the processing and analysis of this data using various dedicated software programs.

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The content of the EU is organized into six course sequences:
- Climate: meteorological variables, major climates of the Earth
- Surface energy balance: radiative, conductive, and convective fluxes, surface energy balance,
reference evapotranspiration (Penman and Penman-Monteith approaches)
- Plants: growth and development cycle, phenology, geometric structure, photosynthesis, root system,
water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
- Crop models: Monteith's
approach, water constraints
- Impact of climate change on agriculture

Objectives:

The objective of the module is to provide the theoretical basis for the influence of climate on plant production
. The targeted skills are knowledge of the fundamentals
of ecophysiology and the relationships between climate, water, and plant production.

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The three major models of irrigation worldwide—large-scale hydraulic systems, community irrigation, and private irrigation—are presented in their historical context, based on an in-depth documentary analysis and illustrations of specific cases, with a focus on the Mediterranean region.

These three different irrigation models are presented (ideology, construction, water management, agricultural development, stakeholders, etc.) using a theoretical framework based on oxymorons. These models are then illustrated through various concrete examples, presented in PowerPoint presentations, videos, and articles.

The various main references for each type of irrigation system will be presented and discussed. Each irrigation model is discussed with the students, who present their analyses through a guided exercise. Once the three irrigation models are understood, the course focuses on the analysis of rural development models related to irrigation. The analysis is based on a critical analysis of the dualist theory of development, applied to irrigation systems.

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The module content is divided into six sequences:

1) Introduction by the EU: scientific and operational challenges of biogeochemical and water quality issues in agricultural watersheds;

2) Physicochemical and hydrological processes determining the availability and mobility of pesticides in a watershed;

3) Tutorial: guided modeling work on the transfer of plant protection products;

4) Biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in agricultural systems;

5) Nitrogen cycle and balance in agricultural watersheds;

6) TD: Assessment of nitrogen balance in a watershed, diagnosis of surface water contamination

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The status of a watercourse within the meaning of the WFD comprises two aspects: chemical status and ecological status. To define ecological status, several parameters must be taken into account, including parameters related to the volume of water (measured by flow rate) in the watercourse. In this course, students will be required to carry out field or laboratory measurements to determine some of the key parameters used in determining the status of a watercourse or more generally used in hydrological studies (floods, resource assessment, etc.).

Four topics will be addressed:

- Hydrometry, using various gauging techniques (point-by-point method with electromagnetic current meter, ADCP, dilution method, float gauging, radar).

- Soil hydrodynamics, using several infiltration methods to determine saturation conductivity, and soil cylinder sampling to determine porosity, dry density, and soil water content after drying.

- Hydrochemistry, including:

• fieldwork (sampling and analysis using a multiparameter meter and a field spectrophotometer) for physical and chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TAC, PO4, and NO3, etc.)
• a laboratory component (analysis and quantification of the presence of 4-tert-octylphenol in a surface water sample, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)) to determine the presence of trace amounts of emerging contaminants from the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) family, compounds found in products such as detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.

- Hydrobiology, taking into account the presence or absence of certain species: fish, invertebrates, macrophytes (aquatic plants), and diatoms (unicellular algae), in order to determine specific indices (IPR, IBGN, IBMR, IBD) relating to the biological quality of the watercourse.

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This EU presents the fundamental concepts needed to understand the formation and functioning of geothermal reservoirs.

First, the different types of geothermal energy, from very low energy to high energy geothermal energy for electricity generation, are discussed in detail and examined through real-life case studies. A global overview is provided in order to assess the energy potential of geothermal resources.

The EU will then focus on several points specific to geothermal energy, such as mass and heat transfer mechanisms in reservoirs. These will be addressed and illustrated using real-life cases via numerical modeling. The geological signature of geothermal reservoirs, such as mineral alterations, will also be studied in detail through case studies.

The issue of storage will be addressed by considering applications such as underground storage of CO₂, heat, or energy. The influence of the mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, as well as the interactions between stored fluids and host rocks, will be highlighted in order to assess the feasibility and sustainability of these storage systems.

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This module aims to provide the basics of positioning and topographic mapping principles. Basic knowledge of GNSS and laser positioning methods is detailed in class and then used in the field and during practical work. Finally, a project assignment allows students to apply the practical and theoretical knowledge acquired at the beginning of the module and, above all, to better understand the complementarity and accuracy of geodetic measurements.

Course content:
- Introduction to ground geodesy and space geodesy
- Reference frames in geodesy
- Traditional ground geodesy tools
- The GNSS positioning system
- Applications of geodesy (active tectonics, landslides, anthropogenic deformation, etc.)
- Topographic measurement (DTM, LIDAR, etc.)

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