Elective HAT101T: The Earth and Its Resources

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This module focuses on experimental techniques in chemistry. The first part will be devoted to an overview of health and safety rules in the chemistry laboratory. Each lab session will be preceded by a preparatory tutorial session. At the end of each lab session, students will be required to complete a lab notebook or report (including analysis and interpretation of results, etc.).

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- Definition of an acid-base reaction.

- Acidity constant.

- Predominance chart.

- Common examples of acids and bases: name, formula, and type—weak or strong—of sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, and acetic acids; sodium hydroxide; potassium hydroxide; the hydrogen carbonate ion; and ammonia.

- Buffer solutions.

- Temporal evolution of a chemical system and reaction mechanisms in a closed reactor of uniform composition. Rates of reactant consumption and product formation. Reaction rate for a transformation modeled by a single chemical reaction.

- Speed laws: reactions without order, reactions with simple order (0, 1, 2), global order, order

apparent.

- Half-life. The half-life of a radioactive nuclide. Document-based approach: Using documents related to radionuclides, explore, for example, issues related to their use, storage, or reprocessing.

- Arrhenius's empirical law; activation energy.

- Reaction mechanisms. Elementary reactions, molecularity, reaction intermediates, transition state. Kinetically determining step, quasi-steady-state approximation (AEQS).

Numerical approach: Use the results of a numerical method to identify approximations of the kinetically decisive step or the quasi-steady state.

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The main objective of this course is to teach you how to formulate and solve simple physics problems. The areas of application are the mechanics of a point particle and geometric optics.

Mechanics of the Material Point:

• Statics: Analysis of Mechanical Systems in Equilibrium.
• Kinematics: the study of the motion of bodies, independent of the causes that produce it.
• Dynamics: the relationships between the causes of motion and motion itself.
• Work and Energy: Work Done by Forces (Conservative and Non-Conservative), the Kinetic Energy Theorem, the Mechanical Energy Theorem, and Their Applications.

Geometric Optics:

• Light Propagation (Fermat's Principle, Snell-Descartes' Laws, refractive index),
• Image Formation and Optical Systems (stigmatism, Gaussian approximation, mirrors, thin lenses, dispersive systems, centered systems, optical instruments).

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This course unit is an introduction to analysis (functions of a real variable) for first-year students in the PCSI program.

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This course aims to raise awareness among first-year students about issues related to the use, exploitation, and management of the Earth’s natural resources.

As an introduction, an overview identifying the different types of these resources (energy, mineral, and water) and the major issues associated with them (economic and environmental) will be presented.

Various types of resources will then be presented in three stages:

- The concept of mineral resources will be explored in depth by tracing the journey of chemical elements, from their formation in the universe to their storage in the minerals that make up rocks and their applications in everyday technologies. This will serve as an introduction to basic concepts in solid-state chemistry and mineralogy, illustrated through mineralogy tutorials and lab sessions.

- The challenges and operation of geological reservoirs that store natural resources will be discussed, with a focus on conventional energy resources (hydrocarbons) and future resources (underground storage of resources, geothermal energy).

- Finally, the major global challenges related to water resources will be explored in depth. The global water cycle on Earth will be presented, and the key concepts necessary for understanding today’s major challenges will be identified (definitions of an aquifer and a hydrosystem, along with the main types encountered; chemical interactions between water and rocks; and illustrations of processes focused on the chemistry of mineral and thermal waters).

Hourly volumes:

CM: 18

TD: 12

TP: 6

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