CHOICES1

Genesis, nature and fate of deposits in sedimentary basins.

Cycle of 15 courses / lectures / debate and TP/TD

Content of the integrated courses (sedimentary basins, alteration of continents),

(e.g. sediment transport, detrital and carbonate environments, factors affecting sedimentation: sequence stratigraphy, diagenesis)

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This course aims to provide students with an integrative approach to the morphology, anatomy and development of the vegetative and reproductive systems of spermatophytes, from an ecological, functional and evolutionary perspective. This approach is implemented by the students through a supervised project, centered on the study of a model plant, taking into account the inter-individual variability, the different stages of development, the stationary conditions and the biological type.

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The structure of this course is similar to that developed in S4. The objective is to provide students with knowledge on the biology, ecology and evolution of three taxonomic groups in question. Beyond the identification of species (which will be largely addressed), this course will deal with the evolution and systematics of the taxonomic group in question, fundamental ecology (evolutionary and functional ecology), applied ecology (conservation), physiology, legislation, as well as study and identification methods.

After a general introduction course, 2 axes of work will be proposed in parallel. One will focus on cryptogams (algae, lichens, mosses and fungi), the other on fauna (Chiroptera & Arthropoda).

Cryptogams

The objective of this component is to familiarize students with the extremely diverse organisms that are bryophytes, phaeophytes and fungi. The principle is 1) to approach these little known diversities through a naturalistic approach, 2) to place these observations in an evolutionary perspective (phylogenetic aspects), and 3) to link the observations to the role of these organisms in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Finally, the module will address aspects of daily life, economics or citizenship related to species (toxicology, food, medicine).

Wildlife

The objective is for the student to acquire/improve a body of knowledge on the biology of arthropods and chiropterans, which are taxonomic groups with a great deal of interest, both from the point of view of studies in fundamental ecology (ethology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology), in applied ecology (conservation biology) and in environmental education / teaching. Beyond the identification of species, this line of work will deal with the evolution and systematics of these taxa, their physiology, their ecological and behavioral particularities, their roles in ecosystems. The teaching will integrate innovative pedagogical approaches, combining the use of traditional (visual recognition) and modern (acoustic identification by software) tools. Among the Arthropods, the groups particularly approached will be the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera which represent very diversified orders that will allow us to approach the notion of species which is central in biology. The identification of species will constitute a basis to study their biology, their ecology and to approach the notions of evolution and phylogeny.

Each group (Fauna - Cryptogams) will have at its disposal 12 hours of field trips (half of which will be common to both groups) to be carried out according to modalities to be defined (4 half-day trips, or 2 long one-day trips). The practical work could be set up on university sites (university campus - Labex CEMEB experimental field at the CEFE - Botanical Garden) suitable for the study of the various organisms.

Cross-cutting concept

The course is organized around a notion common to both groups of practical work which, through a reversed class, will allow to start from the observed species in order to identify central concepts in conservation biology. In S5, the notion of species (and associated entities such as subspecies, hybrids, etc.) will be widely approached, from a theoretical and practical point of view. This notion will allow to address 1. the foundations and limits of the different perspectives of the species (morphological, genetic, ecological), 2. the methodological problems related to the identification of taxa in the field and in the laboratory and 3. the problems that this generates from the point of view of species conservation. For this purpose, the students present at the end of the sequence a taxon, among those proposed in the EU, whose identification is complex.

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The aim of this course is to understand animal behavior in an integrative way, in the light of Tinbergen's four 'whys', from its ontogeny to its evolution: from its ontogeny, its neurobiological causes to its evolution and its biological functions. In addition to historical, conceptual and methodological contributions, the students will be accompanied in order to apprehend the diversity of the features involved as well as the diversity of the approaches and the associated scientific questionings.

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Ecotoxicology concerns the study of the effects of pollutants on living species and on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. This course aims to provide a better understanding of :

- the main types of organic and inorganic pollutants (historical or emerging), as well as their sources and the factors influencing their fate in the natural environment and in organisms

- the effects of pollutants on micro- and macro-organisms at different levels of biological integration (molecule, individual, communities),

- methods for assessing biological effects, environmental quality and ecotoxicological risk in the current European regulatory framework,

- bioremediation processes through several case studies.

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The objective of this course proposed in L3S5 is the acquisition of knowledge on the organization, development and functioning of different physiological systems in animals. More specifically, the functions of circulation, thermoregulation, hormonal regulation and nervous integration will be approached according to a comparative approach (examples drawn from different taxonomic groups) and in an evolutionary context. Questions related to the bioethical aspects of animal physiology experimentation will also be addressed.

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